INFLUENCES OF ANISOTROPY ON BAND GAPS OF 2D PHONONIC CRYSTAL

Band gaps of 2D phononic crystal with orthotropic cylindrical fillers embedded in the isotropic host are studied in this paper. Two kinds of periodic structures, namely, the square lattice and the triangle lattice, are considered. For anisotropic phononic crystal, band gaps not only depend on the periodic lattice but also the angle between the symmetry axis of orthotropic material and that of the periodic structure. Rotating these cylindrical fillers makes the angle changing continuously; as a result, pass bands and forbidden bands of the phononic crystal are changed. The plane wave expansion method is used to reduce the band gap problem to an eigenvalue problem. The numerical example is given for YBCO/Epoxy composites. The location and the width of band gaps are estimated for different rotating angles. The influence of anisotropy on band gaps is discussed based on numerical results.     

圆管型局域共振声子晶体三维构型振动带隙研究

采用多重多级子结构方法计算具有一定刚度的圆管型局域共振声子晶体三维构型振动带隙特性。考察包裹方向对带隙特性的影响,并对第一带隙上下边界点的单胞振动形式进行分析。结果表明,两种包裹形式都可以得到较低较宽的第一带隙,并且带隙特性相似,因而其周期结构都可以大幅减弱带隙范围内弹性波的传播。但两种构型带隙上下边界点对应振动形式不同,此外带隙特性还受单胞尺寸的影响。通过给定评价指标得到相关材料参数与带隙特性关系的相图,由此分析包裹层材料属性对带隙特性的影响。     

Local resonance phononic band gaps in modified two-dimensional lattice materials

In this paper,modified two-dimensional periodic lattice materials with local resonance phononic bandgaps are designed and investigated.The design concept isto introduce some auxiliary structures into conventional periodic lattice materials.Elastic wave propagation in this kindof modified two-dimensional lattice materials is studied using a combination of Bloch’s theorem with finite elementmethod.The calculated frequency band structures of illustrative modified square lattice materials reveal the existenceof frequency band gaps in the low frequency region due tothe introduction of the auxiliary structures.The mechanismunderlying the occurrence of these frequency band gaps isthoroughly discussed and natural resonances of the auxiliarystructures are validated to be the origin.The effect of geometric parameters of the auxiliary structures on the width ofthe local resonance phononic band gaps is explored.Finally,a conceptual broadband vibration-insulating structure basedon the modified lattice materials is designed and its capability is demonstrated.The present work is anticipated to beuseful in designing structures which can insulate mechanicalvibrations within desired frequency ranges.     

Complete band gaps in two-dimensional piezoelectric phononic crystals with {1–3} connectivity family

In this paper, we present results of full band structures for two-dimensional piezoelectric phononic crystals with {1–3} connectivity family. The plane-wave-expansion (PWE) method is applied to the theoretical derivation of secular equations of the two polarization modes: a transverse polarization mode and a mixed (longitudinal-transverse) polarization mode. And the band structures of the two modes for both the case of piezoelectric rods embedded in a polymer matrix and the case of polymer rods embedded in a piezoelectric matrix are calculated for two different cross-sections of the rods, i.e., circular and square, considering the practical fabrication of phononic crystals. We reveal the existence of several very large complete band gaps in a material of practical interest such as PZT rods reinforced polythene composite. The effects of shapes and filling fraction of the rods on band gaps are discussed in detail. The existence of these gaps in relation to the physical parameters of the constituent materials involved is studied. Understanding the band structures of piezoelectric phononic crystals can give some information for improvements in the design of acoustic transducers.     

Asymptotic Analysis of High-Contrast Phononic Crystals and a Criterion for the Band-Gap Opening

We investigate the band-gap structure of the frequency spectrum for elastic waves in a high-contrast, two-component periodic elastic medium. We consider two-dimensional phononic crystals consisting of a background medium which is perforated by an array of holes periodic along each of the two orthogonal coordinate axes. In this paper we establish a full asymptotic formula for dispersion relations of phononic band structures as the contrast of the shear modulus and that of the density become large. The main ingredients are integral equation formulations of the solutions to the harmonic oscillatory linear elastic equation and several theorems concerning the characteristic values of meromorphic operator-valued functions in the complex plane, such as the generalized Rouché’s theorem. We establish a connection between the band structures and the Dirichlet eigenvalue problem on the elementary hole. We also provide a criterion for exhibiting gaps in the band structure which shows that smaller the density of the matrix is, the wider the band-gap is, provided that the criterion is fulfilled. This phenomenon was reported by Economou and Sigalas (J Acoust Soc Am 95:1734–1740, 1994) who observed that periodic elastic composites whose matrix has lower density and higher shear modulus compared to those of inclusions yield better open gaps. Our analysis in this paper agrees with this experimental finding.     

ELASTIC WAVE LOCALIZATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHONONIC CRYSTALS WITH ONE-DIMENSIONAL QUASI-PERIODICITY AND RANDOM DISORDER

The band structures of both in-plane and anti-plane elastic waves propagating in two-dimensional ordered and disordered （in one direction） phononic crystals are studied in this paper. The localization of wave propagation due to random disorder is discussed by introducing the concept of the localization factor that is calculated by the plane-wave-based transfer-matrix method. By treating the quasi-periodicity as the deviation from the periodicity in a special way, two kinds of quasi phononic crystal that has quasi-periodicity （Fibonacci sequence） in one direction and translational symmetry in the other direction are considered and the band structures are characterized by using localization factors. The results show that the localization factor is an effective parameter in characterizing the band gaps of two-dimensional perfect, randomly disordered and quasi-periodic phononic crystals. Band structures of the phononic crystals can be tuned by different random disorder or changing quasi-periodic parameters. The quasi phononic crystals exhibit more band gaps with narrower width than the ordered and randomly disordered systems.     

桁架材料弹性波带隙特性分析

研究了弹性波在周期性桁架材料中的传播特性,并根据桁架材料的周期性特点和杆纵向振动模态,给出了基于单胞的桁架材料弹性波色散(dispersion)方程。分析了1维和2维问题的色散特性,研究了相应的弹性波带隙性质;以CAE分析软件为工具平台对桁架材料的带隙特性进行了数值仿真实验,给出了基于谐响应和特征频率变化特征的仿真实验方法。仿真实验确认了所分析的桁架材料的带隙特性,同时说明所用的仿真实验方法是可行的。     

Band gaps of elastic waves in three-dimensional piezoelectric phononic crystals with initial stress

In this paper, the stop band properties of elastic waves in three-dimensional piezoelectric phononic crystals with initial stress are studied taking the mechanical and electrical coupling into account. The band gap characteristics for three kinds of lattice arrangements (i.e. sc, bcc and fcc) are investigated by the plane wave expansion (PWE) method. Regarding the variables of mechanical and electrical fields as the elements of the generalized state vector, the expression of the generalized eigenvalue equation for three-dimensional piezoelectric periodic structures is derived. Numerical calculations are performed for the PZT-2/polymer and ZnO/polymer phononic crystals. It can be observed from the results that the fcc lattice is more favorable to create the stop band than the sc and bcc lattices for the piezoelectric phononic crystals, which has also been proved for the pure elastic periodic structures. Compared with the PZT-2/polymer systems, the band gap of the sc lattice for the ZnO/polymer structures is narrower. However, the widths of the bcc and fcc lattices for the ZnO/polymer phononic crystals are much larger than those for the PZT-2/polymer structures. The lattice arrangements and the piezoelectricity have remarkable influences on the stop band behaviors.     

Active control of flexural waves in a phononic crystal beam with staggered periodic properties

The band gaps of a phononic crystal beam with staggered periodic structure are investigated. The periodic system consists of a pure elastic (i.e. PMMA) matrix beam and some piezoelectric (i.e. PZT) patches with coupling between the mechanical–electrical components. The PZT patches connected by negative capacitance circuits are applied to function as the active control system. Based on the condition at the interface between adjacent unit cells, the transfer matrix and localization factor are derived. The influence of the degree of interlacing and negative capacitance circuits are discussed. The numerical results show that another band gap can be generated by the staggered periodic structure of PZT patches. The widths and locations of the band gaps can be changed by the degree of interlacing.     

Extension/Compression-Controlled Complete Band Gaps in 2D Chiral Square-Lattice-Like Structures

Achieving tunable band gaps in a structure by external stimuli is of great importance in acoustic applications. This paper aims to investigate the tunability of band gaps in square-lattice-like elastic periodic structures that are usually not featured with notable band gaps.Endowed with chirality, the periodic structures here are able to undergo imperfection-insensitive large deformation under extension or compression. The influences of geometric parameters on band gaps are discussed via the nonlinear finite element method. It is shown that the band gaps in such structures with curved beams can be very rich and, more importantly, can be efficiently and robustly tuned by applying appropriate mechanical loadings without inducing buckling. As expected, geometry plays a more significant role than material nonlinearity does in the evolution of band gaps. The dynamic tunability of band gaps through mechanical loading is further studied. Results show that closing, opening, and shifting of band gaps can be realized by exerting real-time global extension or compression on the structure. The proposed periodic structure with well-designed chiral symmetry can be useful in the design of particular acoustic devices.     

Band structure properties of elastic waves propagating in the nanoscaled nearly periodic layered phononic crystals

The localization factor is used to describe the band structures for P wave propagating normally in the nanoscaled nearly periodic layered phononic crystals. The localization factor is calculated by the transfer matrix method based on the nonlocal elastic continuum theory.Three kinds of nearly periodic arrangements are concerned, i.e., random disorder, quasiperiodicity and defects. The influences of randomly disordered degree of the sub-layer's thickness and mass density, the arrangement of quasi-periodicity and the location of defect on the band structures and cut-off frequency are analyzed in detail.     

Folding beam-type piezoelectric phononic crystal with low-frequency and broad band gap

A folding beam-type piezoelectric phononic crystal model is proposed to isolate vibration. Two piezoelectric bimorphs are joined by two masses as a folding structure to comprise each unit cell of the piezoelectric phononic crystal. Each bimorph is connected independently by a resistive-inductive resonant shunting circuit. The folding structure extends the propagation path of elastic waves, while its structure size remains quite small. Propagation of coupled extension-flexural elastic waves is studied by the classical laminated beam theory and transfer matrix method. The theoretical model is further verified with the finite element method(FEM). The effects of geometrical and circuit parameters on the band gaps are analyzed. With only 4 unit cells, the folding beam-type piezoelectric phononic crystal generates two Bragg band gaps of 369 Hz to1 687 Hz and 2 127 Hz to 4 000 Hz. In addition, between these two Bragg band gaps, a locally resonant band gap is induced by resonant shunting circuits. Appropriate circuit parameters are used to join these two Bragg band gaps by the locally resonant band gap.Thus, a low-frequency and broad band gap of 369 Hz to 4 000 Hz is obtained.     

基于人工神经网络的声子晶体逆向设计

声子晶体是一种人工周期性复合材料, 其带隙特性使其在减振、隔声、滤波和声学功能器件等领域具有潜在的应用价值. 如何准确操纵声波和机械波是声子晶体设计的主要挑战. 现有设计方法是基于对结构几何参数与材料参数的分析调整使其匹配特定的应用特性, 设计效率不高且无法达到最佳性能. 为此, 本文以一维层状声子晶体为例, 提出了一种基于Softmax逻辑回归和多任务学习的人工神经网络声子晶体逆向设计方法, 其中, Softmax逻辑回归实现分层结构各区域材料种类的选择, 通过多任务学习确定各区域材料的分布, 从而, 将声子晶体逆向设计问题转化为对单位胞元拓扑结构多组分材料的分类问题. 首先, 随机生成大量声子晶体拓扑结构样本; 然后, 采用有限元法进行并行计算得到所有样本的带隙分布; 接着, 通过神经网络建立带隙分布和拓扑结构之间的映射关系; 最后, 利用训练好的神经网络设计具有目标带隙特性的声子晶体, 即以目标带隙作为神经网络的输入, 网络将直接输出对应的声子晶体单元胞元拓扑结构. 算例表明本方法可根据应用需求快速高效地得到具有目标带隙的一维声子晶体. 该方法为声子晶体的逆向设计提供了一种新颖思路.      

WAVE PROPAGATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISORDERED PIEZOELECTRIC PHONONIC CRYSTALS

The wave propagation is studied in two-dimensional disordered piezoelectric phononic crystals using the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method. For different cases of disorder, the transmission coefficients are calculated. The influences of disorders on band gaps are investigated. The results show that the disorder in the piezoelectric phononic crystals has more significant influences on the band gap in the low frequency regions than in the high frequency ones. The relation between the width of band gap and the direction of position disorder is also discussed. When the position disorder is along the direction perpendicular to the wave transmission, the piezoelectric phononic crystals have wider band gaps at low frequency regions than the case of position disorder being along the wave transmission direction. It can also be found that the effect of. size disorder on band gaps is analogous to that of location disorder. When the perturbation coefficient is big, it has more pronounced effects on the pass bands in the piezoelectric phononic crystals with both size and location disorders than in the piezoelectric phononic crystals with single disorder. In higher frequency regions the piezoelectric effect reduces the transmission coefficients. But for larger disorder degree, the effects of the piezoelectricity will be reduced.     

一维磁电弹准周期结构带隙特性的研究

采用传递矩阵方法,研究了横波(SV波)垂直入射时压电/（弹性/压磁）和（压电/弹性）/压磁两种Fibonacci准周期结构的频带特性,通过计算局部化因子和位移透射系数,数值揭示了此两种Fibonacci准周期结构频带特性的差异以及与相应理想周期结构频带特性的不同,而且表明（压电/弹性）/压磁Fibonacci准周期结构的频带特性与纯弹性材料Fibonacci准周期结构的频带特性是相似的。     

Wave band gaps in two-dimensional piezoelectric/piezomagnetic phononic crystals

In this paper, the elastic wave propagation in phononic crystals with piezoelectric and piezomagnetic inclusions is investigated taking the magneto-electro-elastic coupling into account. The electric and magnetic fields are approximated as quasi-static. The band structures of three kinds of piezoelectric/piezomagnetic phononic crystals—CoFe₂O₄/quartz, BaTiO₃/CoFe₂O₄ and BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄/polymer periodic composites are calculated using the plane-wave expansion method. The piezoelectric and piezomagnetic effects on the band structures are analyzed. The numerical results show that in CoFe₂O₄/quartz structures, only one narrow band gap exists along the Γ–X direction for the coupling of xy-mode and z-mode for the filling fraction f being 0.4; while in BaTiO₃/CoFe₂O₄ composites, only one narrow band gap exists along the Γ–X direction forxy-mode and no band gap exists for z-mode as the filling friction f is 0.5. Moreover, for the new type of magneto-electro-elastic phononic crystal—BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄/polymer periodic composite, the band gap characteristics are more superior in the whole considered frequency regions due to the big contrast of the material properties in the two constituents and the effects of the piezoelectricity and piezomagneticity on the band gap structures are remarkable.     

多孔压电分流超材料及其带隙特性研究

设计了一种新型多孔压电分流超材料构型,以单、双孔元胞构型为例,研究了其带隙特性和有限周期振动传递特性,并与未开孔压电分流超材料板进行了对比分析.计算结果表明:与未开孔压电超材料相比,两种构型在低频处的压电局域共振带隙频率更低,带宽变窄,且均会在高频范围内出现额外带隙,随着孔宽δ的增大,额外带隙数量逐渐增多;对应特定的孔...     

Mechanics of deformation-triggered pattern transformations and superelastic behavior in periodic elastomeric structures

Recently, novel and uniform deformation-induced pattern transformations have been found in periodic elastomeric cellular solids upon reaching a critical value of applied load [Mullin, T., Deschanel, S., Bertoldi, K., Boyce, M.C., 2007. Pattern transformation triggered by deformation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 084301; Boyce, M.C., Prange, S.M., Bertoldi, K., Deschanel, S., Mullin, T., 2008. Mechanics of periodic elastomeric structures. In: Boukamel, Laiarinandrasana, Meo, Verron (Eds.), Constitutive Models for Rubber, vol. V. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp. 3–7]. Here, the mechanics of the deformation behavior of several periodically patterned two-dimensional elastomeric sheets are investigated experimentally and through numerical simulation. Square and oblique lattices of circular voids and rectangular lattices of elliptical voids are studied. The numerical results clearly show the mechanism of the pattern switch for each microstructure to be a form of local elastic instability, giving reversible and repeatable transformation events as confirmed by experiments. Post-deformation transformation is observed to accentuate the new pattern and is found to be elastic and to occur at nearly constant stress, resulting in a superelastic behavior. The deformation-induced transformations have been physically realized on structures constructed at the millimeter length scale. This behavior should also persist at the micro and nano length scales, providing opportunities for transformative photonic and phononic crystals which can switch in a controlled manner and also exploiting the phenomenon to imprint complex patterns.     

Electro-mechanical coupling wave propagating in a locally resonant piezoelectric/elastic phononic crystal nanobeam with surface effects

The model of a "spring-mass" resonator periodically attached to a piezoelectric/elastic phononic crystal(PC) nanobeam with surface effects is proposed, and the corresponding calculation method of the band structures is formulized and displayed by introducing the Euler beam theory and the surface piezoelectricity theory to the plane wave expansion(PWE) method. In order to reveal the unique wave propagation characteristics of such a model, the band structures of locally resonant(LR) elastic PC Euler nanobeams with and without resonators, the band structures of LR piezoelectric PC Euler nanobeams with and without resonators, as well as the band structures of LR elastic/piezoelectric PC Euler nanobeams with resonators attached on PZT-4, with resonators attached on epoxy, and without resonators are compared. The results demonstrate that adding resonators indeed plays an active role in opening and widening band gaps. Moreover, the influence rules of different parameters on the band gaps of LR elastic/piezoelectric PC Euler nanobeams with resonators attached on epoxy are discussed, which will play an active role in the further realization of active control of wave propagations.     

Asymptotic and numerical models of waves in tunable multi-scale structures

The paper presents asymptotic models and numerical illustrations of periodic systems which possess band gaps and support standing waves at low frequencies. The structures considered here include periodic systems of defects (cracks or resonators of different types). Tuning mechanisms are described to control the position of band gaps in dispersion diagrams.