A planar rod model with flexible cross-section for the folding and the dynamic deployment of tape springs: Improvements and comparisons with experiments

A planar rod model with flexible cross-section has been recently proposed in literature (Guinot et al., 2012). This model is especially suitable for the modeling of tape springs, which develop localized folds due to the flattening of the cross-section. Starting from a complete non-linear elastic shell model, original kinematics assumptions (inspired from the elastica model) have been made to describe the important in-plane changes of the cross-section shape. In the present work, the choice of the position of the rod reference line is discussed. This choice plays an important role in the overall behavior because of the large changes of the cross-section shape. We show that the model published in Guinot et al. (2012) can be improved by considering the centerline as the rod reference line. This enhanced model is then validated through quantitative comparisons with experimental results of dynamic deployments taken from literature.     

可展结构的形态控制

本文研究可展结构的形态变化及其控制理论。为了将可展结构展开成或收拢成所需的形态，必须对该结构进行有效的控制，施加适当的控制力。本文利用广义逆矩阵的数学工具，提出了确定该种控制力的理论，并用数值计算例子进行了验证。     

A MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM: HOW MANY TIMES CAN A SHEET OF PAPER BE FOLDED 1)

通过将纸张折叠问题简化为矩形截面简支梁在中段集中力作用下的三点弯曲问题,通过最大弯曲挠度和最小折叠载荷讨论了A4打印纸和八开报纸在普通人力作用下的最大对折次数问题。结果表明对于普通A4打印纸,一般成年人只能对折6次,最多也只能对折7 次。对于八开报纸,一般成年人能轻松对折7次,但是基本不可能对折8次。试验测试结果与理论预测结果吻合良好。     

Change in thickness in curved fold model for axial crushing of tubes

A partly inside and partly outside curved fold model with variable straight length and stepped variation in the thickness of tube during folding has been developed in the present paper. The variation of circumferential strain during the formation of fold has been taken into consideration. All model parameters viz. size of fold, optimal value of folding parameter, maximum hinge angle and the final radius of curvature of fold have been evaluated analytically. An expression has been derived for determining the variation of crushing load during the formation of a fold. The total outside and total inside fold models can be easily derived from the present model. The results have been compared with experiments and reasonably good agreement has been observed. The incorporation of change in thickness of tube during folding has been found to reduce the folding parameter thus bringing it closer to the experiments. Some parametric studies by varying the length of straight portion of the fold have also been conducted. The results are of help in understanding the phenomenon of actual fold formation.     

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为了研究爆炸及燃烧产生的“蘑菇状”烟云,采用中尺度气象模式RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)模拟计算了冲击波过后的爆炸烟云运动过程。对于稳定层结大气条件,模拟结果显示爆炸烟云造成的流动是一个多层次涡-波运动的过程。爆炸烟云在浮力作用下会形成浮力涡环结构,在到达最大高度以后,其烟云外侧边缘部分涡度变号,形成了环套环的多涡结构。随时间增加,涡能量的逐步衰减,涡运动转变为重力内波运动。通过模拟不同爆炸当量和不同稳定度烟云的上升最大高度,得到了与目前常用的爆炸烟云上升公式一致的形式。     

基于风压分布特性的折叠网壳结构形状优化研究Folding reticulated shell structure shape optimization based on wind pressure distribution characteristics

针对风敏感结构折叠网壳存在抗风不利区域和风压梯度变化较大的力学行为,为优化其在风荷载作用下的表面风压分布,降低结构的风致响应,基于流体动力学基本原理和大气边界层基本理论,运用Fluent软件对折叠网壳结构风压分布进行数值模拟的基础性研究,对比风洞试验结果,确定复杂体型结构数值模拟的计算域尺寸、计算域离散和湍流模型等关键参数的选取。在此基础上对8种折叠网壳结构形状优化方案进行分析,得到其分区体型系数和体型系数的标准差,对比结构初始形态表面风压,最终得到具有良好抗风性能的最优方案,化解了结构的不利风压分布。结果表明,C FD数值分析技术能够有效地解决风敏感结构在风荷载作用下的形状优化问题,为结构体型优化和研发新型野营房屋提供了一个设计方法和理论依据。     

Deployment of an orbital tethered system with an aerodynamic stabilizer

The control of an orbital tethered system (OTS) with an aerodynamic stabilizer (AS) is considered. The aerodynamic stabilizer is a light body of spherical shape with a relatively large ballistic coefficient. The system is deployed with the use of aerodynamic forces and with controlled braking by a special mechanism located on the main spacecraft (SC). A mathematical model describing the deployment and furthermotion of the OTS is constructed. The dynamic and kinematic control laws for the OTS deployment with and without feedback are analyzed. The influence of various disturbances on the stability of OTS deployment processes is estimated. An example where an aerodynamic stabilizer is used to ensure spacecraft descent from a low-earth orbit is given.     

考虑非线性本构的非刚性折纸结构动力学建模与分析

折纸结构因其大收纳比、高可控性、可重构、制造装配简单以及设计多样等优势, 在航天、生物医学、建筑、机器人、材料科学等工程领域有着广阔的应用前景. 随着折纸结构的工程应用越来越广泛, 针对低刚度折纸结构的动力学研究愈加重要. 本文将非刚性折纸结构等效为带卷簧的空间桁架结构, 建立了一种通用的杆–链动力学模型. 考虑材料的几何非线性, 采用基于Ogden超弹性本构的杆单元来模拟折痕和虚拟折痕, 可适用于作大范围运动并具有大变形的折纸结构. 引入非线性卷簧来体现折痕的抗弯作用, 相较于传统的卷簧本构模型, 本文提出的改进的非线性卷簧本构模型具有更强的通用性和鲁棒性, 能够有效避免接触碰撞动力学中折叠面的穿透. 基于虚功原理, 建立了考虑阻尼效应的非刚性折纸多体系统的动力学方程, 并采用变步长的广义-α 法求解. 最后, 对三种经典折叠形式的非刚性折纸结构进行动力学仿真, 验证了本文提出的杆–链动力学模型的准确性和高效性. 通过施加虚拟折痕和修正初始构型, 有效解决了刚性折纸模型中展开和收拢过程的锁定问题. 与刚性折纸模型相比, 杆–链动力学模型具有更好的数值模拟通用性, 并能够给出具有大变形张紧构型. 在此基础上, 揭示了非刚性折纸结构复杂的动力学行为, 并对多稳态、瞬态动力学和波动力学特性进行分析.      

盘绕式杆状展开机构的设计与力学分析

盘绕式杆状展开机构具有质量轻、收拢比大,伸缩平稳,展开可靠性高等优点,可广泛用于太阳电池阵、大型天线的展开,作为主要的展开支撑受力构件,展开机构在整个结构系统中起顶梁柱的作用。本文通过对盘绕式展开机构原理样机的研制,从设计角度对盘绕式杆状展开机构的构造特点、设计方案和展开/收拢原理进行了阐述,对其关键几何设计参数进行了分析。根据展开和收拢几何特性关系,对其刚度特性进行了分析,并依据弹性稳定理论,对该展开机构进行了局部和整体稳定性分析。设计参数分析和刚度特性分析对盘绕式展开机构原理样机的研制和关键技术的解决有较大的借鉴意义。     

STACER伸展变形的一种计算方法

STACER是一种航天器上广泛应用的伸展机构,其储能部件由薄壁钢带经冷加工涡卷最终成型为螺旋管状.由于伸展长度可达装载高度的几十倍,钢带在展开过程中呈现为大挠度、大应变形变,机构伸展力的计算必然涉及强非线性问题;同时,钢带的构型、边界条件在伸展过程中不断变化,这些因素又增加了问题的难度,致使常用的商业软件已无法直接处理此类问题.此研究工作应用变分方法的思想,以研究钢带变形的几何特性为基础,构造出钢带构型恰当的可能函数空间,并利用形状函数随伸展长度的变化规律求出钢带的主应变以及变形能,再利用势能极小原理,确定出钢带的真实构型以及相应的变形能,最终利用变形能和虚功原理得出伸展力.这一方法既可以简化计算又可以得到钢带形状函数、伸展力的近似解析式,为伸展力影响因素的定量分析提供了条件.     

On the physics of viscoplastic fluid flow in non-circular tubes

Flow of Bingham plastics through straight, long tubes is studied by means of a versatile analytical method that allows extending the study to a large range of tube geometries. The equation of motion is solved for general non-circular cross-sections obtained via a continuous and one-to-one mapping called the shape factor method. In particular the velocity field and associated plug and stagnant zones in tubes with equilateral triangular and square cross-section are explored. Shear stress normal to equal velocity lines, energy dissipation distribution and rate of flow are determined. Shear-thinning and shear-thickening effects on the flow, which cannot be accounted for with the Bingham model, are investigated using the Hershey-Bulkley constitutive formulation an extension of the Bingham model. The existence and the extent of undeformed regions in the flow field in a tube with equilateral triangular cross-section are predicted in the presence of shear-thinning and shear-thickening as a specific example. The mathematical flexibility of the analytical method allows the formulation of general results related to viscoplastic fluid flow with implications related to the design and optimization of physical systems for viscoplastic material transport and processing.     

变截面多稳态梁结构减振吸能分析与优化设计

基于多稳态梁结构具有吸能且可重复使用的特点,本文研究包含变截面多稳态梁的单胞结构及其周期性排布的减振吸能效应及其优化设计方法。对多稳态结构进行考虑几何非线性的位移加载/卸载有限元仿真,根据其载荷-位移曲线分析多稳态结构的减振吸能原理,并研究串联与并联周期性排布形式对结构整体吸能特性的影响规律。研究基于多参数调控的变截面梁结构形状表征方法,根据多稳态结构储能特点建立变截面多稳态单胞结构的结构优化模型,通过求解优化问题获得总质量不变条件下最优变截面梁结构形状。进一步地通过对优化结果的有限元分析验证优化的有效性,并对结构进行瞬态冲击荷载下动响应分析,证明多稳态结构的冲击保护作用。     

Mechanics of shaft-loaded blister test for thin film suspended on compliant substrate

Based on the von Kármán plate theory, the mechanics of a shaft-loaded blister test for thin film/substrate systems is studied by considering elastic substrate deformations and residual stresses in these films. In testing, films are attached to a substrate provided with a circular hole, through which loading is applied to the film by a flat-ended shaft of circular cross-section. The effect of substrate deformation on the deflection of the loaded film is taken into account by using a line spring model. For small deflections, an analytical solution is derived, while for large deflections a numerical solution is obtained using the shooting method. The resulting load-shaft displacement relation, which is essential in blister tests, compares favorably with finite element analysis.     

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FIRST FOLD CREATION IN THIN WALLED COLUMNS

In this paper, a theoretical formula is presented to predict the instantaneous folding force of the first fold creation in square and rectangular columns under axial loading.The rectangular column is a small and single model of honeycombs with square or rectangular cells.Calculations are based on the analysis of the Basic Folding Mechanism （BFM）.For this purpose, sum of the dissipated energy rate under bending around horizontal and inclined hinge lines and the dissipated energy rate under extensional deformations was equal to the work rate of the external force on the structure.The final formula obtained in this research, reasonably predicts the instantaneous folding force of single-cell square and rectangular honeycombs instead of the average value.Finally, according to the calculated theoretical relation, the instantaneous folding force of the first fold creation in a square column was sketched versus folding distance and compared to the experimental results, which showed a good correlation.     

Deployment/retrieval optimization for flexible tethered satellite systems

A methodology for deployment/retrieval optimization of tethered satellite systems is presented. Previous research has focused on the case where the tether is modeled as an inelastic, straight rod for the determination of optimal system trajectories. However, the tether shape and string vibrations can often be very important, particularly when the deployment/retrieval speed changes rapidly, or when external forces such as aerodynamic drag or electrodynamic forces are present. An efficient mathematical model for flexible tethered systems is first derived, which treats the tether as composed of a system of lumped masses connected via inelastic links. A tension control law is presented based on a discretization of the tether length dynamics via Chebyshev polynomials. A scheme that minimizes the second derivative of length over the trajectory based on physically meaningful coefficients is presented. This is utilized in conjunction with evolutionary optimization methods to minimize the rigid body and flexible modes of the system during deployment/retrieval. It is shown that only a very small number of parameters are required to generate accurate trajectories. The results are compared to the case where the tether is modeled as a straight rod.     

Peeling of an elastic membrane tape adhered to a substrate by a uniform cohesive traction

An analytical model is provided for the peeling of a tape from a surface to which it adheres through cohesive tractions. The tape is considered to be a membrane without bending stiffness and is initially attached everywhere to a flat rigid surface. The tape is assumed to deform in plane strain, and finite deformations in the form of elastic strains are accounted for. The cohesive tractions are taken to be uniform when the tape is within a critical interaction distance from the substrate and then to fall immediately to zero once this critical interaction distance is exceeded. When the distance between the tape and the substrate is zero, repulsive and attractive tractions balance to zero; in this segment, sliding of the tape relative to the substrate is forbidden when we pull the tape up somewhere in the middle, though we permit such sliding when the tape is peeled from one end. In the cohesive zone and where the tape is detached, the interaction of the tape with the substrate is frictionless. Results are given for the force to peel a neo-Hookean tape at any angle up to vertical when one end of it is pulled away from the substrate, as well as for scenarios when the tape is lifted somewhere in the middle to form a V shape being pulled away from the substrate.     

A higher order model for thin-walled structures with deformable cross-sections

A higher order model for the analysis of linear, prismatic thin-walled structures that considers the cross-section warping together with the cross-section in-plane flexural deformation is presented in this paper. The use of a one-dimentional model for the analysis of thin-walled structures, which have an inherent complex three-dimensional (3D) behaviour, can only be successful and competitive when compared with shell finite element models if it fulfills a twofold objective: (i) an enrichment of the model in order to as accurately as possible reproduce its 3D elasticity equations and (ii) the definition of a consistent criterion for uncoupling the beam equations, allowing to identify structural deformation modes.The displacement field is approximated through a linear combination of products between a set of linear independent functions defined over the cross-section and the associated weights only dependent on the beam axis; this approximation is not constrained by any ab initio kinematic assumptions. Towards an efficient application of the approximation procedure, the cross-section is discretized into thin-walled elements, being the displacement field approximated for each element independently of the displacement direction. The approximation is thus hp refined enhancing the “capture” of the 3D structural mechanics of thin-walled structures. The beam model governing equations are obtained through the integration over the cross-section of the corresponding elasticity equations weighted by the cross-section global approximation functions.A criterion for uncoupling the beam governing equations is established, allowing to (i) retrieve the classic equations of the thin-walled beam theory both for open and closed sections and (ii) derive a set of uncoupled deformation modes representing higher order effects. The criterion is based on the solution of the polynomial eigenvalue problem associated with the beam differential equations, allowing to quantify the Saint-Venant principle for thin-walled structures. In fact, the solution of the non linear eigenvalue problem yields a twelve fold null eigenvalue (representing polynomial solutions) that are verified to represent beam classic solutions and sets of pairs and quadruplets of non-null eigenvalues corresponding to higher order modes of deformation.     

On the axisymmetric progressive crushing of circular tubes under axial compression

Moderately thick circular tubes under compression crush progressively by axisymmetric folding. The paper presents a combined experimental analytical study of the onset of collapse, its localization and the subsequent progressive folding. Results from four displacement controlled crushing experiments are presented on tubes of various radius-to-thickness ratios made of different metal alloys. The experimental results include the crushing response, careful measurements of the geometric characteristics of the folds and the mechanical properties of the alloys. A finite element model of the crushing process has been developed and results from simulations are directly compared with the experiments. The model is found to reproduce the crushing response to a significant degree of accuracy. The mean crushing load is essentially the same as in the experiments; the calculated wavelength of the folds are within a few percent from measured values as are other geometric variables considered. Thus, the crushing energy per unit length of tube is predicted to a very good accuracy. In addition, the model was used to demonstrate that changes in the loading cycles which take place as the number of folds increases, are due to small differences between the inner and outer folds which in turn affect the self contact of the fold walls. Three simpler models taken from the literature in which steady-state folding is modeled by kinematically admissible collapse mechanisms are critically reviewed by comparing predictions of key variables to measured values.     

The Convective Boundary-Layer Flow on a Reacting Surface in a Porous Medium

The convective boundary-layer flow on an impermeable vertical surface in a fluid-saturated porous medium is considered where the flow results from the heat released by an exothermic catalytic reaction on the surface converting a reactive component within the convective fluid to an inert product. The reaction is modelled by first-order kinetics with an Arrhenius temperature dependence. Numerical solutions of the governing equations are obtained for a range of parameter values. These show, for large activation energies, that localized rapid changes in wall temperature and localized high reaction rates occur a little way from the leading edge. Asymptotic expansions, valid at large distances from the leading edge, are derived, the form that these expansions take is qualitatively different depending on whether or not reactant consumption is included in the model.