水平细长通道中的流动沸腾实验研究

本文主要研究了去离子水在截面为矩形(1 mm×2 mm)的水平长直细通道中的流动沸腾,实验中采用了可视化手段观察通道中的各种流型的演变。实验采用均匀加热和模拟逆流加热两种手段对通道进行加热,并对不同工况下两者的沿程局部换热系数进行了分析对比分析.两者的局部换热系数都逐渐增加,模拟逆流加热条件下的换热系数曲线增势较陡,干涸流的出现会导致换热系数降低.同时,实验中观察到了6种流型,并对流型的分布做了介绍。     

三维有序排列多孔介质对流换热的数值研究

利用CFD软件数值研究了颗粒三维有序堆积多孔介质的对流换热问题. 采用颗粒直径分别为14 mm,9.4 mm和7 mm的球形颗粒有序排列构成多孔介质骨架,在多孔骨架的上方有一恒热流密度的铜板. 采用流固耦合的方法研究了槽通道内温度分布和局部对流换热系数的分布以及对流换热的影响因素. 研究结果表明:热渗透的厚度和温度边界层的厚度在流动方向上逐渐增大,并且随流量的增加而减小;当骨架的导热系数比较高时,对流换热随颗粒直径的减小而略有增大;对流换热系数随聚丙烯酰胺溶液浓度的增大而减小,黏性耗散减弱了对流换热. 关键词： 多孔介质 温度场 局部对流换热系数 数值模拟     

不同纳米流体在微通道内的流动传热特性研究

采用数值模拟的方法研究了不同工质在微通道内流动传热特性的差异。对比了去离子水、纳米流体Al₂O₃/Water、CuO/Water、TiO₂/Water、Cu/Water等工质在微通道内的流动传热特性,并研究了纳米颗粒的浓度对流动换热特性的影响。结果表明：CuO/Water作为冷却工质时的对流换热系数比水增加了9.6%,微通道底面平均温度降低了2.6 K,换热性能明显优于其他几种纳米流体。由于纳米颗粒的加入,纳米流体的粘度比水大,进出口的压降比水大。纳米颗粒的体积分数越大,对流换热系数越大,纳米流体在微通道内的换热性能越好。     

小通道扁管内纳米流体流动与传热特性

建立了测量小通道扁管内纳米流体流动与对流换热性能的实验系统,测量了不同粒子体积份额的水-Cu纳米 流体的管内对流换热系数和摩擦阻力系数,实验结果表明,在相同雷诺数条件下,小通道扁管内纳米流体的对流换热系数 大于纯液体,且随粒子的体积份额的增加而增大,而纳米流体的阻力系数并未明显增大。     

小尺度沟槽表面和近距离布置光面构成通道中传热特性数值研究

针对IGBT的冷却问题,通过三维数值模拟方法对一种微槽结构散热器内部的换热特性进行了研究。由于IGBT所需散热面积较大,常规微米级尺度的微槽通道在满足换热要求的同时往往需要消耗较大的泵功率,据此提出一种小尺度沟槽表面通道结构,以水为冷却剂对通道内充分发展层流流动换热特性进行了数值研究,并与平表面通道内换热特性进行对比。结果表明:新型微槽表面通道可有效增强对流换热效果,且对流换热系数随着雷诺数的增大而增大。     

超临界CO_2在三叶管内换热特性研究

建立了内径为2 mm的三叶管三维模型,使用ANSYS Fluent软件对超临界二氧化碳在三叶管内的对流换热特性进行了研究,分析了流动方向、进口雷诺数、壁面热流密度和冷却压力等因素对局部换热系数的影响,结果表明:在本文研究的范围内,流动方向对超临界二氧化碳在三叶管内局部换热系数的影响较小,可以忽略,进口雷诺数、壁面热流密度和冷却压力对局部换热系数的影响较大;二氧化碳进口雷诺数越高,对应的局部对流换热系数也越高,壁面热流密度的大小对局部换热系数出现峰值位置有较大影响,对其大小影响不大;超临界二氧化碳冷却压力越高,对应的局部对流换热系数的峰值也越大;局部对流换热系数峰值所对应的温度只与冷却压力下的临界温度有关。     

微通道内超临界二氧化碳的压降与传热特性

进行了微通道内超临界CO2的局部和平均传热与压降特性实验研究。结果表明,临界点附近物性参数的剧烈变 化使压降增大,但传热被大大强化。同时也发现,系统压力、质量流速及CO2温度对流动与传热特性有重要影响。在大 量实验数据的基础上,得出了冷却条件下水平微通道内超临界CO2强制对流换热关联式。     

多孔细径微肋管内CO2流动蒸发换热特性的研究

对亚临界二氧化碳在带有微肋的微细通道内的蒸发换热特性进行了实验研究.实验段为长0.6 m,内径1.7 mm的八孔带0.16 mm高微肋的铝制扁管.实验中参数的变化为:蒸发温度1～15 ℃,质量流速100～300 kg/m2s,热流密度1.67～8.33 kW/m2,干度0.1～0.9.实验结果表明,二氧化碳在带有微肋的微细通道中的蒸发换热系数高于其在光滑微细通道内的换热.二氧化碳的流动蒸发换热系数主要受热流密度和蒸发温度的影响,基本上是换热系数随热流密度及蒸发温度的增加而增加,但同时临界干度前移及滞后,而质量流速对换热系数的影响较弱;压力损失随质量流速和热流密度的增加以及蒸发温度的降低而增加.     

三角通道对流换热的数值分析与实验研究

本文对等腰三角形通道内气体的流动与换热问题进行了实验研究和数值分析计算,测量了顶角为30°和60°角的四种通道的气体速度,温度和壁温分布,获得了三角形通道的阻力系数和换热系数,研究了边壁厚度和强化换热粗糙元对换热的影响.为了把有限的实验资料推广到其它三角形通道,对任意顶角的等腰三角通道内的湍流换热问题作了数值计算,计算中考虑了边壁导热影响和壁面粗糙元影响,计算结果和实验结果吻合良好. 三角形通道在航空发动机叶片的冷却,化工设备和换热器的生产设计中都有很重要的应用。在文献报告中有关三角通道对流换热的研究主要是对小顶角等腰三角通道和等边三角形两种情况而做的,因此对三角形通道对流换热问题作进一步的研究是很有意义的.     

细圆管内超临界二氧化碳对流换热的实验研究

本文对超临界压力二氧化碳在内径为1 mm的竖直细圆管中的对流换热进行了实验研究.分析了流体的热流密度、进口温度、质量流量以及流动方向对超临界压力二氧化碳对流换热的影响.实验研究发现,热流密度、进口温度、质量流量以及浮升力对细圆管内对流换热的影响很大,对流换热系数在准临界温度附近存在峰值.在加热的前半段向上流动的对流换热强于向下流动,在加热的后半段则相反.随着热流密度与质量流量比值的不断增加,向上流动与向下流动对流换热强弱转换的交点不断向流体进口方向推移,并且向上流动的壁面温度出现峰值,发生换热恶化,而向下流动则没有出现换热恶化.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.