Production of lipid preparations. I. Isolation of natural phosphatidylcholines

The phospholipid compositions (qualitative and quantitative) are given of a wide range of natural sources — organs (brain, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, pancreas) of two vertebrate animals (ox and pig) and 27 species of marine invertebrates of five types (coelenterates, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, and tunicates). Methods of isolating phosphatidylcholines from six sources — porcine brain and kidneys, a marine ascidian, a mussel, a starfish, and soybean phosphatides — are described and the compositions of the fatty acids of these phosphatidylcholines are given.Far Eastern State University, Vladivostok. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 214–220, March–April, 1987.     

Microwave-assisted preparations of dihydropyrroles from alkenone O-phenyl oximes

Microwave irradiation of alkenone O-phenyl oximes produces iminyl radicals that ring close to yield dihydropyrrole derivatives; pyrroles and pyridines can be obtained from related precursors.     

Isolation of bioactive preparations from alcoholic extracts ofChlorella vulgaris

Summary Three groups of bioactive substances (provitamins of the A group, vitamins of the F group, and sodium chlorophyllin) have been isolated from alcoholic extracts of the micro algaChlorella vulgaris. The conditions of separating these substances are given. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the groups isolated have been investigated by paper chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and spectral analysis.Siberian Technological Institute, Krasnoyarsk. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 213–216, March–April, 1979.     

对硝基苯胺的工业化生产及生产废水的处理

重点介绍了对硝基苯胺的国内生产状况、详细叙述对硝基苯胺的合成机理、工业化生产的各个工序的操作工艺条件、生产注意事项及解决生产中出现的问题的方法。并对生产产生的废水处理工艺进行了深入的研究,以吹脱、高效催化氧化、混凝和生化结合的方法处理,采用该工艺处理的废水具有操作简单、成本低等优点,处理后的废水完全能满足排放的要求,本文对对硝基苯胺的生产具有较高的指导意义,能很好地指导对硝基苯胺低成本、低三废排放的生产。     

Production of232Pa from thorium

A procedure is described for the accelerator production of²³²Pa and its isolation in radiochemically pure form, suitable for isotope tracing of protactinium/thorium chemical separations.     

Production of silicon from magnesium silicide

Kinetic methods and thermogravimetry were used to study the oxidation process of magnesium silicide in air in the temperature range 300–1000°C. The reaction products were identified by X-ray phase analysis. It was found that the reaction occurs in the temperature range 510–710°C to give silicon and magnesium oxide. With the temperature increasing further, silicon is oxidized to silicon dioxide.     

Polysaccharides from Buckwheat Production Wastes

The content, structure, and monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides recovered by sequential extraction with water, ammonium oxalate solution, and sodium hydroxide solution from wastes from production of a series of buckwheat strains were studied. Data characterizing the raw material (ash residue), aqueous, oxalate, and alkaline extracts (list of metals and their concentration in solution), polysaccharides (structure, content of metals absorbed from solution), and insoluble residue of the raw material (weight of the residue) are presented.     

硼氢化钠水解制氢

质子交换膜燃料电池技术的迅速发展大大促进了对氢的廉价制取和高效储存的研究。作为一种安全、方便的新型制氢技术,硼氢化钠水解制氢成为当前燃料电池氢源研究中的热点课题之一。本文介绍了硼氢化钠制氢原理,综述了硼氢化钠水解催化剂和反应动力学研究进展,并对硼氢化钠制氢技术实用化前景进行了展望。     

Extractive separation of a lanthanum tracer from preparations on a calcium carrier obtained from steel samples

The separation of lanthanum from calcium and a number of radioisotopes of other elements by extraction with alkylphosphoric acids and tri-n-butylphosphate has been studied. A quantitative method has been developed for the separation of a lanthanum tracer from neutron-irradiated preparations on a calcium carrier, obtained from the steel-making process. This method improves the detectability of¹⁴⁰La (from 5·10⁻⁷ to 10⁻¹⁰ g of La) by γ-ray spectrometry with a scintillation counter, and enables semiquantitative determination of lanthanum with a liquid GM tube, the error involved being about 100% for La contents >10⁻⁸ g, and about 30% for La contents >10⁻⁷ g.     

Production of methyl ester fuel from microalgae

Microalgae are unique photosynthetic organisms that are known to accumulate storage lipids in large quantitites and thrive in saline waters. Before these storage lipids can be used, they must be extracted from the microalgae and converted into usable fuel. Transesterification of lipids produces fatty acid methyl esters that can be used as a diesel fuel substitute. Three solvents, 1-butanol, ethanol, and hexane/2-propanol, were evaluated for extraction efficiency of microalgal lipids. Type of catalyst, concentration of catalyst, time of reaction, temperature of reaction, and quality of lipid were examined as variables for transesterification. The most efficient solvent of the three for extraction was 1-butanol (90% efficiency), followed by hexane/2-propanol and ethanol. Optimal yield of fatty acid methyl esters was obtained using 0.6N hydrochloric acid in methanol for 0.1 h at 70°C.     

甘油三酯裂解制备可再生液体燃料油研究

以碳酸钠为碱性催化剂,采用TG、DTG、DSC分析确定大豆油为原料的裂解特性。通过对四种典型裂解产物的跟踪测定,确证碱性催化剂能够改变大豆油裂解时的反应历程。分析结果表明,裂解温度在400℃~500℃,热解方式为快速热解。采用自行研制的小型滴流床反应器催化裂解大豆油。比较了不同催化剂的催化裂解性能,发现碱性催化剂具有较高的脱羧能力。在较佳催化裂解工艺条件下,所得燃料油酸值较低(30 mg KOH/g)。通过FT-IR、GC-MS以及燃料性能的分析,其组分和成分与0号柴油相似,热值43 M J/kg,黏度2.6 mm2/s,密度0.84 g/cm3。     

Production of organic acids from biomass resources

Catalytic synthesis of valuable organic acids such as lactic acid, levulinic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and sugar acids (e.g. gluconic acid and glucosaminic acid) from renewable carbon resources is of high interest for a sustainable chemical industry in the future. A number of efficient catalytic systems have been recently developed to convert biomass into organic acids. Herein we highlight new strategies and catalysts that are effective for the transformations. The mechanisms and catalyst functions involved in several typical reactions are analyzed for the rational design of more efficient catalytic systems.     

Catalytic Production of Alanine from Waste Glycerol

Chemical synthesis of amino acids directly from biomass feedstock is rare. Reported here is a one‐step protocol to convert crude glycerol, from the biodiesel industry, into 43 % alanine over a Ru₁Ni₇/MgO catalyst. The multifunctional catalytic system promotes glycerol conversion into lactic acid, and then into alanine. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed the existence of bimetallic RuNi species, whereas density‐functional theory calculations suggested Ni‐doped Ru substantially decreased the E_a of C?H bond dissociation of lactate alkoxide to form pyruvate, which is the rate‐determining step. The catalytic route established in this work creates new opportunities for glycerol utilization and enriches the substrate scope of renewable feedstock to access value‐added amino acids.     

Production of essential oil from Cumin seeds

Steam distillation of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds was studied to show the effects of particle size, batch size, and distillation rate on their essential oil recovery. Experiments were carried out both on bench and pilot scale. The composition of the oil was analyzed by GC/MS.Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 214–216, May–June, 2000.