Cooling-Assisted Headspace Hollow Fiber-Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction Setup for Direct Determination of PAHs in Solid Samples by Using Volatile Solvents

To reinforce the extraction efficiency of the liquid- and solid-phase microextraction methods, different cooling-assisted setups have been employed, most of which are complicated, expensive, tedious, and do not show good performances due to indirect transfer of cold to the extraction phase. In this research, a simple, low-cost and effective cooling-assisted headspace hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction (CA-HS-HF-LPME) device was fabricated and evaluated, which is able to directly cool down the extraction phase in different modes of LPME. It was coupled to GC-FID and utilized for the direct determination of PAHs in contaminated soil samples using volatile organic solvents. Different effective experimental variables including type and volume of extraction solvent, extraction time and temperature, and temperature of the cooled organic solvent were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimized experimental conditions (e.g., organic extracting solvent: 3 µL of acetone; extraction time: 20 min; extraction temperature: 90 °C; and temperature of cooled organic drop: −25 °C), good linearity of calibration curves (R ² > 0.99) was obtained in a concentration range of 1–10,000 ng g⁻¹. The limits of detection (LODs) were obtained over the range of 0.01–0.1 ng g⁻¹. The relative standard deviations (RSD%, n = 6) of 0.1 µg g⁻¹ PAHs were found to be 4.7–10.1 %. The CA-HS-HF-LPME-GC-FID method was successfully used for the direct determination of PAHs in contaminated soil and plant samples, with no sample manipulation. The results were in agreement with those obtained by a validated ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UA-SE) method.

     

Determination of Trace Chloroanilines in Environmental Water Samples Using Hollow Fiber-Based Liquid Phase Microextraction

A liquid phase microextraction method using hollow fiber to support extraction solvent was developed for enrichment of trace level chloroanilines in environmental water samples. Target analytes, 2-chloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline, 2,3-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, and 3,5-dichloroaniline were determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector after extraction. Experimental conditions that affect extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. The proposed method showed a wide linear range from lower ??g L^?1 to 1,000 ??g L^?1, low detection limits (??5.1 ??g L^?1), and reasonable relative standard deviations (RSDs < 13%). Feasibility of the method was evaluated by analyzing river water samples collected from the Hudson River and the East River in New York City.     

Residual Solvents Determination in Pharmaceuticals by Static Headspace-Gas Chromatography and Headspace Liquid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography

A headspace liquid phase microextraction (HS-LPME) method has been developed and optimized for the residual solvent determination in pharmaceutical products. A microdrop of n-hexanol containing isopropanol (as internal standard) was suspended at the tip of a gas chromatographic syringe and exposed to the headspace of the sample solution. After extraction for an optimized time, the microdrop was retracted into the syringe and injected directly into a GC injection port. Critical experimental factors, including extraction solvent, temperature, ionic strength, stirring rate, extraction time, equilibrium time, drop volume, and sample volume were investigated and optimized. Compared with the static headspace technique, HS-LPME method showed superior results, being compatible with the pharmaceutical samples.     

Headspace Single-Drop Microextraction with Gas Chromatography for Determination of Volatile Halocarbons in Water Samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive procedure for extraction and analysis of volatile halocarbons in water samples was presented using the headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) technique and gas chromatography with microcell electron capture detector (GC-μECD). Operation parameters. such as extraction solvent. headspace volume. organic drop volume. salt concentration. temperature and sampling time, were studied and optimized. Extraction of 10 volatile halocarbon compounds was achieved using the optimized method. Calibration curves of 10 target compounds yielded good linearity in the respective range of concentration (R ² ≥ 0.9968, chlorodibromomethane in the concentration range of 0.05–50 μg/L). The limits of detection were found between 0.002 (tetrachloroethene) and 0.374μg/L (1,1,2-trichloroethane). and relative standard deviations (RSD%) ranged between 4.3 (chloroform) and 9.7% (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane). Spiked recoveries of tap water and ground water agreed well with the known values between 118.97 (20.0μg/L of 1,1,2-trichloroethane) and 82.61% (10.0μg/L of tetrachloroethene), demonstrating that the HS-SDME combined GC-μECD was a useful and reliable technique for the rapid determination of volatile halocarbon compounds in water samples.     

顶空固相微萃取技术用于海产品中丁基锡化合物的测定

采用顶空固相微萃取技术对生物样品中丁基锡化合物进行测定。用醋酸溶液浸提海产品中的丁基锡化合物,分析物经氢化衍生后用顶空固相微萃取方法富集,再以气相色谱分离,表面发射火焰光度检测器测定。整个过程简单快速,且无需消耗大量有毒的有机溶剂。方法的线性范围0～ 2000 ng/g (以锡的含量表示),相关系数 0.993?5 ～ 0.994?8 ,最低检测限(按S/N=3计算)3.4～52.4 ng/g (以锡的含量表示)。用该方法对贻贝标准参考物质CRM477进行测定,3种丁基锡化合物测定值的相对误差为0.     

Application of Headspace Liquid-Phase Microextraction to the Analysis of Volatile Halocarbons in Water

The determination of four volatile halocarbons (CHCl₃, CCl₄, C₂HCl₃ and C₂Cl₄) in water by headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) with gas chromatography using a micro electron capture detector (GC-μECD) is described. The effects of the type and volume of the extraction solvent, headspace volume, stirring rate, extraction temperature and time and ionic strength on the extraction performance are investigated and optimized. The developed protocol yields a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 0.05 to 50 µg L^?1 for the target analytes; the detection limits ranged from 0.003 to 0.146 µg L^?1 and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values below 8.45%. The results demonstrate that HS-LPME followed with GC-μECD is a simple and reliable technique for the determination of volatile halocarbons in water samples.     

Determination of Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Pears Using Hollow Fiber-Protected Magnetized Solvent-Bar Liquid-Phase Microextraction HPLC

Hollow fiber-protected magnetized solvent-bar liquid-phase microextraction of sulfonylurea herbicides, including nicosulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron and chlorimuron-ethyl, in pears was developed. The analytes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. This present method has the advantages of stir bar sorptive extraction and hollow fiber-protected solvent-bar microextraction, that permits active magnetic stirring, extraction and preenrichment in a single device simultaneously. The magnetized solvent-bar was easily retrieved after extraction with a magnet, so the extract is conveniently collected. Experimental parameters, including type of extraction solvent, the number of magnetized solvent-bars, extraction temperature and time, stirring speed, pH of the sample solution, and the salting-out effect, were investigated and optimized. Under optimal experimental conditions, the calibration curve showed good linearity (r ≥ 0.9998). The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 7.15–8.26 ng/g and 24.99–27.52 ng/g, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 80.08–105.56 %, and the relative standard deviations were lower than 6.82 %. The results showed that the present method was a satisfactory method for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in pears.     

固相微萃取-顶空-气相色谱-质谱法测定美甲贴中6种挥发性有机物的含量

称取美甲贴样品0.0010g置于20mL顶空瓶中,在选定的条件下[孵化温度为36℃,孵化时间为15min,振动器转速为300r·min^-1,固相微萃取(SPME)温度为常温和样品的萃取次数为10次]进行顶空采样和固相微萃取,并将所得挥发性有机物(VOCs,包括所需测定的丙酮、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、甲苯和乙酸丁酯等6种化合物)引入气相色谱-质谱仪中进行分析。用HP-VOC色谱柱(60m×0.25mm,0.25μm)在40~250℃区间以程序升温模式进行色谱分离,并在电子轰击离子源和选择离子扫描模式等条件下进行质谱测定。采用外标法定量。测得上述6种VOCs的质量在相同的范围(2~250ng)内与其相应的峰面积呈线性关系,其检出限(3.14s)也相同(0.5ng)。以实际样品为基体,在5个浓度水平上加入标准溶液进行回收试验,测得其回收率为80.0%~110%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)为0.030%~5.0%。     

顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定烟气中挥发性和半挥发性成分

提出了顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定烟气中挥发性和半挥发性成分。结合信息量最大的原则,确定了固相微萃取时萃取纤维头为碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅烷萃取纤维头,萃取温度为70℃,萃取时间为60min。在气相色谱分离中用Agilent DB-1色谱柱为固定相,在质谱分析中采用全扫描模式。结果表明:共鉴定出107种成分,含量最大的成分是烟碱(18.07%),其次是新植二烯(11.46%),主要的3类挥发性和半挥发性成分依次为苯系物、酮类以及杂环类。     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取-气相色谱/三重四级杆质谱法检测尿液和血液样品中8种毒品

建立了生物样品尿液和血液中8种毒品的中空纤维膜液相微萃取-气相色谱/三重四级杆质谱检测方法。对影响萃取富集效率的因素通过正交试验进行优化,确定最佳条件如下:选择甲苯作为萃取剂,在样品溶液pH=13.0的条件下用5cm长的中空纤维膜进行萃取,萃取温度为30℃,搅拌速度为600r·min~(-1)。萃取后抽取有机溶剂供气相色谱/三重四级杆质谱分析检测。结果表明,各分析物在0.0003~10μg·mL~(-1)范围具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数R在0.9985~0.9995之间;检出限(S/N=3)为0.05~0.5ng·mL~(-1);样品加标回收率在79.3%~98.6%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)4.5%(n=5)。该方法具有净化能力好、操作简单、灵敏度高和重现性好等优点,能用于生物样品中多种毒品的高灵敏度分析检测。     

顶空固相微萃取原位衍生化气相色谱质谱法测定纺织品中挥发性醛类化合物

采用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)原位衍生化气相色谱/质谱(GC/μ-ECD/MS)法分析了纺织品水萃取溶液的挥发性醛类化合物。实验结果表明,固相萃取纤维上预吸附的衍生化试剂O-(2,3,4,5,6-五氟苄基)羟胺(PFBHA)能与顶空瓶内气体中的醛类化合物反应生成醛肟,在进样口热解吸并经色谱柱分离后,由μ-ECD/MS定性定量检测。该方法不仅能减少试剂消耗,操作简便,而且能克服纺织品水萃取液色素干扰等缺点,提高对产品中醛类有害物质评估准确性。     

Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Aqueous Samples Using Solidification of a Floating Drop for Liquid-Phase Microextraction with Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A rapid, simple, and efficient liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection for the analysis of triazine herbicides was developed in this study. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were 33.0–72.6 and 11.2–23.2%, respectively. The detection limits (LODs) were in the range of 0.03–0.10 µg L^?1. The relative standard deviations for the determination of the triazine herbicides at μg L^?1 levels varied in the range 2.05–8.15%. The method was successfully applied in the determination of the triazine herbicides in aqueous samples with satisfactory results.     

Determination of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water by Headspace Liquid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) were extracted from water samples, adsorbed in organic solvent microdrop by headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME), and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Influence factors such as the extraction solvent types, headspace and microdrop volumes, stirring rate, equilibrium and extraction time, and ionic strength for HS-LPME efficiency were thoroughly evaluated. Under optimized extraction and detection conditions, the calibration curves of GSM and MIB were linear in the range of 5–1000 ng/L. The detection limits of GSM and MIB were 1.1 and 1.0 ng/L, respectively. Average recoveries of 95.45–113.7% (n = 5) were obtained and method precisions were also satisfactory. Trace levels of the off-flavor compounds at ng/L in tap water and raw water were successfully quantified.     

固相微萃取/GC直接测定废水中的三种氯酚

研究了运用固相微萃取／GC直接测定水中的三种氯酚的方法，得到了分析三种氯酚的SPMF最佳萃取条件。选取聚丙烯酸酯（PA）萃取头，水溶液调pH=2,并用NaCl饱和，室温下在持续磁力搅拌下直接萃取40min，纤维萃取头在260℃脱附5min。所建立的方法适于快速、方便地测定水中三相氯酚，无须浓缩和预处理。     

碳纳米管顶空固相微萃取测定水中的多溴联苯醚

建立了顶空固相微萃取联结气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（HS-SPME-GC-ECD）测定水中多溴联苯醚的方法。制作了多壁碳纳米管涂层固相微萃取探头。优化了萃取时间,萃取温度,搅拌速度,顶空体积,溶液的pH,离子强度及有机溶剂等影响萃取效率的各种因素。比较了室温和100 ℃顶空萃取和直接萃取的效率。结果表明,室温下直接萃取比顶空萃取的效率高2-4倍,而在100 ℃时顶空萃取比直接萃取的效率高1-8倍。除BDE-154外,无论直接萃取还是顶空萃取,100 ℃时的萃取效率均高于室温。方法的线性范围50-1600 ng/L,相关系数为0.995-0.998,5种多溴联苯醚的最低检出限（S/N=3）为1.14-16.25 ng/L,相对标准偏差（RSD%,n=5）小于10%。本方法用于真实水样的测定,回收率为74.2%-98.7%。     

Determination of Volatiles in Mouse Urine by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The extraction and determination of volatile compounds in mice urine were performed using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In order to optimize the extraction conditions, experimental design was applied. A sample volume of 108 µl, a temperature of 148.6°C, and a time of 94 minutes were found to be the optimal conditions. Samples of male and female mouse urine were analyzed to determine volatile compound profiles. A total of 36 organic compounds including ketones, aldehydes, and terpenes were detected. The results revealed that compounds such as 2-isopropyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, which is considered a male sexual pheromone, were only detected in male urine samples, whereas others like benzaldehyde were especially abundant in female mouse urine. A comparison of female samples corresponding to different stages of the estrous cycle was also performed.     

顶空固相微萃取–气相色谱–质谱法检测絮用纤维中有机挥发物

采用顶空固相微萃取–气相色谱–质谱联用法测定絮用纤维中甲苯、乙烯基环己烯、1,3-丁二烯等29种常见有机挥发物的含量。样品在120℃平衡20 min,然后固相微萃取30 min,在250℃的进样口温度下解吸10min。29种有机挥发物在检测范围内均有良好的线性,线性相关系数r≥0.99,检出限为0.000 5~0.016 mg/m~2。3个添加标水平下平均加标回收率为88.4%~113.4%,测量结果的相对标准偏差小于11%(n=6)。方法快速、灵敏,适用于絮用纤维中有机挥发物快速检测。     

Comparison of Hollow Fiber and Single-Drop Liquid-Phase Microextraction Techniques for HPLC Determination of Aniline Derivatives in Water

The development of rapid, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly sample-preparation techniques is a serious issue in chemical analysis. This explains the success of two new miniaturized liquid-phase microextraction techniques used as sample-preconcentration techniques for liquid chromatography – hollow fiber and single-drop liquid-phase microextraction. In hollow-fiber-based microextraction (HFME) a hollow fiber is filled with an organic solvent to establish and protect micro volumes of acceptor solution. This attractive, simple, low cost method, which is highly selective and enables substantial enrichment, has been compared with single-drop microextraction (SDME), using four aniline derivatives (3-chloroaniline, 3-bromoaniline, 2-nitroaniline, and 4-nitroaniline) as model compounds. The most important conditions and practical considerations for method optimization are discussed. The results showed that enrichment factors varied from 91.0 to 180.1 for SDME and from 106.43 to 286.33 for HFME. Extraction times were approximately equal. Stirring speeds selected for SDME and HFME were 800 and 900 rev min^?1, respectively. Other quantitative data were almost identical.     

配位聚合物固相萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用法测定环境水样中的6种多环芳烃

制备了一种二维的[Zn(benzotriazole)2]n配位聚合物,并经过XRD、SEM及元素分析法的表征,将其用于富集萃取环境水样中的6种重质多环芳烃,该配合物对于含多苯环的化合物显示出较强的吸附力。实验中分别对填料用量、淋洗剂、洗脱剂的种类及用量、穿透体积等参数进行考察,并将其与同等上样量及加标量的C18固相萃取小柱进行对比,建立了水样中6种多环芳烃的气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法。结果表明,使用200mg[Zn(benzotriazole)2]n配合物作为固相萃取填料,以10%甲醇为淋洗剂,0.5mL丙酮和5mL二氯甲烷作为洗脱剂,在上样体积为200mL、流速为4mL/min的条件下,6种多环芳烃均具有较高的回收率。荧蒽(Flan)、苯并(b)荧蒽(BbF)、苯并(g,h,i)芘(BghiP)的质量浓度在20～1000μg/L范围内,苯并(k)荧蒽(BkF)、苯并(a)芘(BaP)、茚并(1,2,3-Cd)芘(InP)在10～500μg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.9968～0.9993。方法的检出限为0.45～10.7ng/L,加标回收率为77%～112%,相对标准偏差为3.8%～8.5%。结果表明,该方法具有成本低、灵敏度高等特点,能够满足实际水样中6种多环芳烃的测定要求。     

Comparison of Volatile Organic Compounds of Thymus Vulgaris Using Hydrodistillation and Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Essential oil of aerial parts of Tymus vulgaris L. from Babaaman montains of Iran were isolated by hydrodistillation with an average oil yield 1.9 w/w%. The components of the oil were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. On a separate experiments the compositions of volatile emission of the plant were studied by headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The tempratures used during the sample preparation were 25°C and 50°C. In order to determine the effect of solvent (water) on the separation, the experiments were done in the presence and absence of distilled water in the extraction vial at the tempratures mentioned above. Ten majour components were obtained in four different experimental headspace solid phase microextraction conditions and the hydrodistillation methods from the plant. Thymol was found to be the most abundant costituent (27.2–73.09%), follwoed by p‐cymene (6.86–31.76%), γ‐terpinene (1.02–9.26%), myrcene (0.05–8.84%), α‐pinene (0.25–6.63%), caryophyllene (3.09–5.56%), thymol methyl ether (0.99–2.97%), thymolacetate (0.11–2.05%), carvacrol (0.49–1.70%) and α‐cadinol (0.38–1.10%).