Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography for Determination of Some Organophosphorus Pesticides

A simple and rapid solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method is presented based on activated charcoal–PVC fiber for determination of some organophosphorus pesticides from aqueous samples in direct mode SPME. After optimization of the experimental variables affecting SPME of the target compounds from aqueous solutions, the proposed method was applied to determine pesticides in fruit juice. The analytes in this procedure were preconcentrated for 15 min on the SPME fiber and subsequently desorbed by heating the fiber at 200 °C for 5 min in the GC injection port. Separation was on a capillary column GC followed by flame ionization detection. Recoveries of the pesticides studied in aqueous samples ranged 42%–63% and repeatability for all analytes was < 9% for a single fiber. Fiber-to-fiber reproducibility was < 18%.     

n-Octylated Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Microextraction for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Water

A sensitive and simple procedure based on the dispersive solid phase extraction with hydrophobic n-octyl-modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as the sorbent was developed for the determination of ethoprophos, fenchlorphos, parathion methyl, chlorpyrifos, prothiofos, and azinphos methyl in environmental water samples. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was coupled with dispersive solid-phase microextraction to enhance the dispersibility of the selected sorbent and extraction efficiency. The organophosphorus pesticides were detected using gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector. Under optimized conditions, this method achieved low method detection limit (0.02–0.10 microgram per liter), wide linearity (0.5–800 microgram per liter), high enrichment factors (122–143), good correlation coefficients (r = 0.9975–0.9997), and good repeatability (0.2–7.1 percent). This method was also successfully applied to analyze drinking water and surface water with good extraction efficiency (≥82 percent) and high degree of precision (≤5 percent). The results also indicated that the dispersibility of hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles was enhanced with liquid–liquid microextraction without chemical modification of the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.     

Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Still Wine and Fortified Wine Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A SPME-GC-MS/MS method for the determination of eight organophosphorus pesticides (azinphos-methyl, chlorpyriphos, chlorpyriphos-methyl, diazinon, fenitrothion, fenthion, malathion, and methidathion) in still and fortified wine was developed. The extraction procedure is simple, solvent free, and without any sample pretreatment. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) values in the range 0.1–14.3 µg/L and 0.2–43.3 µg/L, respectively, were obtained. The LOQ values are below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by European Regulation for grapes, with the exception of methidathion. Coefficients of correlation (R²) higher than 0.99 were obtained for the majority of the pesticides, in all different wines analyzed.     

三维石墨烯金属网固相萃取测定有机磷农药残留

以金属网为基体材料,通过化学键合的方式将氧化石墨烯和Au纳米颗粒层层组装到金属网表面,得到一种Au纳米颗粒改性的石墨烯气凝胶修饰的金属网萃取材料,并应用于有机磷农药的富集检测.与商用的萃取材料进行对比,相较于SAX、C18、-NH2、Carb、Florisil等材料,金纳米颗粒改性的三维石墨烯气凝胶金属网对有机磷农药分...     

Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Organonitrogen Pesticides in Aqueous Samples by Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector

A method based on solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography nitrogen-phosphorus detector for the determination of common organonitrogen pesticides (ONPs) in aqueous samples was described. Three kinds of commercially available coated fused-silica fibres were compared: 100 µm PDMS, 85 µm PA, and 65 µm CW-DVB; 65 µm CW-DVB was the most sensitive fibre coating for the analytes' determination. The extraction time, the stirring, the content of salt, and the content of organic solvents were found to have a significant influence on extraction efficiency. The optimised conditions were 65 µm CW-DVB fibre, 40 min extraction time, with rapid stirring and concentration of NaCl was fixed at 0.25 g/mL. The linear range was 0.1-100 µg/L for most of the compounds. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.02 mg/L (for trifluralin, simazine, terbuthylazine, cyanazine, and pendimethalin) to 0.08 µg/L (for terbutryn) and RSD % of repeatability were for most of the compounds below 10%. Thus the maximum level set by the European Union for pesticides and drinking waters can be verified. The recovery of spiked water samples was compared and validated with the liquid-liquid extraction one. Environmental water samples were analysed and trifluraline was detected.     

Determination of Six Organophosphorus Pesticides in Water by Single-Drop Microextraction Coupled with GC-NPD

A single-drop microextraction (SDME) procedure with a modified microsyringe was developed for the analysis of six organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in water. Microsyringe was modified by attaching a 2-mm cone onto the needle tip end. The conditions affecting SDME performance including microextraction solvent, stirring speed, extraction time, ionic strength and sample pH were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear ranges of the SDME with ethion as internal standard were 0.05–50 μg L^?1 (except for dimethoate 5–5,000 μg L^?1) and limits of detection (LOD) were 0.012–0.020 μg L^?1 (except for dimethoate 0.45 μg L^?1). Recoveries of six pesticides were in the range of 70.6–107.5 % with relative standard deviation lower than 6.0 %. The modified method is simple, rapid and sensitive, and acceptable in the analysis of OPPs pesticides in water samples.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中5种农药残留量

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中三乙基硫代磷酸酯、阿特拉津、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和脱叶磷等5种农药残留量。优化的试验条件如下:1聚丙烯酸酯萃取纤维头;2萃取温度为80℃;3萃取时间为40min;4解吸时间为5min。用DB-35MS色谱柱(30m×0.32mm,0.25μm)分离,氮磷检测器检测。5种农药在一定的质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.05~1.0μg·L-1之间。方法用于水库水样分析,加标回收率在37.0%~107%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.6%~25.0%之间。     

液下单液滴微萃取/快速气相色谱-质谱联用法测定蔬菜中多种有机磷农药残留

建立了液下单液滴微萃取/快速气相色谱-质谱联用测定蔬菜中多种有机磷农药残留的方法,并对前处理条件进行了优化。采用液下单液滴微萃取技术对样品进行萃取和浓缩,以快速气相色谱-质谱(GCMS)分离检测,内标法定量。在优化条件下,治螟磷、甲拌磷、异稻瘟净、甲基对硫磷、皮蝇磷、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、水胺硫磷和喹硫磷9种有机磷农药的色谱峰分离良好,相关系数均不低于0.995 8,检出限为0.32~0.91μg/kg,加标回收率为83.2%~134.5%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为3.4%~16.5%。该方法样品前处理简单,分析快速,灵敏度高,能够应用于蔬菜中这9种有机磷农药残留的检测。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱联用技术分析混合气体中微量氢

制备钯-5A分子筛萃取头,使用固相微萃取-气相色谱联用技术,建立了对混合气体中微量氢气的分析方法.实验结果表明,含氢浓度在0.0011~0.1250 mL/L范围内,具有良好线性关系,检出限为9×10-4mL/L.此方法和气相色谱法比较,有更高的灵敏度和更少的干扰,2种方法的标准偏差为8.7%.     

AuNPs/Sol-gel复合膜法固定乙酰胆碱酯酶生物传感器检测有机磷农药

基于有机磷农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE)的抑制作用,用金纳米粒子(Au nanoparticles,AuNPs)与壳聚糖/SiO2杂化溶胶-凝胶构成复合固酶基质,将AChE固定于玻碳电极表面,制备了电流型AChE生物传感器选用久效磷进行实验,以氯化硫代乙酰胆碱为底物,建立了电化...     

Determination of Hg(II) and Methylmercury by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction with a Graphene Oxide Magnetic Material

The toxicity of all species of mercury makes it necessary to implement analytical procedures capable of quantifying the different forms this element presents in the environment, even at very low concentrations. In addition, due to the assorted environmental and health consequences caused by each mercury species, it is desirable that the procedures are able to distinguish these forms. In nature, mercury is mainly found as Hg⁰, Hg²⁺ and methylmercury (MeHg), with the latter being rapidly assimilated by living organisms in the aquatic environment and biomagnified through the food chain. In this work, a dispersive solid-phase microextraction of Hg²⁺ and MeHg is proposed using as the adsorbent a magnetic hybrid material formed by graphene oxide and ferrite (Fe₃O₄@GO), along with a subsequent determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). On the one hand, when dithizone at a pH = 5 is used as an auxiliary agent, both Hg(II) and MeHg are retained on the adsorbent. Next, for the determination of both species, the solid collected by the means of a magnet is suspended in a mixture of 50 µL of HNO₃ (8% v/v) and 50 µL of H₂O₂ at 30% v/v by heating for 10 min in an ultrasound thermostatic bath at 80 °C. On the other hand, when the sample is set at a pH = 9, Hg(II) and MeHg are also retained, but if the solid collected is washed with N-acetyl-L-cysteine only, then the Hg(II) remains on the adsorbent, and can be determined as indicated above. The proposed procedure exhibits an enrichment factor of 49 and the determination presents a linear range between 0.1 and 10 µg L⁻¹ of mercury. The procedure has been applied to the determination of mercury in water samples from different sources.     

Bamboo Charcoal as Solid-Phase Extraction Adsorbent for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Water Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

In this paper, bamboo charcoal was successfully developed for the solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of six organophosphorus pesticides in water samples. After the bamboo charcoal was pretreated and packed in the solid-phase extraction cartridge, the organophosphorus pesticides in water samples were carried out the solid-phase extraction. To establish a perfect solid-phase extraction procedure, the experimental conditions including the eluent, eluent volume, pH of the sample, flow rate of the sample, and loading volume of the sample were all investigated. When 100 mL water samples in the pH range of 6–7 were loaded with the flow rate of 2.5 mL · min^?1 and then eluted with 10 mL acetonitrile, the proposed extraction method was validated by the recovery, correlation coefficient (R²), repeatability (RSD, n = 7) and LODs, which were 69.6–93.4%, 0.9982–0.9998, 2.9–5.6%, and 0.08–1.04 µg · L^?1, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of the tap, snow, and river water samples demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed SPE method for real water samples. Based on the aforementioned factors, it could be concluded that bamboo charcoal was a good solid-phase extraction adsorbent, and this proposed solid-phase extraction method was suitable for the effective enrichment and determination of the organophosphorus pesticides in water samples.     

Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides by Solid-Phase Microextraction followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was optimized for the analysis of hexachlorocyclohexanes, DDD, DDE, DDT and other organochlorine pesticides in aqueous samples. Higher extraction efficiency was observed with the SPME fibre coated with 100 µm polydimethylsiloxane than with the fibres coated with 85 µm polyacrylate or 65 µm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene. Equilibration times were longer than 60 min, except for the hexachlorocyclohexanes, in spite of rapid stirring of the sample. However, precise quantitative analysis could be performed also under non-equilibrium conditions: i.e. repeatability standard deviations below 20%. Salt addition had a positive effect on the response for the hexachlorocyclohexanes, whereas the extraction of the other analytes was affected negatively. The pH of the sample solution did not influence the extraction efficiency. The desorption was performed for 5 min at 275°C directly in the GC injector. At shorter desorption times or lower temperatures a significant carry-over was observed for the heavier analytes. Generally, detection limits in the ng/L range were obtainable.     

自组装金纳米粒子涂层对环境水样中紫外线吸收剂的固相微萃取

以刻蚀不锈钢丝为基体,采用化学沉积法在表面沉积金纳米粒子(AuNPs),修饰一层1,8-辛二硫醇分子后,再自组装一层AuNPs,制备了高强度AuNPs涂层固相微萃取(SPME)纤维,并与HPLC联用,以常用紫外线吸收剂为例,评价了AuNPs-SPME纤维的萃取分离性能。当萃取时间为30 min、温度为55℃、搅拌速率为800 r/min,pH=7时,萃取效果最好。在优化的萃取条件下,所建立的Au NPs-SPME-HPLC法测定4种紫外吸收剂(2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮、2-乙基己基-4-(N,N-二甲氨基)苯甲酸酯、2-乙基己基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸酯和2-乙基己基水杨酸)的线性范围为0.004~200μg/L,检出限为0.43~570 ng/L(S/N=3),相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.9%~4.2%(n=5)之间。河水、废水处理厂的废水以及雨水样品中紫外线吸收剂的加标回收率在77.9%~108%之间,RSD为3.1%~8.0%(n=5)。     

Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Lawsone Using Polyphenol-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis,Characterization and examination

Chromatographia - A novel polyphenol-coated CoFe2O4 system with sorption capacity of lawsone was synthesized as a magnetic sorbent by chemical oxidative polymerization process for magnetic...     

Electrospun Polyethylene Terephthalate/Graphene Nanocomposite as a New Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Coating for Enhanced Determination of Organochlorine Compounds

A new unbreakable solid-phase microextraction fiber coating based on polyethylene terephthalate/graphene nanocomposite was developed. The nanocomposite coatings were prepared by an electrospinning technique using a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer solution containing the dispersed graphene on the outer surface of a stainless-steel rod. The applicability of polyethylene terephthalate/graphene nanocomposite coatings was examined by extraction of organochlorine compounds (OCs) including heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, γ-HCH, and β-HCH from aqueous samples in headspace mode. Influential parameters on extraction efficiency such as polymer concentration, the weight ratio of components, the electrospinning time, time and temperature of extraction, the salt concentration, and desorption condition were investigated. Eventually, the developed method was validated by gas chromatography micro electron capture detector (GC-µECD). At the optimum conditions, the intra-day relative standard deviations for the determination of chloro compounds in distilled water spiked at the levels of 400, 800, and 1500 ng L^??1 were 1.9–7.3% (n?=?3), the limit of detection is between 5 and 30 ng L^??1, and the calibration plots cover the 100 to 5000 ng L^??1 range. Inter-day precision values obtained for three replicates measured on different days were in the range of 2.6–9.5% at concentration levels of 400, 800, and 1500 ng L^??1. The method was applied to the analysis of (spiked) water samples and relative recoveries were found to range from 81 to 106%.     

Developments in the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides

Abstract

In this paper, a review is given of some recent developments in organophosphorus pesticides residue methodology. Enrichment on XAD-resins or C₁₈ bonded phases, clean-up by gel permeation and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with specific detectors can be considered as the major fields of development in the past years.

Despite of the progress made, there is still a further need for procedures which reduce handling time, e.g. by automation, and/or increase specificity of the HPLC determination in matrices of practical interest, such as food, animal and human tissues and environmental samples.     

自动固相微萃取与气相色谱联用测定水中二氯二苯三氯乙烷

采用自动进样固相微萃取技术(Automated SPME)与毛细管气相色谱联用,对环境水体中的有机氯杀虫剂DDT进行了分析。萃取过程中采用纤维震动方式,缩短了萃取平衡时间,自动操作减小了分析误差。同手动SPME相比,自动SPME简单快速、准确,重现性和灵敏度得到很大提高,方法的检出限达0．2ng／L。对珠江三角洲养殖水体中DDT进行了分析。     

Application of Image Analysis Technique for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides by Thin-Layer Chromatography

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - A simple and convenient thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method combined with image analysis technique was developed to determine...     

Magnetic Core-Shell Nanoparticles Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Zearalenone Determination

This paper describes the synthesis of novel molecularly imprinted magnetic nano-beads for the selective extraction (MISPE) of zearalenone mycotoxin in river and tap waters and further analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD). A semi-covalent imprinting approach was achieved for the synthesis of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP). The nanoparticles were prepared by covering the starting Fe₃O₄ material with a first layer of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and then with a second layer using cyclododecyl 2-hydroxy-4-(3-triethoxysilylpropylcarbamoyloxy) benzoate. The last was used with a dual role, template and functional monomer after the extraction of the template molecule. The material was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies (FT-IR). The solid phase extraction was optimized in all the steps: loading, washing and elution. The optimal conditions allowed the determination of zearalenone in trace levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 µg L⁻¹ without significant differences between the fortified and found level concentrations.