基于SiPM和TCMPC的时间分辨拉曼散射测量技术研究

报道了一种基于硅光电信增管(SiPM)的时间相关多光子计数(TCMPC)技术并将其应用于时间分辨拉曼散射测量。相比于常规基于光电倍增管(PMT)或单光子雪崩二极管(SPAD)的时间相关单光子(TCSPC)技术,由于SiPM可以分辨信号脉冲的具体光子数,基于SiPM的TCMPC技术消除了信号脉冲包含的光子数必须小于等于1的限制,光子计数效率提高了10倍以上,大大节省了测量时间。此外,多光子测量比单光子测量能够得到更好的时间分辨率,时间分辨拉曼散射系统的仪器响应函数(IRF)从单光子81.4 ps缩短至双光子59.7 ps,因而可以用更窄的时间门限抑制荧光本底等噪声对拉曼散射测量的影响。使用TCMPC技术测量CCl₄在0.5和1.5 p.e.两个不同光子数阈值的拉曼峰的峰本比,后者较高的光子数阈值能进一步降低SiPM暗计数噪声的影响,增加了拉曼信号测量的信噪比,测量得到的CCl₄ 459 cm-1拉曼峰的峰本比是前者的6.4倍。将所述新的拉曼散射测量技术与基于PMT和锁相放大器(LIA)的传统拉曼散射测量技术进行了比较研究,前者由于可以使用仅有数十皮秒的测量门限,可以有效抑制荧光、环境杂散光和SiPM暗计数等噪声的影响,所得光谱具有更好的峰本比,测得CCl₄的459 cm-1拉曼峰和Si的一阶拉曼峰的峰本比分别是后者的3.9倍和5.5倍。     

Pile-up correction in characterizing single-photon avalanche diodes of high dark count rate

Although as a single-photon detector, the single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) may be applied to multi-photon conditions. At a minimum, SPADs with a high dark count rate (DCR) demand a higher value of photon number per pulse to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. In this case, and without correction, severe pile-up distortion may induce a system error in the measurement of photon detection efficiency (PDE) and timing jitter. In this paper, we study the pile-up distortion in SPAD characterization by numerical simulation and experimentation, and introduce a pile-up correction method for the precise characterization of PDE and timing jitter in immature SPADs with an unintentionally high DCR. The results of this study are useful in the development of future SPADs.     

电子线路多级过电压保护电路的分析

本文基于电子线路的多级过电压保护装置的设计原则,提出了把低通滤波器件和限幅器件组合在一起的组合防雷系统,并采用电磁暂态计算程序EMTP分析了低虎波器元件参数对保护性能的影响和其幅频特性。同时,本文还提出了过电压冲击自动报警与计数系统设计的可行性方案。     

InGaAs单光子探测器传感检测与淬灭方式

针对InGaAs单光子雪崩光电二极管(SPAD)的光电感应特性,研究了基于门控主动式淬灭的SPAD动态偏置控制和电路实现的策略.采用门控主动淬灭控制可降低淬灭时间,有效抑制暗计数和后脉冲效应.接口感应检测电路采用标准互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺进行制造,而SPAD则采用非标准CMOS工艺.利用铟柱互连混合封装工艺实现SPAD与感应接口电路的协同工作.在低温-30?C的条件下,实现了SPAD光触发雪崩电流信号的提取和快速淬灭.研究了感应电阻和临界检测电压对传感检测电性能的影响,并采用简单电路结构实现状态检测,实测得到的SPAD恢复时间、传输延时分别为575,563 ps,淬灭时间为1.88 ns,满足纳秒级精度传感检测应用的需要.     

A simple method for afterpulse probability measurement in high-speed single-photon detectors

A simple statistical method is proposed for afterpulse probability measurement in high-speed single-photon detectors. The method is based on in-laser-period counting without the support of time-correlated information or delay adjustment, and is readily implemented with commercially available logic devices. We present comparisons among the proposed method and commonly used methods which use the time-correlated single-photon counter or the gated counter, based on a 1.25-GHz gated infrared single-photon detector. Results show that this in-laser-period counting method has similar accuracy to the commonly used methods with extra simplicity, robustness, and faster measuring speed.     

Fast single-photon avalanche diode arrays for laser Raman spectroscopy

We incorporate newly developed solid-state detector technology into time-resolved laser Raman spectroscopy, demonstrating the ability to distinguish spectra from Raman and fluorescence processes. As a proof of concept, we show fluorescence rejection on highly fluorescent mineral samples willemite and spodumene using a 128×128 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array with a measured photon detection efficiency of 5%. The sensitivity achieved in this new instrument architecture is comparable to the sensitivity of a technically more complicated system using a traditional photocathode-based imager. By increasing the SPAD active area and improving coupling efficiency, we expect further improvements in sensitivity by over an order of magnitude. We discuss the relevance of these results to in situ planetary instruments, where size, weight, power, and radiation hardness are of prime concern. The potential large-scale manufacturability of silicon SPAD arrays makes them prime candidates for future portable and in situ Raman instruments spanning numerous applications where fluorescence interference is problematic.     

Highly efficient single-photon detection at communication wavelengths by use of upconversion in reverse-proton-exchanged periodically poled LiNbO3 waveguides

Conventional single-photon detectors at communication wavelengths suffer from low quantum efficiencies and large dark counts. We present a single-photon detection system, operating at communication wavelengths, based on guided-wave frequency upconversion in a nonlinear crystal with an overall system detection efficiency (upconversion + detection) exceeding 46% at 1.56 microm. This system consists of a fiber-pigtailed reverse-proton-exchanged periodically poled LiNbO3 waveguide device in conjunction with a silicon-based single-photon counting module.     

Efficient and stable single-photon counting at 1.55 microm by intracavity frequency upconversion

A single-photon signal at 1.55 microm was converted to the visible region by sum-frequency mixing with a strong pumping beam at 1064 nm in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal placed in a diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser cavity. As the intracavity pump laser could be automatically stabilized without cavity lock, robust long-term stability was demonstrated for single-photon frequency upconversion, with a conversion efficiency of 74.3%. Such a stable single-photon upconversion was demonstrated to be efficient and robust for single-photon counting at 1550 nm, and the corresponding background noise was measured at less than 420 x 10(3) s(-1).     

超导单光子探测技术

单光子探测是弱光测量技术的核心,在量子信息、物理、生物、化学和天文学领域具有关键性的作用。传统以光电倍增管或雪崩二极管为基础的单光子探测器的低灵敏度和高暗计数限制了信噪比的提高,低计数率限制了测量速度和动态范围。本文综述了以超导材料作为光敏感器件的单光子探测技术,其量子效率、暗计数率和计数率远高于传统的单光子探测器,它们的出现势必给单光子测量相关学科带来巨大影响。     

基于单光子脉冲时间随机性的光量子随机源

提出了一种基于单光子脉冲时间随机性的光量子随机源。利用衰减成单光子态的光强恒定光源和一个单光子探测器产生单光子随机脉冲,通过连续比较单光子随机脉冲序列中相邻两个脉冲的时间间隔来提取随机位。通过设计高速响应的微通道板单光子探测器和基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的随机位提取电路,获得了超过10Mbit/s的随机位产生速率。通过采用恒比定时和对计数时钟倍频的方法提高时间间隔的测量精度,从而减小随机位序列的相关系数。当光量子随机源的随机位产生速率在10kbit/s以下时,所获得的二进制随机位序列的相关系数小于0.001。运用随机性测试程序ENT和DIEHARD对所获的随机位序列进行测试,测试结果表明序列的随机性非常好且不需要后续处理,完全满足真随机数的标准。     

Subpicosecond hard x-ray streak camera using single-photon counting

We have developed and characterized a hard x-ray accumulating streak camera that achieves subpicosecond time resolution by using single-photon counting. A high repetition rate of 2 kHz was achieved by use of a readout camera with built-in image processing capabilities. The effects of sweep jitter were removed by using a UV timing reference. The use of single-photon counting allows the camera to reach a high quantum efficiency by not limiting the divergence of the photoelectrons.     

用于激光等离子体中X射线测量的单光子计数型CCD的标定

 介绍了单光子计数型CCD的工作原理。实验选择参数准确的X射线放射源前向辐照CCD的像元面，计数由此产生；通过积分获得X射线的强度分布，在CCD处于单光子计数状态下，扣除本底信号，得到该型CCD产生一个计数所需的光子能量，约6.453 eV。标定了该型CCD的探测效率。结果表明：在单光子计数型CCD的有效能区内，对于不同能量的入射光子，其探测效率不同，在5.3 keV处获得最高探测效率66％；随着能量的增大，探测效率降低。标定结果可为激光等离子体研究中定量测量X射线光谱提供实验参考。     

Efficient single-photon counting at 1.55 microm by means of frequency upconversion

We demonstrate efficient single-photon detection at 1.55 microm by means of sum-frequency mixing with a strong pump at 1.064 microm in periodically poled lithium niobate followed by photon counting in the visible region. This scheme offers significant advantages over existing InGaAs photon counters: continuous-wave operation, higher detection efficiency, higher counting rates, and no afterpulsing. We achieved single-photon upconversion efficiency of 90% at 21.6 W of circulating power in a resonant pump cavity with a 400-mW Nd:YAG laser. We observed high background counts at strong circulating pump powers due to efficient upconversion of pump-induced fluorescence photons.     

一维游标位敏阳极光子计数探测器

报道了一维游标位敏阳极光子计数探测器,详细介绍了一维游标位敏阳极的解码原理和设计结果.搭建了基于一维游标位敏阳极探测器的紫外光子计数探测系统.该系统工作于光子计数模式,可同时测量单光子事件的一维坐标.获得了对应入射光空间强度一维分布的脉冲计数分布图.通过测试,系统的分辨率优于100μm.该探测器可以实现极微弱的高能光子、电子和离子等粒子流强度分布的一维探测,因此可以用于深空探测、光谱测量、高能物理以及生物发光探测.     

Laser depth measurement based on time-correlated single-photon counting

A method for acquiring range data based on time-correlated single-photon counting is described. This method uses a short-pulse ( approximately 10-ps) laser diode, a detector based on a silicon single-photon avalanche diode, and standard photon-counting timing electronics. The accuracy of the technique has been measured as approximately +/-30 microm in a laboratory experiment and corresponds closely to the results of a theoretical simulation.     

Time-gating scheme based on a photodiode for single-photon counting

A fast, simple, and low-cost optical time-gating scheme for counting single photons is presented. Its construction consists of a silicon photodiode connected in series with a 50 Ω resistor and that operates in the photoconductive mode. The temporal resolution at the FWHM of the photon counting system was measured to be 62 ps. The profile of a single-photon pulse measured with the counting system agreed well with analytical results. The system was also used to successfully resolve a pair of targets with 4 mm separation inside a highly scattering medium by the use of time-gated early-arriving photons.     

基于时间相关单光子计数技术的密码芯片光辐射分析

密码芯片运行时的光辐射可泄露其操作和数据的重要特征信息. 基于单光子探测技术, 设计并构建了针对CMOS半导体集成电路芯片光辐射信号的采集、传输、处理和分析的光电实验系统. 以AT89C52单片机作为实验对象, 采用时间相关单光子计数技术, 对不同工作电压下密码芯片的光辐射强度进行了对比, 分析了芯片指令级光辐射信息的操作依赖性和数据依赖性. 此外, 使用示波器对时间相关单光子计数技术在芯片光辐射分析上的可行性进行了验证. 实验结果表明, 采用时间相关单光子计数技术对密码芯片进行光辐射分析, 是一种直接有效的中低等代价光旁路分析攻击手段, 对密码芯片的安全构成了严重的现实威胁.     

Single-photon modulation spectrum

We present a robust method of single-photon modulation by directly modulating the single photons and observe its frequency spectrum. Compared with conventional photon counting technique, the single-photon modulation spectrum shows that the method could not only realize high-frequency modulation but also obtain higher signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, the theoretical calculations show good agreement with the experimental results.     

3D photon counting imaging at 1550 nm with 1.5-GHz sine-wave-gated InGaAs/InP GAPD

We demonstrated a 3D laser imaging system at 1550 nm with a 1.5-GHz sine-wave gated Geiger-mode InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD). An optical fiber bundle with 100 individual fiber outputs was implemented at the focal plane of the telescope, providing a 2.5-mrad imaging view. The system used single-pixel near-infrared single-photon detector to measure photons at fiber outputs instead of a photon counting array. The 1.5-GHz gated Geiger-mode InGaAs/InP APD with a timing jitter of 290 ps was operated in quasi-continuous mode with detection efficiency of ∼4.3%. We achieved higher than 6-cm surface-to-surface resolution at single-photon level, showing a potential of low-energy and eye-safe laser imaging system for long-distance measurements.     

Detection efficiency enhancement of single-photon detector at 1.55-μm by using of single photons lock-in and optimal threshold

The detection efficiency considerations are often the true determining factor as to whether a sensitive measurement is feasible. We demonstrate a robust method of single photons lock-in to enhance the detection efficiency of InGaAs single-photon avalanche diodes at 1.55-μm wavelength and suppressing background noise. With the optimal threshold for discrimination, the detection efficiency is achieved to 1.87 times bigger than that of the conventional photon counting method.