Capillary gas chromatographic properties of three new mono-ester permethylated β-cyclodextrin derivatives

2^I-O-Methoxycarbonylmethyl-2^II–VII,3^I–VII,6^I–VII-eicosa-O-methyl-cyclodextrin (20Me/P2OCH₂COOMe), 6^I-O-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2^I–VII,3^I–VII,6^II–VII-eicosa-O-methyl-cyclodextrin (20Me/P6OCH₂COOMe), 6^I-O-methoxycarbonyl-6^I-deoxy-2^I–VII,3^I–VII,6^II–VII-eicosa-O-methyl-cyclodextrin (20Me/P6COOMe) have been evaluated as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for capillary gas chromatography. General chromatographic properties of the corresponding columns have been investigated in terms of efficiency, polarity and inertness. More than 60 solutes have been used for studying their enantioselectivity by comparison with permethylated β-cyclodextrin as a reference. Similar enantioseparation ability was established for the four studied CSPs, the 20Me/P2OCH₂COOMe exhibiting in most cases a better enantioselectivity than the other selectors.     

Preparation and enantiomer separation behavior of selectively methylated β-cyclodextrin-bonded stationary phases for high performance chromatography

Native and three selectively methylated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-bonded stationary phases without an unreacted spacer arm for liquid chromatography were prepared, where heptakis(2-O-methyl)-β-CD, heptakis(3-O-methyl)-β-CD and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-CD were used as the methylated β-CDs. The enantiomer separation abilities of the resulting β-CD stationary phases for 12 pairs of dansylamino acid enantiomers and six pairs of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl amino acid methyl esters as model solutes were investigated. The effects of pH and methanol content of the mobile phase on the retention and resolution were examined to optimize the mobile phase conditions. The optimum resolution for the dansylamino acids was achieved using a mobile phase consisting of 1.0% triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0)–methanol (v/v 4/6) on the β-CD stationary phase. Heptakis(3-O-methyl)- and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-CD-bonded stationary phases showed little enantiomer separation abilities for the dansylamino acids. The heptakis(2-O-methyl)-β-CD-bonded stationary phase exhibited no enantioselectivities for those solutes.

For the N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl amino acid methyl esters, the optimum resolution was achieved using a mobile phase consisting of 1.0% triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0)–methanol (v/v 9/1) on a heptakis(2-O-methyl)-β-CD stationary phase. The heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-CD-bonded stationary phases exhibited no enantioselectivities for the N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl amino acid methyl esters. β-CD and heptakis(3-O-methyl)-β-CD-bonded stationary phases had no enantiomer separation abilities for those solutes except for the N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl phenylalanine methyl ester.     

Thermodynamics of complexes between nucleobase-modified β-cyclodextrins and bile salts

The binding of three nucleobase-modified β-CDs, (i.e., mono(6-ade-6-deoxy)-β-CD 2, mono(6-thy-6-deoxy)-β-CD 3, and mono(6-ura-6-deoxy)-β-CD 4) with four bile salts (deoxycholate, DCA; cholate, CA; glycocholate, GCA; and taurocholate, TCA) were investigated by means of circular dichroism, 2D NMR spectroscopy and calorimetric titration. The results show the binding of host 2 with bile salts is weaker and different from hosts 3 and 4. Enthalpy changes between hosts 2–4 and bile salts are much more favorable than those of native β-CD 1, whereas the entropy changes are unfavorable.     

Enantioseparation of basic pharmaceutical compounds by capillary electrophoresis using sulfated cyclodextrins. Application to E-6006, a novel antidepressant

In this study, a chiral capillary electrophoresis method was optimized and validated for E-6006, a thienylpyrazolylethanamine derivative (pK_a 8.9). Enantioselectivity of neutral and anionic cyclodextrins (CDs) was evaluated at acid pH (3), obtaining cathodic and anodic migration, respectively. Hydroxypropyl-β-CD, carboxymethyl-β-CD and sulfobutyl ether-β-CD led to similar and partial selectivity, whereas sulfate (S)-β-CD produced baseline separation of the enantiomers. Four types of sulfated CDs were compared considering: cavity size (, β, γ) and random substitution versus unique derivative (S-β-CD, 6-heptakis-S-β-CD). Complete peak separation was obtained in all cases, but with different affinity and binding strength. Some factors that play a role in the complex formation include: position/region/degree of substitution, size of CD cavity and proportion of derivatives in mixtures. Enantioaffinity and enantioselectivity increased with the average of sulfate groups/mol. β Cavity size complexed better, although and γ cavities did not compromise separation. 6-Heptakis-S-β-CD had less affinity and separation efficiency, attributed to its lower degree and unique position of substitution. The method was optimized with S-β-CD (Aldrich, randomly substituted, 7–11 groups/mol). With this selector, the effect of pH value (3–9) was evaluated. Around pH 7 the cross-over point with change in the direction and order of migration was observed, associated with great enantioselectivity and long migration times. Fine tuning was done by adjusting the CD concentration and the buffer counterion. Definitive conditions were: uncoated silica capillary, 10 mM S-β-CD–25 mM sodium phosphate, pH 3. Validation parameters are included.     

微波辐射下4-胡椒基-2,6-二甲基-3,5-乙氧羰基-1,4-二氢吡啶的合成、芳构化及产物的晶体结构

用胡椒醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯和醋酸铵在微波辐射下干反应得4-胡椒基-2,6-二甲基-3,5-乙氧羰基-1,4-二氢吡啶 1(C20H23NO6),4-胡椒基-2,6-二甲基-3,5-乙氧羰基-1,4-二氢吡啶在NDC (烟酸三氧化铬) 存在下经微波辐射得到4-胡椒基-2,6-二甲基-3,5-乙氧羰基吡啶 2 (C20H21NO6)。产物的结构通过单晶X-射线衍射法确定, 1 属单斜晶系, 空间群P21/c, a = 14.864(3), b = 9.830(1), c = 14.517(3)? b = 115.25(1), V = 1918.6(6)?, Z = 4, Mr = 373.39, Dc = 1.293g/cm3, m(MoKa)=0.096mm-1, F(000)=792。最终的偏离因子为R = 0.0496, wR = 0.1368。2 属三斜晶系,空间群Pī, a = 8.915(1), b = 10.575(1), c = 11.904(1)?α = 102.19(1),b = 109.43(1),γ=108.94(1), V=934.79(16) 3, Z = 2, Mr = 371.38, Dc = 1.319g/cm3 , m(MoKa) = 0.098mm-1, F(000) = 392。最终的偏离因子为R=0.0412, wR=0.1011。1 的二氢吡啶环为信封式结构, 2的吡啶环为平面结构。     

Metal complexes of sterically hindered pyrzolylpyridines. The single crystal X-ray structure of [Cu(L)2]BF4 (L = 1-{pyrid-2-yl}-3-{2′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl}pyrazole)

Reaction of potassium 3{5}-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrazolide with 2-bromopyridine in diglyme at 130°C for 3 days followed by an aqueous quench, affords 1-{pyrid-2-yl}-3-{3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl}pyrazole (L²) in 69% yield after recrystallization from hot hexanes. Complexation of [Cu(NCMe)₄]BF₄ by 2 molar equivalents of 1-{pyrid-2-yl}-3-{2′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl}pyrazole (L¹) or L² in MeCN at room temperature, followed by concentration and crystallisation with Et₂O, gives [Cu(L)₂]BF₄ L = L¹, L²) in good yields. Treatment of AgBF₄ with L¹ or L² in MeNO₂ similarly gives [Ag(L)₂]BF₄ L = L¹, L²); reaction of AfBF₄ with L² in MeCN gives a product of stoichiometry [Ag(L²)(NCMe)]BF₄. The ¹H NMR spectra of the [M(L)₂]BF₄ complexes show peaks arising from a single coordinated environment. The single crystal X-ray structure of [Cu(L¹)₂]BF₄ shows a tetrahedral complex cation with Cu---N = 2.011(8), 2.036(8), 2.039(8), 2.110(8) Å. The Cu^I centre is close to tetrahedral, the dihedral angle between the least-squares planes formed by the Cu atom and the N donor atoms of the two ligands being 88.3(3)°. Complexation of hydrated Cu(BF₄)₂ by L² in MeCN at room temperature yields [Cu(L₂)₂](BF₄)₂. The cyclic voltammograms of the three Ag^I complexes in MeCN/0.1 M Bu₄ⁿ NPF₆ are suggestive of extensive ligand dissociation in this solvent.     

Pure vibrational raman spectra of some simple molecular crystals: γ-O2, O2 in hcp ar, β-N2

Resolved spectra of the pure vibrational Raman scattering in single oriented crystals of -γ-O₂, 6% O₂ in hcp ar, and β-N₂ are reported. Two components of different width were observed in γ-O₂, while a single, very narrow (0.027 cm⁻¹) line was observed in β-N₂.     

Studies of an inclusion complex of a redox-active barbiturate with β-cyclodextrin

The effects of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the spectral properties and electrochemical behaviour of barbitone sodium were studied using electrochemical and optical techniques. The apparent changes in the UV-visible absorption spectrum and fluorescence quenching of the barbiturate upon addition of β-CD afford clear evidence of the inclusion complex formation of β-CD in aqueous solutions. The redox acitivity of barbitone sodium in both the absence and presence of β-CD was assessed by an electrochemical method in 0.05 M potassium nitrate-nitric acid (pH 1.8) solution. While the complexation reaction remains is equilibrium, the apparent formation constant of the inclusion complex could be obtained by either spectral or electrochemical methods. Quantitative evaluation of the data gave 326 l mol⁻¹ under equilibrium conditions at 20°C. Possible conclusions are discussed on the basis of environmental changes around the barbiturate molecules on inclusion.     

Photochemische reaktionen von übergangsmetall-organyl-komplexen mit olefinen XI. Photochemisch induzierte C---C-verknüpfung von tricarbonyl-η-2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentadien-1-yl-mangan mit 1-dimethylamino-2-propin—Synthese eines η-7-dimethylamino-N-2,4-heptadien-1-yl-chelatkomplexes

UV irradiation of tricarbonyl-η⁵-2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentadien-1-yl-manganese (2) in THF at 208 K yields solvent-stabilized dicarbonyl-η⁵-2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentadien-1-yl-tetrahydrofurane-manganese (3), which reacts in situ with two equivalents of 1-dimethylamino-2-propyne (4) to dicarbonyl-1–5-η-2,4-dimethyl-(6-dimethylaminomethyl-N)-10-dimethylamino-deca-2,4,6,8- tetraen-1-yl-manganese (5). The crystal and molecular structure was determined by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Complex 5 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c, A = 1109.9(2) pm, B = 836.0(2) pm, C = 2156.9(4) pm, β = 93.23(3)°, V = 1.9982(7) nm³, Z = 4. Complex 5 was also studied in solution by IR and NMR spectroscopy. A possible formation mechanism of 5 will be discussed.

Zusammenfassung

UV-Bestrahlung von Tricarbonyl-η⁵-2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentadien-1-yl-mangan (2) in THF bei 208 K liefert solvenstabilisiertes Dicarbonyl-η⁵-2,4-dimethyl-2, 4-pentadien-1-yl-tetrahydrofuran-mangan (3), welches in situ mit zwei Äquivalenten 1-Dimethylamino-2-propin (4) zu Dicarbonyl-1–5-η-2,4-dimethyl-(6-dimethylaminomethyl-N)-10-dimethylamino-deca-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-yl-mangan (5) reagiert. Seine Kristall- und Molekülstruktur wurde durch eine Röntgenbeugungsanalye bestimmt. Komplex 5 kristallisiert in der monoclinen Raumgruppe P2₁/c, A = 1109.9(2) pm, B = 836.0(2) pm, C = 2156.9(4) pm, β = 93.23(3)°, V = 1.9982(7)_ nm³, Z = 4. Komplex 5 wurde auch in Lösung IR- und NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Ein möglicher Bildungsmechanismus von 5 wird diskutiert.     

Dynamic behaviour and X-ray analysis of chiral η-allylpalladium complexes. II

The DANTE technique and NOESY two-dimensional method have been employed to observe the isomerization of the chiral cationic complex [Pd(η³-CH₂CMeCH₂(P-P′)]⁺ (1a), where P-P′ = the chiral chelating ligand (S)(N-diphenylphosphino)(2-diphenylphosphinoxymethyl)pyrrolidine. The rate constant was found to be 0.5 s⁻¹ in CHCl₃ at 295 K and 1.50 s⁻¹ in the presence of added free ligand. In the latter case the epimerization proceeds by a π-σ-π mechanism via the intermediacy of a primary η¹-allylpalladium complex. Although the intermediate was not detected, the NMR findings reveal that it has the allylic terminus η¹-bonded to palladium. The structure of 1a in its PF₆⁻ salt has been determined. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ with a 10.029(4) b 19.203(8) c 36.115(6) Å, Z = 8, R = 0.0572 and R_w = 0.0712 for 3716 observed reflections with I > 3σ(I).     

Interaction between β-cyclodextrin and ionic liquids in aqueous solutions investigated by a competitive method using a substituted 3H-indole probe

We report herein the interaction of three kinds of ionic liquids, i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF₆), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (bmimBF₄) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (bmimCl) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) using 2-(p-aminophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-carboethyoxy-3H-indole (1) as a fluorescent probe through a competitive method. The formation of the 1:1 (guest:host) inclusion complex was suggested and the association constants at different temperatures were estimated, from which the thermodynamic parameters ΔG^Θ, ΔH^Θ and ΔS^Θ were also obtained. The negative entropy and enthalpy changes indicated that the formation of above inclusion complexes was entropically unfavorable and enthalpy-driven. Conductivity measurements were also employed to study above systems. The results showed agreement with those based on the competitive method. Furthermore, through NMR, the location of anions in the system of ILs and β-CD was investigated. We suggested that the anion was accommodated to a great extent by the cavity forming ion pair with imidazolium cation which was totally in the cavity of β-CD. The above work demonstrated that molecule 1 is a very sensitive fluorescence probe for studying the interaction of a non-fluorescent guest with cyclodextrins.     

Microwave Accelerated Synthesis of N‐Phenylmaleimide in a Single Step and Polymerization in Bulk

Summary: This paper reports the microwave mediated direct synthesis of N‐phenylmaleimide ( 3 ) from maleic anhydride ( 1 ) and aniline ( 2 ) by using microwave irradiation. Good yields and very short reaction times were the main aspects of the method. The reaction conditions and kinetics of this process were investigated. Microwave irradiation in a boiling solvent showed the existence of a significant specific microwave effect. The microwave homopolymerization of 3 in bulk using 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a free radical initiator was also carried out.

Kinetic curves for the synthesis of N‐phenylmaleimide in a MW and in an oil bath at 144 °C (boiling xylene).     

新型2-甲氧羰基-5-芳甲亚胺基苯磺酰胺的合成及其生物活性

在微波或超声波辅助下,2-甲氧羰基-5-氨基苯磺酰胺与取代苯甲醛反应合成了8个新型2-甲氧羰基-5-芳甲亚胺基苯磺酰胺(3a ～ 3h),其结构经1H NMR,MS及元素分析表征.生物活性测试结果表明,大部分3具有一定的杀菌活性,其中3b和3f在用量为500 mg·L-1时,对黄瓜菌核病的防治效果高于90％.     

Cyclodextrin-enhanced fluorescence and photochemically-induced fluorescence determination of five aromatic pesticides in water

The effect of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) aqueous solutions upon the fluorescence and photochemically-induced fluorescence (PIF) properties of five pesticides, including coumatetralyl, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyriphos, deltamethrin and fenvalerate was investigated. A 1:1 stoichiometry was found for the β-CD and HP-β-CD complexes formed with all compounds. Binding constant values, ranging between about 90 and 830 M⁻¹ were calculated using the iterative nonlinear least-squares regression approach. Cyclodextrin-enhanced fluorescence and PIF methods were developed for the determination of these pesticides with linear dynamic ranges over two orders of magnitude, and limits of detection (LOD) between 0.2 and 54 ng ml⁻¹ according to the compound. Application to the analysis of tap water and river water samples yielded satisfactory recoveries (88–116%). The method seems to be suitable for environmental water analysis.     

Iron carbonyl complexes from 2-[2,3-diaza-4-(2-thienyl)buta-1,3-dienyl]thiophene: N---N bond cleavage and cyclometalation

When thienyl Schiff base 1, derived from 2-formylthiophene and hydrazine, reacted with Fe₂(CO)₉ in n-hexane, three major complexes were obtained: (1) a diironhexacarbonyl complex with two 2-thienylmethylideneamido bridging ligands 2, which resulted from the =N---N= bond cleavage of ligand 1; (2) a doubly cyclometalated di-μ-di-(η¹:η²-thienyl; η¹:η¹(N))bis(hexacarbonyldiiron) complex (3); and (3) a cyclometalated (μ-η¹:η²-thienyl; η¹:η¹(N))hexacarbonyldiiron complex (4). Molecular structures of compounds 1a, 1c, and 2a have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

微波作用下的多肽固相缩合反应及动力学研究

分别在微波作用以及传统加热两种方式下, 研究了Fmoc-Val-OH与NH₂-Tyr(t-Bu)-Wang树脂的固相缩合反应及其动力学. 测定了温度变化对反应速率的影响, 并获得了两种方式下的缩合反应的宏观动力学参数: 300 W微波作用下表观缩合反应级数为2.3, 活化能为104.7 kJ/mol; 传统方法中表观反应级数为2.9, 活化能为142.4 kJ/mol. 微波作用将常规条件下的连接率由68%提高到95%, 而所需时间降为常规条件的1/14.     

Experimental test of the possible violation of the Pauli exclusion principle by photo-activation analysis of carbon content in pure boron

Experiments which search for chemically boron-like carbon nuclei in samples of pure boron were carried out by a photo-activation technique. Use was made of the ¹²C(γn)¹¹C reaction with irradiation by bremsstrahlung photons of below 30 MeV. The resulting positron active isotope carbon-11 has a half-life of 20 min, and there are no radioactive nuclides formed by boron. These features of carbon-11 allow use of the rather sensitive and selective γ-γ coincidence technique to detect carbon nuclei. Special radiochemical procedures were developed for purification of the samples from initial carbon and metal impurities in the samples. Experimental results provided an estimate of the lifetime of atomic electrons relative to the Pauli exclusion principle of T > 10²¹ yr.     

Synthesis of Tetrahydrothiopyrano[2,3‐b]indole [60]Fullerene Derivatives via Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reaction of C60 and α,β‐Unsaturated Indole‐2‐thiones

Hetero‐Diels–Alder reactions of [60]fullerene with α,β‐unsaturated thio‐oxindoles ( 3a , 3b , 3c ), prepared from thio‐oxindole 1 and heteroaromatic aldehydes ( 2a , 2b , 2c ), to generate tetrahydrothiopyrano[2,3‐b ]indole [60]fullerene cycloadducts ( 5a , 5b , 5c ) under thermal or microwave irradiation were described. The yields were improved, and the reaction time was decreased by conducting the reaction under microwave irradiation.     

Complexation of Ketoconazole by Native and Modified Cyclodextrins

Complexation of ketoconazole (KET), a broad-spectrum antifungal drug, with β- and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs), heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (2,6-DM-β-CD), heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TM-β-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD (2HP-β-CD) and carboxymethyl-β-CD (CM-β-CD) was studied. The stability constants were determined by the solubility method at pH = 6 and for 2,6-DM-β-CD and CM-β-CD at pH = 5. At pH = 6, the stability constants increased in the order: TM-β-D < γ-CD < 2HP-β-CD < β-CD < CM-β-CD < 2,6-DM-β-CD. At pH = 5, due to the increased ionization of KET, the stability constant with CM-β-CD increased and with 2,6-DM-β-CD decreased. For complexes of KET with 2HP-β-CD and 2,6-DM-β-CD, the thermodynamic parameters of complexation were determined from the temperature dependence of the corresponding stability constants. For β–γ and TM-β-CD complexes, calculations using HyperChem 6 software by the Amber force field were carried out to gain some insight into the host–guest geometry.     

无溶剂、无催化剂条件下α-腺嘌呤阿拉伯糖苷的合成

为了发展有效合成α-腺嘌呤阿拉伯糖苷的方法,以1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-阿拉伯糖和6-氯嘌呤为原料,在微波辐射和无溶剂、无催化剂条件下反应得到中间体9-α-D-(2',3',5'-三-O-乙酰基)阿拉伯呋喃糖基-6-氯嘌呤,收率85%。 该中间体物在Na₂CO₃催化下脱除乙酰基,然后“一锅”加入饱和的NH₃/CH₃OH溶液氨解,以90%的收率得到α-腺嘌呤阿拉伯糖苷。 关键中间体9-α-D-(2',3',5'-三-O-乙酰基)阿拉伯呋喃糖基-6-氯嘌呤的合成反应规模可以扩大到100 g。 类似地合成α-2-氟腺嘌呤阿拉伯糖苷和α-2-氨基腺嘌呤阿拉伯糖苷。