Peculiar relics from Primordial Black Holes in the inflationary paradigm

Depending on various assumptions on the energy scale of inflation and assuming a primordial power spectrum of a step‐like structure, we explore new possibilities for Primordial Black Holes (PBH) and Planck relics to contribute substantially to Cold Dark Matter in the Universe. A recently proposed possibility to produce Planck relics in four‐dimensional string gravity is considered in this framework. Possible experimental detection of PBHs through gravitational waves is also explored. We stress that inflation with a low energy scale, and also possibly when Planck relics are produced, leads unavoidably to relics originating from PBHs that are not effectively classical during their formation, rendering the usual formalism inadequate for them.     

Commentary on the analysis of statistical distributions

We present an analysis of general statistical distributions, from which we obtain the Maxwell and Planck distributions. Using the derived relationships among the moments of the distributions, when they are confined to the interval (0, ∞) or the finite interval (0,d) of index values, it is possible to determine more reliably the degree of correlation between the theoretical distribution and the experimental one. It is shown that the Planck distribution for the spectral power of radiation does not describe the solar spectrum in the visible wavelength range. State University, Zaporog. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 39–44, November, 1998.     

Density correlations induced by temperature fluctuations in a photon gas

The impact of angular temperature variations on the thermodynamic variables and real-space correlation functions of black-body radiation are analyzed. In particular, the effect of temperature fluctuations on the number density and energy density correlations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is studied. The angular temperature fluctuations are modeled by an isotropic and homogeneous Gaussian random field, whose autocorrelation function is defined on the unit sphere in momentum space. This temperature correlation function admits an angular Fourier transform which determines the density correlations in real space induced by temperature fluctuations. In the case of the CMB radiation, the multipole coefficients of the angular power spectrum defining the temperature correlation function have been measured by the Planck satellite. The fluctuation-induced perturbation of the equilibrium variables (internal energy, entropy, heat capacity and compressibility) can be quantified in terms of the measured multipole coefficients by expanding the partition function around the equilibrium state in powers of the temperature random field. The real-space density correlations can also be extracted from the measured temperature power spectrum. Both the number density and energy density correlations of the electromagnetic field are long-range, admitting power-law decay; in the case of the energy density correlation, the fluctuation-induced correlation overpowers the isotropic equilibrium correlation in the long-distance limit.     

Search for weakly interacting sub-eV particles with the OSQAR laser-based experiment: results and perspectives

Recent Planck measurements show some CMB anomalies on large angular scales, which confirms the early observations by WMAP. We show that an inflationary model, in which before the slow-roll inflation the Universe is in a superinflationary phase, can generate a large-scale cutoff in the primordial power spectrum, which may account for not only the power suppression on large angular scales, but also a large dipole power asymmetry in the CMB. We discuss an implementation of our model in string theory.     

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics as a Consequence of the Planck Mass Plasma Conjecture

The Planck mass plasma conjecture is the hypothesis that the vacuum of space is a kind of plasma composed of positive and negative Planck mass particles interacting by the Planck force over a Planck length, repulsive for equal and attractive for unequal Planck masses. The hypothesis permits to derive quantum mechanics and Lorentz invariance as asymptotic approximations for energies small compared to the Planck energy. Besides a spectrum of elementary particles greatly resembling the particles of the standard model, the hypothesis gives a value of the fine structure constant at the energy where the strong, the weak, and electromagnetic interaction become equal.     

Radiative gauge symmetry breaking in supersymmetric flipped SU(5)

The radiative breaking of the SU(5)×U(1) symmetry in the flipped SU(5) model recently proposed by Antoniadis et al. is studied using renormalization group techniques. It is shown that gaugino masses can only be the dominant source of supersymmetry breaking at the Planck scale if the U(1) gaugino mass M₁ is at least 10 times larger than the SU(5) gaugino mass M₅. If M₁≅M₅ at the Planck scale, non-vanishing trilinear soft breaking terms (“A-terms”) are needed already at the Planck scale. In both cases consequences for the sparticle spectrum at the weak scale are discussed.     

X光加热金平面靶再发射谱分析

 用一维多群辐射输运程序(RDMG)对X光加热金平面靶的谱改造过程进行了数值模拟,得到的靶面出射谱与普朗克谱相近,但在谱峰区附近出现畸变。分析表明,晕区等离子体对于畸变区频段的光子是光性薄的。该区域对应于吸收系数谱N带和O带吸收峰之间的谷区。     

Derivation of quantum mechanics from the Boltzmann equation for the Planck aether

The Planck aether hypothesis assumes that space is densely filled with an equal number of locally interacting positive and negative Planck masses obeying an exactly nonrelativistic law of motion. The Planck masses can be described by a quantum mechanical two-component nonrelativistic operator field equation having the form of a two-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation, with a spectrum of quasiparticles obeying Lorentz invariance as a dynamic symmetry for energies small compared to the Planck energy. We show that quantum mechanics itself can be derived from the Newtonian mechanics of the Planck aether as an approximate solution of Boltzmann's equation for the locally interacting positive and negative Planck masses, and that the validity of the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation depends on Lorentz invariance as a dynamic symmetry. We also show how the many-body Schrödinger wave function can be factorized into a product of quasiparticles of the Planck aether with separable quantum potentials. Finally, we present a possible explanation of wave function collapse as a kind of enhanced gravitational collapse in the presence of the negative Planck masses.     

Large-Scale Corrections to the CMB Anisotropy from Asymptotic de Sitter Mode

In this study, large-scale effects from asymptotic de Sitter mode on the CMB anisotropy are investigated. Besides the slow variation of the Hubble parameter onset of the last stage of inflation, the recent observational constraints from Planck and WMAP on spectral index confirm that the geometry of the universe can not be pure de Sitter in this era. Motivated by these evidences, we use this mode to calculate the power spectrum of the CMB anisotropy on the large scale. It is found that the CMB spectrum is dependent on the index of Hankel function ν which in the de Sitter limit \(\nu \rightarrow \frac {3}{2}\), the power spectrum reduces to the scale invariant result. Also, the result shows that the spectrum of anisotropy is dependent on angular scale and slow-roll parameter and these additional corrections are swept away by a cutoff scale parameter H ? M_? < M _P .     

Hawking radiation and black hole entropy in a gravity’s rainbow

In the context of gravity’s rainbow, Planck scale correction on Hawking radiation and black hole entropy in Parikh and Wilczk’s tunneling framework is studied. We calculate the tunneling probability of massless particles in the modified Schwarzschild black holes from gravity’s rainbow. In the tunneling process, when a particle gets across the horizon, the metric fluctuation must be taken into account, not only due to energy conservation but also to spacetime Planck scale effect. Our results show that the emission rate is related to changes of the black hole’s quantum corrected entropies before and after the emission. In the same time, for the modified black holes, a series of correction terms including a logarithmic term to Bekenstein–Hawking entropy are obtained. Correspondingly, the spectrum of Planck scale corrected emission is obtained and it deviates from the thermal spectrum. In addition, a specific form of modified dispersion relation is proposed and applied.     

Large angular scale CMB anisotropy from an excited initial mode

According to inflationary cosmology, the CMB anisotropy gives an opportunity to test predictions of new physics hypotheses. The initial state of quantum fluctuations is one of the important options at high energy scale, as it can affect observables such as the CMB power spectrum. In this study a quasi-de Sitter inflationary background with approximate de Sitter mode function built over the Bunch-Davies mode is applied to investigate the scale-dependency of the CMB anisotropy. The recent Planck constraint on spectral index motivated us to examine the effect of a new excited mode function(instead of pure de Sitter mode) on the CMB anisotropy at large angular scales. In so doing, it is found that the angular scale-invariance in the CMB temperature fluctuations is broken and in the limit 200 a tiny deviation appears. Also, it is shown that the power spectrum of CMB anisotropy is dependent on a free parameter with mass dimension H M* Mp and on the slow-roll parameter.     

A natural value unit—Econophysics as arbiter between finance and economics

Foreign exchange markets show that currency units (= accounting or nominal price units) are variables. Technical and economic progress evidences that the consumer baskets (= purchasing power units or real price units) are also variables. In contrast, all physical measurement units are constants and either defined in the SI (=metric) convention or based upon natural constants (= “natural” or Planck units). Econophysics can identify a constant natural value scale or value unit (natural numeraire) based upon Planck energy. In honor of the economist L. Walras, this “Planck value” could be called Walras (Wal), thereby using the SI naming convention. One Wal can be shown to have a physiological and an economic interpretation in that it is equal to the annual minimal real cost of physiological life of a reference person at minimal activity. The price of one Wal in terms of any currency can be estimated by hedonic regression techniques used in inflation measurement (axiometry). This pilot research uses official disaggregated Swiss Producer and Consumer Price Index (PPI and CPI) data and estimates the hedonic Walras price (HWP), quoted in Swiss francs in 2003, and its inverse, the physical purchasing power (PhPP) of the Swiss franc in 2003.     

The Planck milestone

Planck, a European Space Agency satellite to be launched in 2007, is dedicated to surveying the full sky at sub-millimetre and millimetre wavelength. The primary goal of the mission is the final mapping of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies (CMBA). With an angular resolution of 5 arcmin and a sensitivity of ΔT_CMB/T_CMB=2×10⁻⁶, the Planck mission will be about 1000 times more sensitive than COBE-DMR and at least 20 times more than WMAP. Planck has also very good capabilites for measurements of polarization, although it will not exhaust the information contained in the CMBA polarization pattern. Two instruments share the Planck focal plane; the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) covers the wavelength ranging from 300 μm to 3 mm by using 48 bolometers cooled to 100 mK. This instrument is realized by an international collaboration, led by the IAS at Orsay. The other part of the relevant electromagnetic spectrum is covered by the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) using HEMT radiometers cooled at 18 K and realized by a consortium led by the CNR in Milano. The first part of this article presents expected results of Planck on CMBA, both in intensity and polarization. In a second part, the global design of the Planck mission will be presented. We describe in particular the implications of Planck scientific goals on the instruments design, and especially on HFI that is the most sensitive Planck instrument. To cite this article: F.R. Bouchet et al., C. R. Physique 4 (2003).     

On the Einstein-Cartan cosmology vs. Planck data

The first comprehensive analyses of Planck data reveal that the cosmological model with dark energy and cold dark matter can satisfactorily explain the essential physical features of the expanding Universe. However, the inability to simultaneously fit the large and small scale TT power spectrum, the scalar power index smaller than unity, and the observations of the violation of the isotropy found by few statistical indicators of the CMB urge theorists to search for explanations. We show that the model of the Einstein-Cartan cosmology with clustered dark matter halos and their corresponding clustered angular momenta coupled to torsion can account for small-scale-large-scale discrepancy and larger peculiar velocities (bulk flows) for galaxy clusters. The nonvanishing total angular momentum (torsion) of the Universe enters as a negative effective density term in the Einstein-Cartan equations causing partial cancellation of the mass density. The integrated Sachs-Wolfe contribution of the Einstein-Cartan model is negative, and it can therefore provide partial cancellation of the large-scale power of the TT CMB spectrum. The observed violation of the isotropy appears as a natural ingredient of the Einstein-Cartan model caused by the spin densities of light Majorana neutrinos in the early stage of the evolution of the Universe and bound to the lepton CP violation and matter-antimatter asymmetry.     

钟速同步的传递性等价于热力学第零定律

平直或弯曲时空中的平衡热辐射,表现出用坐标量表示的普朗克黑体谱.把热平衡系统的辐射具有普朗克黑体谱作为一条基本的物理规律,以此为基础,论证钟速同步的传递性等价于热力学第零定律.钟速同步的条件比建立同时面的条件要弱.满足这一条件的时空,热力学第零定律在其中成立.第零定律成立的时空,一定可以定义统一的钟速. 关键词：     

Detecting relics of a thermal gravitational wave background in the early Universe

A thermal gravitational wave background can be produced in the early Universe if a radiation dominated epoch precedes the usual inflationary stage. This background provides a unique way to study the initial state of the Universe. We discuss the imprint of this thermal spectra of gravitons on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra, and its possible detection by CMB observations. Assuming the inflationary stage is a pure de Sitter expansion we find that, if the number of e-folds of inflation is smaller than 65, the signal of this thermal spectrum can be detected by the observations of Planck and PolarBear experiments, or the planned EPIC experiments. This bound can be even looser if inflation-like stage is the sub-exponential.     

Radiative transfer over small distances from a heated metal

Published works have predicted that the radiative transfer from a heated metal to a lossless dielectric a short distance away is many orders of magnitude times the free-space Planck density. It is shown analytically that the radiative transfer from a heated metal to a lossless dielectric of index n(3) is n(3)(2)e(13) times the free-space Planck density, where e(13) is the emissivity of the metal radiating into the lossless dielectric. This radiative transfer is never larger than n(3)(2) (approximately one order of magnitude for semiconductors in the infrared) times the free=space Planck density. The expressions presented show that the maximum radiative transfer from a lossy metallic heat source with a dielectric function of imaginary part ?(I) must be proportional to n(3)(3)/ radical?(I), of which a factor of n(3)(2) arises from the power density within a dielectric and a factor of n(3)/ radical?(I) arises from the emissivity of a metal radiating directly into a dielectric.     

Classical and quantum mechanical resonance fluorescence

We study resonance fluorescence from a two-level atom illuminated by coherent and incoherent light. Especially, we treat the case of an intense incoherent component which is broad band and chaotic in character.New insights into the phenomenon of resonance fluorescence are obtained by constructing certain analogies with the precession of a classical (Bloch) vector around a classical stochastic field. The analogies are based on a representation of the density operator of the two-level atoms as a diagonal mixture of directed angular momentum states.As long as the whole light field is an imposed one the weight function of the mixture mentioned above describes a random sequence of rotations of the Bloch vector and obeys a simple Fokker Planck equation. If, however, the incoherent component of the light field acts as a zero- or finite temperature heat bath, the equation of motion for the weight function is no longer a Fokker Planck equation. Nontheless, we find the exact solution and calculate the correlation functions relevant to a discussion of the spectrum and of antibunching effects.     

Lorentz violation for photons and ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Lorentz symmetry breaking at very high energies may lead to photon dispersion relations of the form omega2=k2+xink2(k/MPl)n with new terms suppressed by a power n of the Planck mass MPl. We show that first and second order terms of size |xi1|>orsimilar10(-14) and xi2相似文献   

INFRARED MEASUREMENTS OF POSSIBLE IR FILTER MATERIALS

A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTS) was used to obtain the transmission spectra of candidate materials for use as infrared (IR) filters in cryogenic receivers. The data cover the range from 50 cm⁻¹ (∼1.5 THz), well below the peak of the 300 K black body spectrum, to 5000 cm⁻¹ (∼150 THz), Z-cut quartz, Goretex, Zitex G and Zitex A, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Teflon (PTFE), Fluorogold and Black Polyethylene were measured. The relative effectiveness of each material as a filter is determined by integrating the transmission spectrum multiplied by the Planck distribution to obtain a normalized attenuation for the mid-IR band. Measurements at both room temperature and 8 K are compared.