Pd/Al2O3表面上活性位性质及其与加氢反应动力学参数间的关系

近年发展起来的新的动态技术能够用于分离测定非均相催化反应的吸附平衡,吸附和表面反应速率系数,而中毒实验使人们能够测定催化剂表面上活性位的容量和强度性质。如果把两者结合起来(可称作动态中毒法)就有可能研究催化剂表面上活性位性质与其动力学参数间的关系。本文的目的,是要在作者早先工作的基础上,在三相浆态床反应器中,应用动态中毒法探索研究Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂表面上活性位性质及其与α-甲基苯乙烯     

Regulation of Electrocatalytic Activity by Local Microstructure: Focusing on the Catalytic Active Zone

Traditional regulation methods of active sites have successfully optimized the performance of electrocatalysts, but seem unable to achieve further breakthrough in the catalytic activity. Unlike the conventional viewpoint of focusing on single active site, the concept of local microstructure active zone is more comprehensive and new methods to regulate the reaction zone for electrocatalytic reactions are developed accordingly. The local microstructure active zone refers to the zone with high catalytic activity formed by the interaction between active atoms and neighboring coordination atoms as well as the surrounding environment. Instead of the traditional single active atom site, the active zone is more suitable for the actual electrochemical reaction process. According to this concept, the activity of electrocatalysts can be coordinated by multiple active atoms. This strategy is beneficial for understanding the relationship between material, structure, and catalysis, which realizes the design and synthesis of high-performance electrocatalysts. This review provides the research progress of this strategy for electrocatalytic reactions, with emphasis on their applications in oxygen evolution reaction, urea oxidation reaction, and carbon dioxide reduction.     

Reactions of 2,3-epoxyhalides. Synthesis of optically active allylic alcohols and homoallylic epoxides

Mild and efficient reactions for the conversion of optically active 2,3-epoxy-halides to optically active allylic alcohols and optically active epoxides are described.     

基于分子信标的有机磷农药适配体活性位点分析及改造

设计了一个长度为20个核苷酸的分子信标,建立了有机磷农药和分子信标竞争结合适配体鉴定其活性的方法,对前期筛选的两条适配体进行了活性位点分析和改造.结果表明,分子信标设计合理,性能稳定,其发夹结构在室温下既可成功闭合也可成功打开,最佳的活性鉴定条件为分子信标与适配体添加比例1.25∶1,孵育时间50 min,孵育温度为室温.活性位点分析表明Loop2-4是4种有机磷农药共有的活性位点,Loop2-3及SS4-54适配体5’端和3 '端残余的核苷酸是甲拌磷重要的活性位点,Loop2-2和Loop4-2是丙溴磷和水胺硫磷共有的活性位点,Loop4-3是丙溴磷和氧化乐果共有的活性位点,Loop2-1和Loop4-1是水胺硫磷重要的活性位点.通过基因拼接改造的SS24-PJ-35适配体对丙溴磷和水胺硫磷的结合活性明显提高.     

Light-Driven Active Ion Transport

Solar energy can be harvested by biological systems to regulate the directional transport of protons and ions across cells and organelles. Structural and functional bio-mimic photo-active ion nanofluidic conductors, usually in the forms of ion channels and ion pumps, have been increasingly applied to realize active ion transport. However, progress in attaining effective light-driven active transport of ions (protons) has been constrained by the inherent limitations of membrane materials and their chemical and topological structures. Recent advances in the construction of photo-responsive physical ion pump in all-solid-state membranes could potentially lead to new classes of membrane-based materials for active ion transport. In this concept, the development of the state-of-the-art technologies for manufacturing artificial light-driven active ion transport systems are presented and discussed, which mainly involves the utilization of solar energy to realize two types of active ion transport, chemically and physically active ion transport. Afterward, we summarize the key factors towards culminating highly effective and selective membranes for active ion transport. To conclude, we highlight the promising application perspectives of this light-driven active ion transport technique in the field of energy conversion, bio-interfaces and water treatment.     

Synthesis of polyamides through active diesters

Polycondensation reactions of active diesters including several aromatic or heterocyclic nuclei with hexamethylenediamine were carried out in order to investigate the enhancement of reactivity of active diesters for nucleophilic replacement to form polyamide for synthesis of polyamides under moderate condition. These active diesters easily induce polycondensation reaction in solutions, forming polyamides at room temperature. Solvents have a considerable influence on the rate of the polycondensation. The reactivity of these active diesters toward aminolysis is strongly controlled by the structure of the alcohol formed. The reactivity enhancement of active ester group toward amine could be attributed either to the polarization of carbonyl group or to the resonance effect of the alkoxy group.     

Channel confined active nematics

Active nematics is a popular model fluid for active matter. The popularity comes from the fact that several biological systems involving cells and cytoskeletal elements closely match active nematic fluid. Moreover, the theory of active nematics is amenable for analytical and computational developments. This review discusses different flow states and flow transitions exhibited by channel confined active nematics. The discussions based on experimental and theoretical investigations reveal the role of inherent hydrodynamic instabilities, the unique fluid properties, and the bounding geometry in dictating the behavior of active nematic fluids in channel confinements. The discussions also highlight the current and outstanding research questions in the field.     

Diffusion-influenced reactions of particles with several active sites

The main concern of the present work is consideration of sterically specific liquid-phase reactions in the case where one of the reactants has several active sites. In kinematic approximation we derived compact formulas for partial rate constants of individual active sites. Reaction rates are expressed via the kinetic rate constants and convolutions of the free Green functions over reaction zones. These results are valid for arbitrary geometry of reactants and active sites. Effects of mutual influence of the active sites were studied, their simple estimate was proposed.     

Design and synthesis of antitumor compounds based on the cytotoxic diterpenoids from the genus Rabdosia

Two active sites responsible for antitumor activity, an oxirane ring and an alpha-methylene-cyclopentanone moiety, have been extracted from studies on the structure-activity relationship of the cytotoxic diterpenoids isolated from Rabdosia shikokiana. Series of the simplified cyclopentanone derivatives containing both of the two active sites in the molecule have been synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity against P 388 cells. The compounds possessing both of two active sites displayed cytotoxicity at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml, while those possessing a single active site showed no activity.     

Modeling Steroid 5alpha-reductase and Characterizing Its Potential Active Sites

Steroid 5alpha-reductase of human is an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway from testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Up to now, no crystal structure of this enzyme has been reported. However, knowledge of the tertiary structure and possible active sites is essential for understanding the catalysis mechanism and for the design of inhibitors. A model with putative active sites has been created and evaluated by using homology modeling and molecular docking techniques based on the bioinformatics knowledge. The homology model is optimized in Swiss PDB Viewer with MM method and substrate structures before docking are also optimized on HF/6-31G. The active site for the docking of NADP, T, DHT and Finasteride is located near the N-terminus of enzyme. Four active amino acids in the active site are identified as Ala26, Arg53, Arg176 and Lys177. Reaction procedure, binding pattern of active sites, the types of weak interaction and so on are also discussed.     

Optically active seleninamides: isolation, absolute configuration, and racemization mechanism

Optically active seleninamides were obtained for the first time by chromatographic resolution on an optically active column. The absolute configurations of the optically active seleninamides were determined by comparing their chiroptical properties with those of analogous sulfinamides, the stereochemistry of which was determined by transformation into chiral sulfoxides of known configurations. The optically active seleninamides were found to racemize in solution. Kinetic studies of the racemization and theoretical studies clarified that the racemization of the optically active seleninamides in solution proceeds via hypervalent hydrates formed by the reaction with water.     

一种新的De Novo生物活性分子设计方法

由药效团进行虚拟活性结构生成与3D-QSAR模型相结合,筛选出有前途的结构多样性的化合物,并从中寻找活性先导化合物,是一种新的分子设计方法。采用这种方法对抗小麦赤霉病类含氟农药进行了研究,共生成了53个虚拟活性结构,通过3D-QSAR模型筛选出其中10个活性较高的结构,在活性最高的化合物基础上进行了结构修饰,得到了活性更高且毒性较低的理想化合物。研究结果表明这种方法能突破原模型化合物结构模式的局限,可以找到结构新颖的活性先导化合物,是一种非常有前途的分子设计方法,而且具有较高的筛选效率。     

Probing redox photocatalysis of trapped electrons and holes on single Sb-doped titania nanorod surfaces

We used a fluorogenic reaction to study in conjunction the photocatalytic properties for both active sites (trapped photogenerated electrons and holes) on individual Sb-doped TiO(2) nanorods with single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. It was found that active sites around trapped holes show higher activity, stronger binding ability, and a different dissociation mechanism for the same substrate and product molecules in comparison with the active sites around trapped electrons. These differences could be elucidated by a model involving the charged microenvironments around the active sites.     

Polymerization of isoprene with vanadium-containing catalysts: Kinetic nonuniformity of active centers

For the polymerization of isoprene catalyzed by vanadium-based ion-coordination systems, the kinetic nonuniformity of active centers was studied and active centers of three to four types were revealed. By the solution of inverse kinetic problems, kinetic parameters were first estimated for individual active centers. It was demonstrated that the nature of an organoaluminum compound affects the kinetic nonuniformity of a catalyst, kinetic parameters of individual active centers, and molecular characteristics of polyisoprene.     

Synthetic electrically driven colloids: A platform for understanding collective behavior in soft matter

The collective motion of synthetic active colloids is an emerging area of research in soft matter physics and is important both as a platform for fundamental studies ranging from non-equilibrium statistical mechanics to the basic principles of self-organization, emergent phenomena, and assembly underlying life, as well as applications in biomedicine and metamaterials. The potentially transformative nature of the field over the next decade and beyond is a topic of critical research importance. Electrokinetic active colloids represent an extremely flexible platform for the investigation and modulation of collective behavior in active matter. Here, we review progress in the past five years in electrokinetic active systems and related topics in active matter with important fundamental research and applicative potential to be investigated using electrokinetic systems.     

Simultaneous screening of four epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists from Curcuma longa via cell membrane chromatography online coupled with HPLC–MS

The epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) are significant targets for screening active compounds. In this work, an analytical method was established for rapid screening, separation, and identification of EGFRs antagonists from Curcuma longa. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells with a steadily high expression of EGFRs were used to prepare the cell membrane stationary phase in a cell membrane chromatography model for screening active compounds. Separation and identification of the retention chromatographic peaks was achieved by HPLC–MS. The active sites, docking extents and inhibitory effects of the active compounds were also demonstrated. The screening result found that ar‐turmerone, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin from Curcuma longa could be active components in a similar manner to gefitinib. Biological trials showed that all of four compounds can inhibit EGFRs protein secretion and cell growth in a dose‐dependent manner, and downregulate the phosphorylation of EGFRs. This analytical method demonstrated fast and effective characteristics for screening, separation and identification of the active compounds from a complex system and should be useful for drug discovery with natural medicinal herbs.     

Crossover mitigation strategies for redox-flow batteries

Redox-flow batteries can, in principle, use a wide range of active materials. However, a number of simultaneous requirements must be met to make a chemistry attractive. One of the most challenging requirements is minimizing transport of active species through the membrane separating the positive and negative electrodes, and the ensuing inefficiency and capacity loss. Developing technologies to mitigate crossover, and strategies for recovering from its consequences, will enable development of successful systems with new active materials. The rate and impact of crossover depend on the nature of the active materials and their fate after they transport across the separator. Accordingly, electrolyte solutions can be classified by what happens to the active species at the opposing electrolyte. This behavior also dictates what recovery strategies may be employed, and at what frequency. This review describes desirable attributes for active materials and separators that help diminish crossover, and strategies that can be used to recover from its effects for each of the different classes of electrolytes.     

Isolation,Separation, and Preconcentration of Biologically Active Compounds from Plant Matrices by Extraction Techniques

Development of efficient methods for isolation and separation of biologically active compounds remains an important challenge for researchers. Designing systems such as organomineral composite materials that allow extraction of a wide range of biologically active compounds, acting as broad-utility solid-phase extraction agents, remains an important and necessary task. Selective sorbents can be easily used for highly selective and reliable extraction of specific components present in complex matrices. Herein, state-of-the-art approaches for selective isolation, preconcentration, and separation of biologically active compounds from a range of matrices are discussed. Primary focus is given to novel extraction methods for some biologically active compounds including cyclic polyols, flavonoids, and oligosaccharides from plants. In addition, application of silica-, carbon-, and polymer-based solid-phase extraction adsorbents and membrane extraction for selective separation of these compounds is discussed. Potential separation process interactions are recommended; their understanding is of utmost importance for the creation of optimal conditions to extract biologically active compounds including those with estrogenic properties.     

Optically active seleninate esters: isolation, absolute configuration, racemization mechanism, and transformation into chiral selenoxide

Optically active seleninate esters were obtained for the first time by chromatographic resolution on an optically active column. The absolute configurations of the optically active seleninate esters were determined by comparing their chiroptical properties with those of two analogous sulfinate esters, the absolute configuration of one of which is known and that of the other was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The optically active seleninate esters were found to racemize in solution. Kinetic studies of the racemization, the oxygen exchange reaction with H(2)(18)O, and theoretical studies clarified that the racemization of the optically active seleninate esters in solution proceeded via an achiral hypervalent selenurane intermediate that was formed by the reaction with water. The reaction of the optically active seleninate ester and the sulfinate ester having bulky substituents with Grignard reagents was found to proceed with the retention of stereochemistry to give an optically active selenoxide and sulfoxides, respectively.     

Strategies for controlling the active layer morphologies in OPVs

This review focuses on the recent developments in our understanding of active layer morphologies for organic photovoltaic cells and approaches to obtain active layer morphologies for high power conversion efficiencies. The evolution of active layer morphologies, as studied by high resolution electron microscopy, X-ray and neutron scattering, and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry, is covered, along with strategies including the use of small molecule additives, polymer nanowires and polymer nanoparticles to realize active layer morphologies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012