碱式碳酸铜制备实验的改进

以硫酸铜与氨水的反应原理为基础,对碳酸钠和硫酸铜为反应原料制备碱式碳酸铜实验进行了改进,即CuSO4溶液中滴加氨水,且反应一段时间后用酒精灯加热;并进一步探讨了反应物配比对样品的影响,依据TG曲线、XRD图谱对实验结果进行分析。结果表明：Na2CO3与CuSO4物质的量之比为1.0~1.6时可迅速看到绿色样品,样品均为纯相Cu2（OH）2CO3。改进后,实验耗时少,操作简便,现象明显,成功率高。     

硫酸铜与氢氧化钠反应生成碱式盐的研究

通过实验定量研究了NaOH溶液与CuSO4溶液反应生成的沉淀物的组成.结果表明,CuSO4与NaOH反应生成的碱式盐只有Cu4(OH)6SO4;当反应物比例n(OH-)/n(Cu2+)≤1.5时,沉淀为Cu4(OH)6SO4,而当2≥n(OH-)/n(Cu2+)> 1.5时,产物为Cu4(OH)6SO4与Cu(OH)2的混合物,比例越大,Cu4(OH)6SO4含量越少,Cu(OH)2含量越多.在NaOH溶液滴加到CuSO4溶液的过程中,Cu(OH)2是由Cu4(OH)6SO4与OH-之间的反应生成的,且反应缓慢.     

纳米Cu(OH)2分解温度对CuO粒度的影响

以CuSO4.5H2O和NaOH为原料,采用沉淀法制备得到Cu(OH)2纤维,再进行Cu(OH)2的分解反应.考察了在不同实验条件下温度对Cu(OH)2热分解过程的影响.结果表明:在反应温度20℃,反应终点pH值为12,搅拌速度为1 200 r.min-1,NaOH溶液的滴加速度为50 mL.min-1的反应条件下,得到的样品为纳米Cu(OH)2纤维,其直径为10~30 nm、长度为1~6μm;在固相纳米Cu(OH)2热分解制备CuO过程中CuO粒径随温度的升高而增大,在温度不超过200℃时CuO的粒径约为20 nm左右;在液相中先沉淀后升温时,产物的形貌为球形,CuO粒径随温度的升高而增大,低于80℃可得到纳米级的CuO.     

无添加剂条件下文石型碳酸钙晶须制备及影响因素研究

在不加任何结晶控制剂或模板条件下,以CaCl2和Na2CO3为原料,利用复分解反应法制备了具有较好形貌和高长径比,且分布均一的文石型碳酸钙晶须,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线粉末衍射(PXRD)和傅里叶转换红外光谱图(FT-IR)等手段对其进行了表征。研究了浓度、滴加速度、反应温度、搅拌速度以及滴加方式等因素对碳酸钙晶须的影响。结果表明最佳制备工艺为:CaC12溶液与Na2CO3溶液的浓度为0.05 mol.L-1,溶液滴加速度为1 mL.min-1,反应体系温度为80℃,搅拌速度为250 r.min-1。     

氢氧化铜与氨水反应的实验探究

Cu(OH)2和NH3·H2O反应生成[Cu(NH3)4]2 是大家所熟知的反应。有人断言:这个反应很容易进行。事实究竟如何?笔者在高二年级学完第四章“几种重要的金属”之后在课堂上引导学生进行了该探究活动。[实验1]取2支试管分别放入2mL饱和CuSO4溶液,然后分别滴加NaOH和NH3·H2O,观察现象     

绿茶汁鉴别碳酸钠与碳酸氢钠溶液实验及机理探讨

绿茶汁滴入NaHCO3溶液显浅茶色,再滴加稀硫酸颜色不变,有大量气泡产生.绿茶汁滴入Na2CO3溶液显清亮的深茶色,再滴加适量的稀硫酸以后,颜色突然变浅,有大量气泡产生.计算发现,NaHCO3 和Na2CO3溶液的浓度对实验现象基本没有影响.     

“胶体”的随堂分组实验设计

正1活动设计1.1目标知道区分透明胶体和溶液的简单方法,了解使胶体聚沉的方法。1.2用品CuSO4溶液、Fe(OH)3胶体、Fe(OH)3悬浊液;饱和Na2SiO3溶液、酚酞溶液、稀盐酸、6.0mL豆浆、0.1g石膏、0.1g蔗糖;带塞10mL青霉素小瓶(3个),10mL滴瓶(3个),激光灯、小试管(7支)。1.3步骤(1)将实验结果与现象填入表1。表1胶体的性质实验     

碱式硫酸铜与氢氧化铜的相互转化及纯净氢氧化铜的制备条件

通过实验定量研究了Cu4(OH)6SO4与Cu(OH)2相互转化的特点及纯净Cu(OH)2制备的条件。研究结果表明,Cu4(OH)6SO4与Cu(OH)2之间能够相互转化,且转化相对缓慢;提高CuSO4浓度有利于Cu(OH)2向Cu4(OH)6SO4转化,提高NaOH浓度有利于Cu4(OH)6SO4向Cu(OH)2转化;纯净Cu(OH)2的制备方法为CuSO4溶液滴加到NaOH溶液中,且NaOH过量15%以上。     

碱性介质中S~(2-)与Fe~(3+)反应的实验探究

在Na2S或(NH4)2S溶液中滴加FeCl3 溶液的实验表明,Fe3+与 S2-在碱性溶液中的反应是一个比较复杂的反应:在Na2S溶液中滴加少量FeCl3溶液反应得到的黑色沉淀和墨绿色溶液可能分别是Fe2S3固体和胶体,在(NH4)2S溶液中滴加少量FeCl3 溶液反应生成的黑色沉淀主要是FeS和单质硫,潮湿的FeS在空气中放置能与空气中的氧气发生氧化还原反应生成Fe(OH)3和单质硫.     

钠与硫酸铜反应的实证分析

大家不要认为这是一个不值得讨论的问题,实际上人们普遍忽视了因反应条件的不同给这个反应带来的复杂性.比如,Na是跟CuSO4溶液反应?还是跟无水CuSO4粉末反应?无水CuSO4是跟固态(常温)金属钠反应?还是跟熔化了的金属钠反应?再有,在什么条件下反应会生成Cu(OH)2?什么条件下反应会生成CuO、Cu2O?又在什么条件下反应是生成Cu等等.下面就不同条件下金属钠与CuSO4反应作些实证分析.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。