过渡金属团簇M+2(M=Fe、Co、Ni)与CO的化学反应

利用离子讲质谱计和激光溅射技术相结合,研究了Fe2＋、CO2＋、Ni2＋与CO气体的吸附反应,比较了它们的反应活性,给出了化学反应的速率常数及随反应气体压强的变化关系,并从理论上模拟了化学反应过程,测量结果与已有的实验值符合较好．     

“化学反应速率”有关实验的优化与改进研究

利用体温、室温和冰温控制碱性葡萄糖溶液与蓝色亚甲基蓝溶液反应的温度,利用自制装置观察不同浓度稀盐酸与锌反应生成氢气的速率,利用EDTA钠盐调控催化剂催化过氧化氢分解,对中学化学"化学反应速率"一节学生实验进行巧妙改进和适当拓展。使实验过程更为生动、科学和形象地揭示了温度、浓度和催化剂对化学反应速率的影响。     

精确测定温度对反应速率影响的演示装置*

针对中学化学教材中测定化学反应速率演示装置存在的欠妥之处,设计了气体测速管,将其与双层双口平底烧瓶、温度传感器、硅橡胶加热套等组合成测定温度对反应速率影响的演示装置。以锌与稀硫酸反应为对象,定量研究温度变化对反应速率的影响,通过控制反应液温度的稳定性、控制最高初始温度减少水蒸气的影响、筛选有效实验数据等措施,提高定量研究的精确度。得出温度每升高10℃,锌与稀硫酸反应速率增大1.4倍的结论。问题的发现、仪器的设计和研究的过程有利于培养学生的质疑能力、创新精神和证据意识。     

钛酸锌高温煤气脱硫剂再生行为的研究

在热天平装置上研究了再生反应温度、反应气体中氧气体积分数、脱硫剂颗粒粒径对钛酸锌高温煤气脱硫剂再生行为的影响。实验结果表明，较高的反应温度和氧气体积分数，较小的颗粒粒径有利于提高脱硫剂的再生反应速率。由于二次反应的影响，脱硫剂再生过程中有硫酸盐生成，提高反应温度或降低反应气体的氧气体积分数可以减少硫酸盐的生成。利用收缩核模型对其动力学行为进行了分析，结果表明，脱硫剂的再生过程存在动力学控制步骤的转移。脱硫剂再生转化率较低（<65%）时，再生过程主要受化学反应控制；再生转化率较高（>75%）时，再生过程主要受颗粒内扩散控制。表观化学反应速率常数的指前因子为8.01×10－2 m/s，活化能为19.11 kJ/mol；有效扩散系数的指前因子为3.12×10－4 m2/s，扩散活化能为48.84 kJ/mol。     

稳态和振荡剪切流动下聚合物共混反应体系演化的格子玻尔兹曼模拟

采用A/B/S三元共混体系为模型体系,其中S由A和B通过可逆的化学反应生成并充当增容剂.我们采用自由能形式的格子玻尔兹曼模拟方法,考察了在稳态及振荡剪切流动下化学反应速率、剪切速率和振荡频率对体系形态结构演化的影响.模拟给出了增容剂平均密度和空间分布随时间的演化,结果表明增容剂S的生成能有效地降低分散相的尺寸,并且通过控制化学反应速率、剪切速率和振荡频率能够有效地调控增容剂在体系中的分布,从而为控制反应共混体系的形态结构提供帮助.     

关于化学反应初始速率测定的讨论

关于化学反应初始速率测定的讨论常照荣，冯光瑛（河南师范大学化学系４５３００２）在化学动力学的研究中，常常需要测量某一时刻或初始时刻的反应速率。常用的方法是：作出某一反应物或产物的浓度随时间变化的反应动力学曲线，然后借助于镜面法等方法测量出相应时刻曲线...     

过氧化氢催化分解速率实验装置的改进

对过氧化氢分解速率实验装置进行了改进。在保持反应器体积不变的条件下,利用气压计测量反应过程中反应器内的气体压强以及压强随时间的变化的关系。通过对比,改进后的装置便于操作,灵敏度更高,且有较好的准确性。     

常压微等离子体阳极与离子溶液界面的电荷转移反应

常压微等离子体电极是一种有望取代常用贵金属电极用于电化学反应的气体电极. 然而目前关于微等离子体阳极与离子溶液界面反应的研究及其用于金属电沉积的报道还较少. 本文使用常压微等离子体作为阳极, 通过紫外-可见吸收光谱监测阳极电解液中亚铁氰化钾被氧化生成的铁氰化钾的含量, 发现铁氰化钾的含量随放电时间的延长而增加, 并且其增加的速率与放电电流成比例. 在放电结束后, 随着放置时间的延长铁氰化钾的含量继续升高, 其升高的速率与放电时间的长短有关. 放电结束后铁氰化钾含量的增加速率远小于放电时的增加速率. 实验结果表明微等离子体电极可以作为气体阳极在等离子体和液体界面进行电荷传输, 并引发电化学反应, 同时在放电的过程中产生了氧化活性物质. 在饱和硫酸铜溶液中, 使用微等离子体阳极可以在不锈钢阴极上进行铜的电沉积, 电流效率达到90%.     

利用高通量技术研究钴基费托催化剂的宏观动力学

利用高通量技术设计并运行了16路平行动力学固定床反应器,用于测量不同接触时间下的稳态反应物消耗速率和产物生成速率,研究了钴基费托催化剂的宏观动力学,包括C1～C4烷烃与烯烃的稳态反应速率及其随床层的分布,以及它们与反应器温度的关系.在等温固定床非扩散限制的反应条件下,除C1和C2烃类外,Cn的生成速率及CO/H2的消耗速率均随接触时间的增加先上升后下降,且烯烃生成速率的最高点较烷烃更靠近反应器入口;反应温度对速率的影响与转化率有关:生成烷烃的表观活化能大于烯烃.高通量动力学反应器可用于生成宏观动力学数据库,以预测催化剂在工业固定床反应器中的行为.     

铜锌铝催化剂上变换反应动力学的研究 Ⅱ.二维多组分扩散模型及效率因子的数值解

本文研究在铜锌铝催化剂上,一氧化碳变换反应中的气体扩散速率对化学反应速率的影响。建立了各反应气体在柱形催化剂内扩散过程的数学模型;并用正交配置法将模型离散后,以拟牛顿法求得数值解,获得颗粒内的气体浓度分布及催化剂的效率因子,并与其它简化模型作了比较;同时通过实验获得化学反应本征动力学方程及宏观反应速率,从而求得效率因子实验值。二维多组分扩散模型理论计算值与实验值是比较接近的,最高偏差13%,平均偏差为7.5%。而一维模型的偏差比其大2—3%,但能简化计算,节省机时。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。