面向大视场视觉测量的摄像机标定技术

提出了一种面向大视场高精度视觉测量的摄像机标定新方法,该方法采用亮度自适应的单个红外发光二极管(IR-LED)作为目标靶点,将该靶点固定在三坐标测量机的测头上,并依次精确移动至预先设定的空间位置,每次靶点到达设定的空间位置时,摄像机对靶点进行图像采集。利用三坐标测量机的精确位移,在三维空间构成一个虚拟立体靶标。针对虚拟立体靶标在大视场摄像机标定中只能覆盖一小部分标定空间的问题,通过自由移动摄像机在多个方位对虚拟立体靶标进行拍摄,使得多个虚拟立体靶标分布于整个标定空间。摄像机在每个方位对虚拟立体靶标的拍摄都标定出一组摄像机的内、外参数,然后以摄像机内参数和摄像机在各个方位下拍摄的虚拟立体靶标在摄像机坐标系下的位置及姿态参数为优化变量,建立以所有三维靶点位置重投影误差平方和为最小的目标函数,采用非线性优化方法求解摄像机标定参数的最优解。该方法较好地解决了大视场视觉测量中大尺寸靶标加工困难、摄像机标定精度难以保证的问题。仿真和实际标定实验均证明此方法可以有效提高大视场摄像机的标定精度。     

晃动平台上对空拍摄大视场摄像机的标定方法

针对晃动平台对空拍摄大视场摄像机难以标定的情况,提出了利用无人机(UAV)作为动态控制点来现场标定摄像机参数的方法。该方法控制无人机在摄像机视场内飞行,并用与晃动平台固联的无人机定位测量系统对无人机位置进行测量,从而整个飞行过程中的无人机位置均可当作控制点对摄像机进行标定。实验中控制点数目充足,易满足控制点在空间和在图像上均匀散布的要求,可以准确求解摄像机内外参数。突破了无法在视场中布设传统像机标定方法所需控制点,使晃动平台上大视场摄像测量无法现场采集参考图像进行高精度标定的局限。对实验条件要求低,最少只需要晃动平台基准坐标系下2个基准点和方位像机光心位置即可标定摄像机内外参数。该方法已成功应用于系泊状态下船舶中摄像机参数的标定。     

基于无穷单应的大视场摄像机标定方法

在大视场摄像机标定中,常常会出现由于场景过于单一而很难达到自标定所需要的场景约束和运动约束条件、立体标定所需要的强立体条件或者平面靶板标定所需要的绝对共面条件,如指向高空区域的摄像机标定任务就很难满足上述要求,因而大视场摄像机标定需要较为弹性的标定算法。提出一种基于无穷单应的大视场摄像机标定方法,该方法最少只需要4个非共线控制点和摄像机粗略的位置即可求解无穷单应,并且提出一种坐标变换方法以保证线性求解和优化无穷单应时的稳定性。从无穷单应中分解得到摄像机参数初始值,通过Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)优化算法最终实现摄像机的标定。在优化过程中,通过假设图像中心为主点和采用一阶径向畸变模型,相对增加了优化过程中的剩余自由度,能够实现4个像点为观测值的参数优化。相比于强立体或共面的条件,此方法所需条件很容易满足。仿真和实际实验验证了此方法的正确性和高精度,以及重复测量实验的灵活易实施。     

基于平行面多靶标标定的单目大视场平面测量

针对单目大视场平面测量时,测量平面内不便布置靶标和大尺寸靶标难以制作的问题,提出一种利用布设在平行面上的小尺寸平面靶标进行标定的方法。选定一个平行面为标定平面,将单个小尺寸平面靶标合理放置在标定平面的多个位置拍摄,整合构造出一个大尺寸平面靶标,采用非线性优化的方法进行摄像机内、外参的优化求解。结合平行约束和距离参数得到测量平面与图像平面的单应矩阵,实现大视场平面测量。建立平面测量的精度模型,对测量区域各处精度的分布以及影响测量精度的摄像机内参、安装角度和高度等因素进行理论分析和实验验证。实验结果表明:该方法可有效保证整体测量精度;在上底920mm、下底1360mm、高920mm的梯形视场内标定,距标定平面200mm的测量平面内的测量误差低于0.6%;测量区域内各处误差的分布趋势与精度模型一致。此方法完全适用于大视场平面测量。     

基于位姿约束的大视场双目视觉标定算法

为了提高大视场、远距离的双目摄像机标定精度,提出一种基于位姿约束的摄像机标定算法。该方法利用双目摄像机之间的三维位姿关系是刚体变换这一属性,标定出左、右摄像机相对位姿的外部参数。利用相对位姿为约束条件求取摄像机的初始内部参数,剔除较大的重投影误差值对应的标定图像组,重复迭代直至重投影误差平均值小于指定值,得到多个待优化的摄像机内部参数。再将最后标定图像组的角点坐标、待优化的摄像机内部参数和相应的外部参数,建立一个以角点三维重构坐标值与实际设定角点三维坐标值的模均值为最小的目标函数,求解出双目摄像机标定参数的最优解。该方法很好地解决了误差大的标定图像造成的影响,且充分利用了双目摄像机之间的位姿约束关系。通过仿真和标定实验可以看出,本文方法可以实现大视场双目摄像机的高精度标定。     

基于双重虚拟圆靶标的激光扫描测头标定

提出了一种基于双重虚拟圆来标定光平面的新方法。该方法利用棋盘的角点在图像坐标系下构建双重虚拟圆,虚拟圆与激光光条直线建立了相对的位置关系,根据交比不变原理计算出光条上的特征点在摄像机坐标系下的坐标。在摄像机视场范围内多次变换棋盘位置,构造出的虚拟圆也相应变换,由此计算得到更多的特征点,利用最小二乘法拟合光平面方程。实验表明,该方法求得的精度要明显优于实际的圆形靶标标定的精度,光平面标定的均方根误差为0.04mm,且棋盘靶标更易于制作,标定计算简单可靠,适合现场标定。     

一种高精度线结构光视觉传感器现场标定方法

针对现有线结构光视觉传感器标定方法存在的局限性,提出一种不需要求解光平面标定点的标定方法.根据光条图像求解平面靶标上光条在摄像机坐标系下的Plücker矩阵.在视觉传感器前合适位置将平面靶标摆放多次,联立所有光条空间直线的Plücker矩阵,求解光平面在摄像机坐标系的平面方程.最后通过非线性优化方法得到光平面方程在最大似然准则下的最优解.在标定过程中,所有光条点都参与光平面参数的计算过程,因此该方法标定结果精度高、稳健性强.实验证明,与现有方法相比该方法标定精度提高30%左右.     

基于同心圆合成图像匹配的双目视觉标定

分析了双目视觉传感器的数学模型,提出了一种基于同心圆合成图像匹配的双目视觉传感器的标定方法。在测量范围内任意多次摆放同心圆靶标,由两台摄像机拍摄靶标图像。根据摄像机模型与已知同心圆在靶标坐标系上的位置关系,构造合成图像,将合成图像与观测图像进行相似度匹配,通过优化定位得到靶标上每个圆的圆心点图像坐标。利用左右图像对应的圆心图像坐标和双目视觉的约束关系,对双目视觉传感器参数进行非线性优化,并得到最优解。所提出的标定方法是在张正友方法的理论基础上,利用了图像的整体性进行的优化。实验结果表明,该方法提高了标定精度。     

基于光束向量的空间运动目标姿态测量

为了实现空间运动目标姿态参数的高精度测量,采用一种基于光束向量的姿态参数测量系统.该系统在运动目标上安装直线光束作为合作目标,利用高速摄像机记录光束投影光斑在接收平面上的位置.基于平面单应性原理,通过光斑接收平面上9个原始特征点构造柔性标定靶标,实现高速摄像机的高精度标定.进而根据摄像机标定结果获得光束在世界坐标系中的方向向量,而光束在目标体坐标系中的方向向量可根据其安装位置获得.然后,根据光束在世界坐标系和目标体坐标系中的方向向量实现对目标姿态参数的高精度求解.实验结果表明,本文测量系统满足姿态参数测量误差小于1′(1σ)的要求,能够实现对空间运动目标姿态参数的高精度测量.     

基于ICP算法的双目标定改进方法研究

双目视觉作为一种非接触三维(3D)测量技术,其位姿标定结果的好坏将直接影响3D物体测量的精度。基于迭代最近点(ICP)算法获得两组点集之间平移和旋转参数的原理,提出了一种在传统双目位姿标定结果的基础上补偿双目标定矩阵改善精度的方法。介绍了摄像机模型、双目视觉测量模型和ICP算法的基本思想。用双目摄像机标定的外参数和相同的靶标坐标系获得双目视觉位姿矩阵,在此提出基于ICP算法获得两组点集的旋转平移矩阵补偿双目位姿矩阵的方法,以及相应的靶标角点坐标投影误差分析模型。双目摄像机采集9组5×7个角点的靶标标定图像,应用ICP算法补偿双目位姿矩阵,并采用误差模型对9组标定结果进行了分析,双目结构光标定改进实验结果表明,应用ICP算法补偿双目标定模型能显著地提高双目标定的精度。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.