Electrochemical immunosensor for prostate-specific antigen using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a nanocomposite containing gold nanoparticles supported with starch-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes

We report on a simple, rapid, and efficient method for the extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs; including methanol, tetrahydrofuran, 2-hexanone and benzene) from air and solid samples. The system is based on the use of a laboratory-made syringe as the extractor. The needle of the syringe is placed in a chamber cooled by liquid nitrogen. The tip of the needle is placed in the headspace of a vial containing the sample. The headspace components then are circulated with a pump to pass the needle, and this results in freeze-trapping of the VOCs on the inner surface of the needle. The circulation of the headspace components is continued for 15 min, and the syringe is then removed and placed in a GC injector. The effects of volume of the sample vial, headspace flow rate, temperature and time of extraction and desorption were optimized. The overall time for sampling and analysis is <30 min. The method displays an extraction efficiency of >80%) and a good sample transfer efficiency into the GC column due to the absence of a sorbent inside the needle. No carry-over was observed after 30?s desorption at 260?°C. An external standard method was used for quantitative analysis. The relative standard deviation values are below 10% and the limits of detection range from 1.3 to 4.6?ng?g^?1.

Sensing Lorazepam with a glassy carbon electrode coated with an electropolymerized-imprinted polymer modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles

We report on an electrode for the amperometric determination of lorazepam. A glassy carbon electrode was coated with a molecular imprint made by electropolymerization of ortho-phenylenediamine and filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles, which enhances the transmission of electrons. The sensor was studied with respect to its response to hexacyanoferrate (III) as a probe and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The linear response range to Lorazepam is from 0.5 nM to 1.0 nM and from 1.0 nM to 10.0 nM, with a detection limit of 0.2 nM (at an S/N of 3). The electrode was successfully applied to determine Lorazepam in spiked human serum.

Electrochemiluminescence based determination of micro-RNA using target-guided assembly of gold nanoparticles on an electrode modified with Nafion,carbon nanotubes and polyvinylpyrrolidone

Microchimica Acta - The authors describe a sensing interface that is capable of selectively adsorbing gold nanopartices (AuNPs). It was applied to electrochemiluminescent (ECL) detection of...     

Electrochemical sandwich immunoassay for the peptide hormone prolactin using an electrode modified with graphene,single walled carbon nanotubes and antibody-coated gold nanoparticles

We describe a new kind of electrochemical immunoassay for the peptide hormone prolactin. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with a hybrid material consisting of graphene, single walled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in a chitosan (CS) matrix. The graphene and the single wall carbon nanotubes were first placed on the GCE, and the AuNPs were then electrodeposited on the surface by cyclic voltammetry. This structure results in a comparably large surface for immobilization of the capturing antibody (Ab₁). The modified electrode was used in a standard sandwich-type of immunoassay. The secondary antibody (Ab₂) consisted of AuNPs with immobilized Ab₂ and modified with biotinylated DNA as signal tags. Finally, alkaline phosphatase was bound to the biotinylated DNA-AuNPs-Ab₂ conjugate via streptavidin chemistry. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the α-naphthyl phosphate to form α-naphthol which is highly electroactive at an operating voltage as low as 180 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). The resulting immunoassay exhibits high sensitivity, wide linear range (50 to 3200 pg∙mL‾¹), low detection limit (47 pg∙mL‾¹), acceptable selectivity and reproducibility. The assay provides a pragmatic platform for signal amplification and has a great potential for the sensitive determination of antigens other than prolactine.

The immunoassay for prolactin is based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with SWCNTs, graphene and antibody-coated gold nanoparticles, and a secondary antibody conjugated to other gold nanoparticles via a biotinylated DNA linker

     

Amperometric hydrazine sensor using a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticle-decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Microchimica Acta - Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were deposited on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) by in-situ thermal decomposition of gold acetate under solvent and reducing agent...     

Immunoassay for netrin 1 via a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes,thionine and gold nanoparticles

We describe a nanostructured immunosensor for the cardiovascular biomarker netrin 1. A glassy carbon electrode was consecutively modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), nafion (to retain the MWCNTs), thionine-coated gold nanoparticles (Thi@AuNPs), and monoclonal antibodies against netrin 1. The modified electrode was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, UV-visible spectrophotometry and X-ray diffraction. The presence of Thi@AuNPs warrants direct and convenient immobilization of the antibody. This immunoelectrode enables netrin 1 to be determined, best at a voltage of −300 mV (vs. SCE), with a limit of detection of 30 fg mL⁻¹ (at an S/N ratio of 3) after a 50 min incubation time. The detection range extends from 0.09 to 1800 pg∙mL⁻¹. The method is simple, sensitive, specific and reproducible. We presume this stable and reproducible biosensor to be useful for the early detection of cardiovascular diseases.

A high sensitivity immunoassay was developed for the detection of netrin 1 based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes, thionine and gold nanoparticles. Its excellent performance is ascribed to the good conductivity of MWCNTs and the combination of materials.

     

Sensitive simultaneous determination of catechol and hydroquinone using a gold electrode modified with carbon nanofibers and gold nanoparticles

A highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ) was fabricated by electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles onto carbon nanofiber film pre-cast on an Au electrode. Both CC and HQ cause a pair of quasi-reversible and well-defined redox peaks at the modified electrode in pH?7.0 solution. Simultaneously, the oxidation peak potentials of CC and HQ become separated by 112?mV. When simultaneously changing the concentrations of both CC and HQ, the response is linear between 9.0???M and 1.50?mM. In the presence of 0.15?mM of the respective isomer, the electrode gives a linear response in the range from 5.0 to 350???M, and from 9.0 to 500???M for CC and HQ, respectively, and detection limits are 0.36 and 0.86???M. The method was successfully examined for real sample analysis with high selectivity and sensitivity.

Label-free immunosensing of microcystin-LR using a gold electrode modified with gold nanoparticles

The hepatotoxic microcystins, especially microcystin?CLR (MC?CLR), are causing serious problems to public health and fisheries. We describe here a label-free amperometric immunosensor for rapid determination of MC?CLR in water sample. The sensor was prepared by immobilizing antibody on a gold electrode coated with L-cysteine-modified gold nanoparticles. The stepwise self-assembly of the immunosensor was monitored and characterized by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. A 0.60?mmol L^?1 solution of hydroquinone was used as the electron mediator. The immunosensor was incubated with MC?CLR at 25?°C for 20?min, upon which the differential pulse voltammetric current changed linearly over the concentration range from 0.05 to 15.00???g L^?1, with a detection limit of 20?ng L^?1. The developed biosensor was used to determine MC?CLR in spiked crude algae samples. The recovery was in the range from 95.6 to 105%. This method is simple, economical and efficient, this making it potentially suitable for field analysis of MC-LR in crude algae and water samples.

Multilayer structured immunosensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-wall carbon nanotubes, polythionine, and gold nanoparticles

An immunosensor for determination of salbutamol was developed. It based on glass carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a conductive multilayer film comprised of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, polythionine and gold nanoparticles. Salbutamol antibody was immobilized on the surface of the modified GCE which then was blocked with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The stepwise self-assembly process of the immunosensor was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The detection scheme is based on competitive binding of salbutamol to the sensor surface whose differential pulse voltammetric signal decreases after competitive binding of the salbutamol-BSA conjugate and free salbutamol to the salbutamol antibody. The sensor responds to salbutamol in 5 to 150 nM concentration range, with a detection limit of 1 nM. This method was applied to the precise and sensitive determination of salbutamol in spiked feed samples.

Sensitive and selective determination of hydrazine using glassy carbon electrode modified with Pd nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes

A glassy carbon electrode modified with palladium nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (GCE/nanoPd-MWCNTs) was fabricated. Incorporation of palladium nanoparticles onto the carbon nantube surface by thermal decomposition of palladium acetate led to the fabrication of a sensor with a significant decrease in hydrazine electrooxidation potential. The sensor exhibited low detection limits, high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response, and good stability toward hydrazine detection.     

A glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon dots and gold nanoparticles for enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation and detection of nitrite

The authors describe a method for the fabrication of a nanohybrid composed of carbon dots (C-dots) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by in-situ reduction of C-dots and hydroauric acid under alkaline conditions. The process does not require the presence of surfactant, stabilizing agent, or reducing agent. The hybrid material was deposited in a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the modified GCE exhibited good electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of nitrite due to the synergistic effects between carbon dots and AuNPs. The findings were used to develop an amperometric sensor for nitrite. The sensor shows a linear response in the concentration range from 0.1 μmol?L^-1 to 2 mmol?L^-1 and a low detection limit of 0.06 μmol?L^-1 at the signal-to-noise ratio of 3.

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Graphical abstract Fabrication, characterization and electrochemical behavior of a glassy carbon electrode modifid with carbon dots and gold nanoparticles for sensing nitrite in lake water.

     

Synergic effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles towards immunosensing of ricin with carbon nanotube-gold nanoparticles-chitosan modified screen printed electrode

An amperometric immunosensor for the specific detection of Ricinus communis is reported. Screen printed electrodes (SPEs) were modified with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-chitosan (Ch) film. The ratio of MWCNT and GNP was optimised to get best electrochemically active electrode. Sandwich immunoassay format was used for the immunosensing of ricin. The revealing antibodies tagged with the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) converts the substrate 1-naphthyl phosphate into 1-naphthol that was determined with the amperometric technique. The amperometric current obtained was correlated with the concentration of ricin. The prepared GNP-MWCNT-Ch-SPE showed high stability due to the Ch film, short response time with good reproducibility and increased shelf life of the electrodes immobilised with antibodies. The electrochemical activity of the electrode improved because of optimization of composition of CNTs and gold nanoparticles. Under the optimal conditions, the modified electrode showed a wide linear response to the concentration of ricin in the range of 2.5-25 ng mL(-1) with a limit of detection of 2.1 ng mL(-1) and with a relative standard deviation of 5.1% and storage life of 32 days.     

Chronocoulometric DNA biosensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticles, poly(dopamine) and carbon nanotubes

We describe a sensitive chronocoulometric biosensor for the sequence-specific detection of DNA. It is based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, polydopamine, and gold nanoparticles. The ruthenium(III)hexammine complex acts as the electrochemical indicator. Electrochemical impedance spectra and scanning electron microscopy are employed to investigate the assembly of the electrode surface. The signals of the ruthenium complex electrostatically bound to the anionic phospho groups of the DNA strands are measured by chronocoulometry before and after hybridization. The difference in signal intensity is linearly related to the logarithm of the concentration of the target DNA in the range of 1.0 nM to 10 fM with a detection limit of 3.5fM (S/N?=?3) under optimal conditions. This biosensor exhibits excellent sensitivity and selectivity and has been used for an assay of complementary target DNA in human serum sample with satisfactory results.

CeO2纳米晶包裹碳纳米管修饰电极对特布他林的电催化测定

制备出CeO2纳米晶包裹碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极,并运用循环伏安法、交流阻抗谱探讨了该电极的电化学特性。研究了特布他林在该修饰电极上的直接电化学行为。实验结果表明,特布他林在该修饰电极上具有良好的电流响应,与裸玻碳电极相比在pH 7.0缓冲溶液中氧化峰电位负移314 mV。采用计时电流法测定特布他林,其氧化峰电流与浓度在5.0×10-7~1.0×10-4mol/L范围呈良好线性关系,线性方程为:Ip(μA)=4.952-0.04724c(μmol/L),线性相关系数为0.9920,检出限为5.0×10-8mol/L(信噪比为3)。该电极已用于特布他林片剂中特布他林的测定。     

Amperometric immunoassay for the tumor marker neuron-specific enolase using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a nanocomposite consisting of polyresorcinol and of gold and platinum nanoparticles

Microchimica Acta - A glassy carbon electrode was modified with a redox-active nanocomposite consisting of polyresorcinol, gold nanoparticles (NPs) and platinum NPs. This nanocomposite possesses...     

Electrochemical DNA impedance biosensor for the detection of DNA hybridization with polymeric film, single walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode

In this work, we report the fabrication of a sensitive electrochemical DNA impedance biosensor for the detection of sequence-specific target DNA. p-Aminobenzoic acid was first immobilized on the surface of the electrode modified with single walled carbon nanotubes with carboxylic acid groups (SWCNTs) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). A single-stranded DNA probe with a NH₂ group at the end (H₂N-ssDNA) was then covalently immobilized on the surface of polymeric film at room temperature. The impedance measurement was performed in a solution containing 5 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆]/K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. The change of interfacial charge transfer resistance (R _CT) was confirmed the hybrid formation. The difference of R _CT was linear with the logarithm of complementary oligonucleotides concentrations in the range of 1.0 × 10^?12 to 1.0 × 10^?7 M, with a detection limit of 3.5 × 10^?13 M (S/N = 3).