自然循环蒸汽发生器倒U型管内单相水流动及传热特性分析

本文以模拟压水反应堆一回路系统在自然循环条件下运行时的蒸汽发生器为对象,提出了分析蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管内单相水的流动及传热流特性的数学模型及相应的数值计算方法,计算结果表明,在一定的回路系统自然循环流动条件下,并联倒U型管内会同时发生正流和倒流。并发现,蒸汽发生器倒U型管内的倒流对一回路系统的自然循环流量有重要影响。     

自然循环蒸汽发生器倒U型管内倒流特性研究

以自然循环压水反应堆一回路系统的蒸汽发生器为对象,对蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管内单相水发生的倒流机理及其特性进行了分析,确定了倒流发生的条件和范围,以及发生倒流的倒U型管结构等.在此基础上,建立了分析自然循环系统蒸汽发生器倒U型管内单相水倒流的数学模型,并进行了计算,得出了蒸汽发生器倒U型管内正流和倒流流量、正流和倒流管分布等,并使用实验结果对计算结果进行了检验.研究结果表明,倒流对系统的自然循环能力有重要影响.     

自然循环过冷沸腾流动不稳定性的研究

本文以氟里昂12作工质,对自然循环过冷沸腾流动不稳定性进行了实验研究,实验过程中发现自然循环系统内可能发生高频脉动和低频脉动两类流动不稳定性,并证实高频脉动属于声波型脉动,低频脉动属于密度波型脉动。本文以两相流漂移模型为基础,对自然循环过冷沸腾流动不稳定性进行了数值模拟,数学模型考虑了热力学非平衡即过冷沸腾和过冷凝结对流动不稳定性的影响。数值模拟结果与实验结果符合良好。     

强制循环到自然循环过渡过程中流动不稳定性的研究

本文对安装有引射器的回路系统从强制循环到自然循环的过渡特性进行了实验研究和数值模拟，实验结果表明，在过渡过程中、当加热功率超过某一限度，系统内将发生密度波型汽液两相流动不稳定性，危及设备的安全运行。数值模拟采用汽液两相热力学非平衡模型以考虑过冷沸腾对流动不稳定性的影响，使用迭代解法求解差分方程，数值模拟结果与实验结果相当一致。     

低压两相自然循环密度波不稳定性的研究

1引言自从美国三哩岛事故和（前）苏联切尔诺贝利事故以来，科学家们努力改进反应堆的安全性。新一代轻水堆引人了固有安全的概念，其中的一个新概念就是使用自然循环来带走堆芯的热量［‘］。自然循环是依靠系统冷热流体间的密度差所形成的浮升力来驱动流体克服流动阻力?..     

自然循环过冷沸腾流动不稳定性的实验研究

本文以氟里昂作工质，对自然循环过冷沸腾流动不稳定性进行了实验研究．实验过程中发现自然循环系统内可能发生高频脉动和低频脉动二种类型的过冷沸腾流动不稳定性．通过实验研究揭示了这二种类型流动不稳定性的发生机理，证实高频脉动属于声波型脉动，低频脉动属于密度波型脉动．通过实验得出了判断系统稳定性的界限，并使用积分方程无因次分析方法得出了预测密度波型流动不稳定性的经验公式．     

自然循环流动不稳定性的多目标优化极限学习机预测方法

极限学习机是近年来提出的一种前向单隐层神经网络训练算法,具有训练速度快、不会陷入局部最优等优点,但其性能会受到随机选取的输入权值和阈值的影响.针对这一问题,提出一种基于多目标优化的改进极限学习机,将训练误差和输出层权值的均方最小化同时作为优化目标,采用带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法对极限学习机的输入层到隐层的权值和阈值进行优化.将该算法应用于摇摆工况下自然循环系统不规则复合型流量脉动的多步滚动预测,分析了训练误差和输出层权值对不同步长预测效果的影响.仿真结果表明,优化极限学习机预测误差可以用较小的网络规模获得很好的泛化能力.为流动不稳定性的实时预测提供了一种准确度较高的途径,其预测结果可以作为核动力系统操作员的参考.     

自然循环过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点的实验研究

本文报告了使用R-12作工质进行的自然循环过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点的实验结果。实验过程中使用可视化方法观察确定过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点。在相当宽广的工质压力、入口过冷度及加热功率范围内研究了上述参数对过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点的影响。实验结果证实,对自然循环流动,汽泡所受的浮升力对净蒸汽产生点的汽泡的脱离有重要影响。据此,本文提出了使用同时考虑浮升力作用的修正的Levy模型计算自然循环过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点的计算方法。     

基于Lyapunov指数的摇摆条件下自然循环流动不稳定性混沌预测

运用基于最大Lyapunov指数的混沌预测方法对摇摆条件下自然循环系统的流量脉动进行了预测. 对不规则复合型脉动的流量脉动实验数据进行相空间重构, 计算关联维数、二阶Kolmogorov熵和最大Lyapunov指数等几何不变量, 在说明不规则复合型脉动是混沌运动的基础上, 根据最大Lyapunov指数对不规则复合型脉动进行了预测. 通过预测结果和实验结果对比发现: 对于复杂的两相自然循环流动不稳定性, 预测结果具有较高的精度, 说明预测方法的可行性. 同时, 确定了混沌系统可预测的尺度, 提出用动态预测的方式监测系统流量脉动. 本文的研究方法为两相流复杂的流动不稳定性研究提供了新的思路. 关键词： 混沌时间序列 实时预测 最大Lyapunov指数 两相流动不稳定性     

Experimental Research on Wet Steam Flow With Shock Wave

The article presents research on a wet steam transonic flow in a Laval half-nozzle with a shock wave. The motivation for this research was to investigate the shock wave/liquid phase interaction in the transonic wet steam flow. This phenomenon is responsible for the lack of good correspondence between experimental data and computational fluid dynamics results. For the tests, the geometry of the half-arc nozzle was used. The shock wave formation at the divergent section of the nozzle is caused by too high back-pressure. The observed instabilities in the flow are mainly initiated by the shock wave/liquid film (boundary layer) interaction. The numerical calculations were compared with experimental results with respect to the static pressure distribution along the nozzle.     

跨音速自然层流翼型多目标优化设计

应用多目标优化方法在推迟翼型转捩位置的同时,优化激波控制鼓包的位置和外形来减小波阻.经过优化得到多目标问题的Pareto阵面解,通过对其上翼型的气动性能分析发现:优化后翼型的层流区域及激波强度较初始翼型均有改善.结果表明本文方法可以有效地解决层流翼型设计过程中转捩位置和激波强度之间的矛盾.     

Optimization Criteria and Efficiency of a Thermoelectric Generator

The efficiency of a thermoelectric generator model under maximum conditions is presented for two optimization criteria proposed under the context of finite-time thermodynamics, namely, the efficient power criterion and the Omega function, where this last function represents a trade-off between useful and lost energy. The results are compared with the performance of the device at maximum power output. A macroscopic thermoelectric generator (TEG) model with three possible sources of irreversibilities is considered: (i) the electric resistance R for the Joule heating, (ii) the thermal conductances Kh and Kc of the heat exchangers between the thermal baths and the TEG, and (iii) the internal thermal conductance K for heat leakage. In particular, two configurations of the macroscopic TEG are studied: the so-called exoreversible case and the endoreversible limit. It shows that for both TEG configurations, the efficiency at maximum Omega function is always greater than that obtained in conditions of maximum efficient power, and this in turn is greater than that of the maximum power regime.     

铅基反应堆自然循环与应急余热排出研究

自然循环特性是铅基反应堆一回路的关键运行特性,对反应堆的非能动应急余热排出具有重要的影响,自然循环特性与余热排出能力是反应堆热工水力研究的重要内容。采用多孔介质方法,建立了CiADS铅基堆1/4三维计算模型,使用FLUENT程序对额定工况与低功率工况进行稳态计算。为了研究全厂断电事故下的余热排出过程,从热工水力的等效原则出发,尝试建立二维等效模型以提高瞬态计算效率。结果表明,CiADS铅基堆具备低功率自然循环运行能力和一定的事故容错能力;二维等效模型与三维模型计算结果吻合较好,可用于瞬态下的简化分析;CiADS铅基堆的非能动余热排出系统能够较好地应对全厂断电事故,反应堆具有良好的固有安全性。     

Experimental Study on Flow Boiling Pressure Drop and Flow Instabilities of Reentrant Micro-channels

Flow boiling pressure drop and flow instabilities of Ω-shaped reentrant copper micro-channels were experimentally explored. Tests were conducted in deionized water and ethanol at inlet subcoolings of 10°C and 40°C, mass fluxes of 125–300 kg/m²·s, and a wide range of heat fluxes and exit vapor qualities. The operational parameters effects, i.e., heat flux, mass flux, inlet subcooling, and coolants, on pressure drop and flow instabilities were systematically explored. The two-phase pressure drop of reentrant micro-channels were found to generally increase monotonically with increasing heat fluxes and exit vapor qualities. Nevertheless, the roles of mass flux and inlet subcooling were dependent on the test coolant.     

基于线性抛物化稳定性方程的后掠翼边界层内横流稳定性研究

采用有限差分法求解考虑模型曲率的线性抛物化稳定性方程(LPSE),分析无限展长后掠翼边界层内的横流驻波不稳定,并与实验结果进行对比,研究LPSE方法的模拟效果及其适用范围.研究表明,在横流驻波扰动增长的初期,LPSE能够准确的预测扰动的e^N曲线,较好地描述边界层内的流动结构和扰动形态;当扰动增长到足够大时,扰动的高阶项不能再被忽略,LPSE的线性假设不再成立,需要采用非线性的方法(NPSE)来分析该状态.计算分析发现,模型曲率和边界层非平行性对后掠翼边界层内横流驻波的稳定性分析影响很大,影响程度与雷诺数无关.对于本文研究的模型,曲率对边界层内的横流扰动起着稳定的作用,而非平行性对扰动起不稳定的影响.     

水流动强化天然气水合物降压分解研究

降压法被认为是最经济可行的天然气水合物开采方法,但开采后期驱动力不足、甚至产生水合物的二次生成,因此其应用受到限制。本文将降压法与水流动结合提升水合物分解驱动力,研究不同降压模式和水流动对天然气水合物分解特性的影响。发现当降压结合水流动时,压降为水合物分解提供初始驱动力,且压降越大水合物分解驱动力越大。同时水流动能够加快传热传质过程,为水合物分解提供额外的驱动力。在快速降压结合水流动模式中,较高背压下水流动为水合物分解提供主要的驱动力;在梯度降压结合水流动模式中,降压和水流动共同为水合物提供分解驱动力,对水合物分解的促进作用更加显著。     

Wave Instabilities of a Collisionless Plasma in Fluid Approximation

Wave properties and instabilities in a magnetized, anisotropic, collisionless, rarefied hot plasma in fluid approx‐imation are studied, using the 16‐moments set of the transport equations obtained from the Vlasov equations. These equations differ from the CGL‐MHD fluid model (single fluid equations by Chew, Goldberger, and Low [5,9]) by including two anisotropic heat flux evolution equations, where the fluxes invalidate the double polytropic CGL laws. We derived the general dispersion relation for linear compressible wave modes. Besides the classic incompressible fire hose modes there appear four types of compressible wave modes: two fast and slow mirror modes – strongly modified compared to the CGL model – and two thermal modes. In the presence of initial heat fluxes along the magnetic field the wave properties become different for the waves running forward and backward with respect to the magnetic field. The well known discrepancies between the results of the CGL‐MHD fluid model and the kinetic theory are now removed: i) The mirror slow mode instability criterion is now the same as that in the kinetic theory. ii) Similarly, in kinetic studies there appear two kinds of fire hose instabilities ‐ incompressible and compressible ones. These two instabilities can arise for the same plasma parameters, and the instability of the new compressible oblique fire hose modes can become dominant. The compressible fire hose instability is the result of the resonance coupling of three retrograde modes ‐ two thermal modes and a fast mirror mode. The results can be applied to the theory of solar and stellar coronal and wind models (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A Novel Dehumidification Strategy to Reduce Liquid Fraction and Condensation Loss in Steam Turbines

Massive droplets can be generated to form two-phase flow in steam turbines, leading to erosion issues to the blades and reduces the reliability of the components. A condensing two-phase flow model was developed to assess the flow structure and loss considering the nonequilibrium condensation phenomenon due to the high expansion behaviour in the transonic flow in linear blade cascades. A novel dehumidification strategy was proposed by introducing turbulent disturbances on the suction side. The results show that the Wilson point of the nonequilibrium condensation process was delayed by increasing the inlet superheated level at the entrance of the blade cascade. With an increase in the inlet superheated level of 25 K, the liquid fraction and condensation loss significantly reduced by 79% and 73%, respectively. The newly designed turbine blades not only remarkably kept the liquid phase region away from the blade walls but also significantly reduced 28.1% averaged liquid fraction and 47.5% condensation loss compared to the original geometry. The results provide an insight to understand the formation and evaporation of the condensed droplets inside steam turbines.