The Naked‐Eye Detection of NH3–HCl by Polyaniline‐Infiltrated TiO2 Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals

A reversible color change of a polyaniline‐infiltrated TiO₂ inverse opal photonic crystal (PC) film can be obtained when the PC is switched from an acidic to alkali vapor environment. In a saturated NH₃ environment, the stopband of the as‐prepared PCs changes from 556 to 688 nm; such large shift of 132 nm could be observed, corresponding to a clear color change from green to red. After placing in HCl vapor, the stopband undergoes a blue‐shift and the color turns back to green. The result is ascribed to PANI being doped or dedoped by acid or base and the effective refractive index of the PC film varying accordingly. The naked‐eye detection of NH₃ and HCl vapors can be realized by the reversible color change of the PC film, which is of importance for chemical and biological sensors.     

Patterned Colloidal Photonic Crystals

Colloidal photonic crystals (PCs) have been well developed because they are easy to prepare, cost‐effective, and versatile with regards to modification and functionalization. Patterned colloidal PCs contribute a novel approach to constructing high‐performance PC devices with unique structures and specific functions. In this review, an overview of the strategies for fabricating patterned colloidal PCs, including patterned substrate‐induced assembly, inkjet printing, and selective immobilization and modification, is presented. The advantages of patterned PC devices are also discussed in detail, for example, improved detection sensitivity and response speed of the sensors, control over the flow direction and wicking rate of microfluidic channels, recognition of cross‐reactive molecules through an array‐patterned microchip, fabrication of display devices with tunable patterns, well‐arranged RGB units, and wide viewing‐angles, and the ability to construct anti‐counterfeiting devices with different security strategies. Finally, the perspective of future developments and challenges is presented.     

二维光子晶体

光子晶体是一种介电常数周期变化的功能材料,其基本特征是具有光子带隙。光子晶体理论诞生已三十年,基于理论及实验的研究取得了许多成绩。当所制备的光子带隙与光波的波长相当时,光子晶体材料抑制光子在一定频段内的传播。由于在光学、电学、热学、磁学等方面均有优良特性和潜在应用,光子晶体作为一种新型材料也越来越受到科研人员的青睐。不论在可加工性方面还是在传播特性方面,二维光子晶体的优势正逐渐体现出来。本文重点阐述二维光子晶体的研究进展,分别介绍了二维光子晶体的结构与性能特点以及近年来发展出的新型制备方法,如自组装法、刻蚀法、多光束干涉法等,并着重列举其在传感器、波导、光纤、太赫兹技术等领域的发展现状,表明二维光子晶体作为超材料具有巨大的发展空间和潜力。最后,本文对二维光子晶体今后的研究方向和发展前景作了展望。     

Tough Photonic Crystals Fabricated by Photo‐Crosslinkage of Latex Spheres

A general method to enhance the mechanical properties and solvent resistance of photonic crystals (PCs) has been demonstrated. This is carried out by the crosslinkage of latex spheres via photopolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) infiltrated among them. The crosslinked PAAm enhances the interaction among latex spheres of the PCs film, and contributes to the improvement of mechanical strength and solvent resistance. The result provides a simple approach to make tough PCs films by photo‐crosslinkage, and can be extended to a wide variety of materials, will be of great importance for the practical application of PCs.

     

Color‐Oscillating Photonic Crystal Hydrogel

In this work, a color‐oscillating system is first developed by combining the intrinsic peristaltic motion of a Landolt pH‐oscillator with the structure color of a well‐designed pH‐sensitive photonic crystal hydrogel. As a result, the pH oscillation reaction procedure could be distinctly monitored by the distinct change of structure color/optic signal. The oscillation rhythm of the pH well coincides with that of the stopband/structure color. The oscillation detail of each cycle can also be clearly monitored by color change. This work would be of great significance for the promising applications of real‐time monitoring of the microactuator by optical signal or structure color.

     

化学响应性光子晶体

光子晶体是一种具有光子带隙结构的周期性电介质材料,如果将响应性材料组装到光子晶体结构中,所形成的光子晶体的带隙结构则对外界环境的变化具有响应性,而被称为响应性光子晶体。响应性光子晶体作为光子晶体的一个新领域,由于其在传感器,生物医学,临床检测等方面的潜在应用,近几年受到广泛关注。根据外界环境的不同,响应性光子晶体可简单分为化学响应性光子晶体、物理响应性光子晶体和生物响应性光子晶体等。本文将对化学响应性光子晶体的国内外研究动态做一简要介绍,重点介绍以下五种化学响应性光子晶体:金属离子响应光子晶体、pH响应光子晶体、氧化还原响应光子晶体、葡萄糖响应光子晶体和光化学响应光子晶体。     

A Facile Method to Assemble PNIPAM‐Containing Microgel Photonic Crystals

Structural colors: Poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) based microgel photonic crystals are fabricated by using a new method called “high‐temperature‐induced hydrophobic assembly”. The assembling conditions affect the water content of the crystals, thus determining their structural color (see image). The obtained photonic crystals are sensitive to solvents, and the reversible changes in their color can be observed with the naked eye.

     

三维光子晶体的制备

三维光子晶体作为一种光子带隙材料在光学器件、化学生物传感以及信息传输和存储等方面具有广泛的潜在应用价值。自1987年三维光子晶体的概念被提出以来,科学家们一直致力于在实验室用不同的手段合成不同材料和不同结构的光子晶体。本文综述了近年来出现的一些三维光子晶体制备方法,大致分为3类：“自上而下法”（top-down method）、“自下而上法”（bottom-up method）和模板辅助法（template-assisted method）,并详细阐述了每种方法的代表性工作、适用范围以及各自的优缺点。     

甲基丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺双单体共聚反蛋白石光子晶体的制备

以烧结后的二氧化硅光子晶体为模板,采用溶胶凝胶法向模板间隙填充以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为双功能单体,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(BIS)为交联剂的聚合物前驱液,制备了甲基丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺共聚(PMAM)双单体反蛋白石凝胶光子晶体.通过紫外可见光谱分析表明,反蛋白石结构的凝胶膜对pH响应范围在4.0～7.0之间.由于其不受离子强度的影响,除了可以作为pH传感器外,还可以作为金属离子及生物小分子等分子印迹光子晶体传感器的基体膜.     

TiO2光子晶体的光子带隙及其应用

最近利用TiO₂光子晶体控制光子的研究取得了一定进展。本文概述了TiO₂光子晶体的分类、性质、制备和应用。TiO₂光子晶体在反射器件、光电转换、化学传感器和光催化等方面应用前景广阔,目前,可见光和近红外波段的TiO₂光子晶体的合成是工作的难点,本文对今后TiO₂光子晶体的研究提出了展望。     

凝胶光子晶体

光子晶体是一种介电常数（或折射率）可以周期性调制的结构,其自激辐射抑制和光子局域化性质使其可以简便而有力的限制、控制和调控光子。近年来,利用胶体晶体自组装性质与水凝胶的传统应用相结合制成的凝胶光子晶体在药物释放、光学开关、金属探针、生物传感器等的新应用方面的研究蓬勃发展,在新材料开发及临床应用等方面取得巨大进展。本文概述了胶体晶体自组装并对该类凝胶光子晶体进行了分类介绍并对其发展趋势进行了评述和展望。     

Liquid Photonic Crystals for Mesopore Detection

Nitrogen adsorption–desorption for mesopore characterization requires the using of expensive instrumentation, time‐consuming processes, and the consumption of liquid nitrogen. Herein, a new method is developed to measure the pore parameters through mixing a mesoporous substance with a supersaturated SiO₂ colloidal solution at different temperatures, and subsequent rapid measurement of reflection changes of the precipitated liquid photonic crystals. The pore volumes and diameters of mesoporous silica were measured according to the positive correlation between unit mass reflection change (Δλ/m) and pore volume (V), and the negative correlation between average absorption temperature (T) and pore diameter (D). This new approach may provide an alternative method for fast, convenient and economical characterization of mesoporous materials.     

电场响应光子晶体

光子晶体是一种介电常数周期变化、具有光子带隙、对光路可控的新型功能材料。将对外界刺激敏感性材料引入光子晶体空隙就得到可响应光子晶体。电场响应光子晶体是由电活性材料与光子晶体结构相结合所得,可以应用于反射型彩色显示并表现出其他显示技术所没有的独特优点。本文重点介绍了电场响应光子晶体器件的结构和响应机理,并按照引入电活性材料的不同将电场响应光子晶体分为基于液晶、聚电解质水凝胶、金属有机聚合物凝胶、导电聚合物以及核壳式电场响应光子晶体,总结了近几年各类电场响应光子晶体的研究进展,提出了在反射型彩色显示器件方面的应用以及存在的问题和展望。     

胶态磁组装分子印迹光子晶体及其对L-苯丙氨酸的响应性

将胶态磁组装光子晶体与分子印迹技术结合, 通过磁场诱导快速、 可逆地组装得到一种灵敏度高、 选择性强且响应速度快的胶态磁组装分子印迹光子晶体(CMA-MIPCs), 并将其用于L-苯丙氨酸(L-Phe)分子的响应性研究. 结果表明, 细乳液聚合法制得的L-Phe磁性分子印迹纳米粒子(MMIPs)具有规则的球形形貌和明显的核-壳结构, 平均粒径为104.3 nm. CMA-MIPCs对L-Phe分子的识别可直接通过光学信号进行表达, 当L-Phe的浓度从6.0×10^-7 mol/L增加至6.0×10^-4 mol/L时, CMA-MIPCs的衍射色发生从紫色到深黄色的明显变化, 最大衍射峰位置红移181 nm, 响应过程仅需1 min. CMA-MIPCs对L-Phe的结构类似物L-酪氨酸(L-Tyr)和L-色氨酸(L-Trp)均无响应性, 表明CMA-MIPCs具有良好的选择性.     

Controllable Synthesis of Inverse Opal TiO2‐x Photonic Crystals and Their Photoelectric Properties

In this study, inverse opal TiO_2‐x photonic crystals (IO‐TiO_2‐x) have been successfully synthesized by a two‐step calcination. The whole synthesis is safe and feasible. Additionly, the reduction degree and the structure of IO‐TiO_2‐x can be precisely controlled. A series of IO‐TiO_2‐x samples with different reduction degree were prepared and characterized. The TEM images show that the obtained samples possess a 3D‐ordered macroporous inverse opal structure. The reduced Ti atoms/oxygen vacancies were confirmed by Raman and XPS spectroscopy. All IO‐TiO_2‐x samples showed better photoelectric properties than those of common TiO₂ which indicates their great potential to be applied to photoelectric fields. The improvement of photoelectric properties is attributed to the efficient electron‐hole separation efficiency induced by moderately reduced Ti atoms/oxygen vacancies. Meanwhile, the 3D‐ordered macroporous inverse opal structure and the band gap are regulated to “capture” more solar energy. This new approach is proven to be a meaningful method to synthesize high‐performance TiO₂ materials.     

胶体光子晶体的平面介电常数缺陷

为引入特殊的光学性质,通常需要在三维光子晶体中人为可控地引入缺陷.通过改变局部结构单元的尺寸或介电常数,相应地引入给体或受体掺杂,带来不同的缺陷态.以前文献报道的向胶体光子晶体中引入缺陷,常会因为同时引入尺寸和介电常数掺杂,给掺杂性质的界定带来困难.本文中,我们结合对流自组装法和L-B膜法,在实心二氧化硅微球组成的三维光子晶体内引入尺寸相同的二氧化硅空心球(与实心球相比具有不同折光率)组成的单层平面缺陷,或者在空心球晶体内引入实心球缺陷层,构成实心-空心-实心或空心-实心-空心的三明治结构,在不破坏整体晶格的同时,在三维胶体光子晶体中引入单一的平面介电常数缺陷.     

Photonic Crystals for Chemical Sensing and Biosensing

This Review covers photonic crystals (PhCs) and their use for sensing mainly chemical and biochemical parameters, with a particular focus on the materials applied. Specific sections are devoted to a) a lead‐in into natural and synthetic photonic nanoarchitectures, b) the various kinds of structures of PhCs, c) reflection and diffraction in PhCs, d) aspects of sensing based on mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, magnetic, and purely chemical stimuli, e) aspects of biosensing based on biomolecules incorporated into PhCs, and f) current trends and limitations of such sensors.