准连续激光调制吸收光谱的解调方法研究

针对准连续激光调制吸收光谱谐波信号的解调,设计了一种专用的准连续软件锁相放大器,对采集的数据做有效性判断、 无效数据滤除、 数字相敏检测、 数字滤波等处理,实现了准连续激光调制吸收光谱的谐波信号解调。 构建气体检测实验系统,对准连续软件锁相放大器和商品化的高性能锁相放大器进行了对比实验,结果表明,使用准连续软件锁相放大器的Allan方差比后者小1个数量级、 检测限低2倍。 并能够解决小占空比时的信号失锁问题,具有小的信号波形失真。     

准连续激光调制吸收谱的多谐波分析

使用准连续二极管激光器进行多重调制光谱检测时,发现吸收光谱信号中存在着丰富的倍频、和频以及差频成分;从激光与气体吸收谱线的非线性作用角度研究了倍频、和频及差频等信号存在的必然性;从实验角度对信号特征进行研究,发现其中有些和频、差频成分的幅度比传统调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术中的二次谐波信号的幅度更大,有望在准连续调制谱技术中提高检测的灵敏度。     

激光频率调制线型分析

在激光频率调制的理论分析中,一般采用正弦波调制、正弦波解调,而没有讨论调制和解调的其它情况。本文主要分析了Guass线型吸收的情况下,锯齿波调制、方波解调的一次、二次谐波相检结果和三角波调制、方波解调的一次、二次谐波相检结果,以及调制深度对信号谱形和信号强度的影响。我们发现,在锯齿波调制、方波解调情况下,一次、二次谐波谱形和正弦波调制情况区别很大;但在三角波调制、方波解调情况下,可以获得和正弦波调制、正弦波解市场相似的结论。另外,不同的调制深度对输出的调制谱形也有重要的影响。我们还用甲烷的可调谐 红外光调制吸收光谱实验验证了理论分析结果。最终得到结论：频率调制谱的信号谱形及信号强度与调制波形、解调波形和调制深度均有关系。     

连续和准连续激光调制谱分析技术的比对研究

为了在面对不同检测需求时,能够选取适合的调谐激光吸收光谱技术方案,对直接吸收光谱、连续调制谱和准连续调制谱三种方法进行了理论分析和实验比较。在相同实验条件下,通过同一激光器测量不同浓度CO2气体,比较了这三种方法的技术特点、信号特征、检测灵敏度。结果表明,准连续调制谱技术具有与连续调制谱相当的检测灵敏度,但是受激光能量间断和较大的寄生幅度调制影响,检测信号相对于气体吸收谱的线形失真较大,因此不太适合依赖光谱线形和线宽的压力、流速测量。为选取更加适用的激光调制谱技术,提供了参考依据。     

光纤气体传感器解调方法的研究

利用可调谐激光光谱技术并结合二次谐波检测的波长调制方法对气体浓度进行检测,大大提高了检测灵敏度.然而光的传输和电路自身延时都会产生未知的相位延时,含有气体浓度信息的被测信号和二倍频参考信号的相位差变化严重影响二次谐波信号测量结果.本文设计出一种4路乘法锁相解调电路,设计中分别用正弦信号和余弦信号对被测信号进行解调,经积分电路后得到两路分别与相位差的正弦值和余弦值相关的解调信号.将两路解调信号平方,再通过加法器相加后消除相位差,得到完全与相位差无关的幅值信号.实验证明当被测信号相位在0°—90°变化时,解调 关键词： 可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱 波长调制 解调电路 相位差     

非标定波长调制吸收光谱气体测量研究

为消除可调谐激光调制吸收光谱气体测量技术对于标定过程的依赖,研究了二次谐波信号的非标定波长调制气体测量方法.通过对测量的二次谐波线型进行分析,给出相同工况下二次谐波模拟信号,并利用测量与模拟二次谐波信号进行线性拟合直接计算气体浓度.实验室内采用非标定波长调制气体测量方法,利用 6336.24 cm^-1处特征吸收谱线对10 cm长气体吸收池内的CO₂进行了测量.结果表明,非标定波长调制气体测量方法可适应各种不同条件,适合于现场气体在线测量.当调制系数在1.8—3. 关键词： 波长调制 二次谐波 吸收光谱 半导体激光器     

开放型TDLAS-WMS技术CO2痕量气体检测

采用窄线宽、边模抑制高的DFB激光器研制一套开放型TDLAS波长调制技术气体检测装置.选取2004 nm处CO2分子吸收峰作为吸收谱线,采用锁相放大器进行调制、解调后的二次谐波信号幅值检测气体浓度大小.设计基于开放环境中的Herriott型气体吸收池,使用ZEMAX非序列模式进行吸收池仿真,光线追迹后理论光程可达到13...     

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱二次谐波信号的模拟与分析

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)作为近年来发展起来的一种气体检测技术,具有高分辨率、高灵敏度和快速测量等特点。波长调制光谱信号的二次谐波分量常作为检测信号,用于气体浓度信息的反演。利用MATLAB中的可视化建模仿真平台Simulink,模拟了基于TDLAS的波长调制光谱信号,利用锁相放大原理提取二次谐波分量。采用数字锁相,正交双通道结构实现锁相算法。通过比较不同调制系数下二次谐波信号的变化情况,分析了二次谐波信号与调制系数的关系,以便确定最佳参数,用于二次谐波的提取。     

基于Gabor变换的TDLAS检测信号的降噪研究

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术结合波长调制光谱(WMS)技术是用于痕量气体检测的重要技术手段。通过锁相放大器进行谐波检测,对解调得到的二次谐波信号进行分析可获得气体吸收的信息。但由于二次谐波信号受到噪声的影响,降低了检测系统的精度和稳定性。为了提高TDLAS检测系统的信噪比(SNR),提出了一种基于Gabor变换对二次谐波信号进行数字滤波降噪的方法。以CH₄在1 653.72 nm处的吸收光谱为例,通过仿真和实验对该降噪方法的有效性进行了验证。仿真结果表明,通过Gabor变换对信噪比为0dB的二次谐波信号进行处理后,系统的信噪比可提高15.73 dB。实验结果表明,基于Gabor变换进行降噪处理后,CH₄浓度在0.001%～0.02%区间内与二次谐波峰值的线性相关系数r达到了0.996 59,且系统的检测精度和稳定性明显提高。     

洛伦兹线型近似引起的甲烷检测误差研究

2ν₃波段R3分支(6 046.95 cm^-1)是近红外甲烷检测领域最常用波段。R3分支三条谱线相距很近,通常用一条谱线的洛伦兹线型去描述其谱形,校正温度、压强引起的二次谐波峰值误差,然而洛伦兹线型本身引起的误差并没有得到足够的重视。对TDLAS系统建模分析,以低频锯齿波叠加高频正弦波调制激光,经待检测气体吸收后,再利用数字锁相放大及低通滤波实现解调,最终通过旋转坐标系得到一次谐波归一化的二次谐波信号。通过分别比较单条谱线洛伦兹线型与三条谱线Voigt线型对二次谐波的影响,分析温度、压强变化条件下,由单条谱线洛伦兹线型近似带来的二次谐波误差。结果表明：(1)压强、温度变化时,洛伦兹线型二次谐波峰值误差较平均极小值误差更小;(2)洛伦兹线型二次谐波峰值的误差随着压强降低而显著增加,温度为298 K、压强降低至0.2 atm时,由洛伦兹线型近似带来甲烷气体二次谐波峰值的误差达65.5%;(3)以峰谷率、谐波宽度等参数衡量二次谐波谱形,在温度为298 K、压强小于0.8 atm条件下,峰谷率误差大于4.5%,压强为1 atm、温度大于380 K条件...     

Self-calibration wavelength modulation spectroscopy for acetylene detection based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

The expressions of the second harmonic(2f) signal are derived on the basis of absorption spectral and lock-in theories.A parametric study indicates that the phase shift between the intensity and wavelength modulation makes a great contribution to the 2f signal.A self-calibration wavelength modulation spectroscopy(WMS) method based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TOLAS) is applied,combining the advantages of ambient pressure,temperature suppression,and phase-shift influences elimination.Species concentration is retrieved simultaneously from selected 2f signal pairs of measured and reference WMS-2f spectra.The absorption line of acetylene(C_2H_2) at 1530.36 nm near-infrared is selected to detect C_2H_2 concentrations in the range of 0-400 ppmv.System sensitivity,detection precision and limit are markedly improved,demonstrating that the self-calibration method has better detecting performance than the conventional WMS.     

Apodized 2f/1f wavelength modulation spectroscopy method for calibration-free trace detection of carbon monoxide in the near-infrared region: theory and experiment

We introduce the basics of an apodized 2f/1f wavelength modulation method for the spectroscopy of the R(9) transition line in the first overtone band of carbon monoxide (¹²C¹⁶O) in near-infrared (NIR) region around 2.33 μm. Performance of the method is investigated for high gas concentrations beyond the optically thin limit to generalize common 2f/1f wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) reported by Rieker et al. (Appl Opt 48:5546, [28]). Numerical simulations are performed based on real experimental parameters associated with a NIR spectrometer designed in our laboratory. The results primarily show a more linear response and less error than occurred in the common WMS-2f/1f method for an optically thick sample. It is also theoretically shown that the apodized method enables sharpening the spectrum without peak displacement compared to the common WMS-2f/1f method. The validity of the method is verified experimentally by the trace detection of an air-broadened R(9) CO absorption line centered at 4,294.637 cm^?1 at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The effect of a so-called scaling k-factor on the sharpening of WMS-2f/1f signal is investigated through trace simulation and detection of CO and methane (CH₄) lines in the scanning range of a distributed feedback laser. The obtained results show very good agreement between simulation and experiment.     

Broadening-independent demodulation for wavelength modulation spectroscopy based on even-order harmonics

The line broadening of gas absorption spectrum is a significant but unknown factor in traditional demodulation of wavelength modulation spectroscopy, which is a kind of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy in weak absorption cases. In this paper, another signal demodulation method based on some simple algebraic operations with the amplitudes of the zero-, second-, and fourth-order harmonics was proposed. With this method the effect of spectrum broadening could be selfeliminated. That makes the amplitude of the demodulated signal is irrelevant to the broadening, and enables the direct and fast measurement without complex simulations and curve fittings in traditional method.     

Novel method for correcting light intensity fluctuation in the TDLAS system

A novel method for online correction of light intensity fluctuation in a practical tunable diode laser ab-sorption spectroscopy(TDLAS)system with wavelength modulation is presented.The proposed method is developed according to the linear relation between peaks at multiple frequencies of sine modulation in the power spectral density of the demodulated second-harmonic(2f)signal and the incident light intensity.Those peaks are demonstrated experimentally and explained as residual power at the first-harmonic and third-harmonic frequencies after 2f demodulation of the residual amplitude modulation signal due to the limited integrating time constant of the lock-in-amplifier.This method can achieve real-time correction of light intensity fluctuations with only little calculation.It can work well in a very large range of light intensity and has great potential applications in the wavelength modulation spectroscopy system.     

Wavelength-modulation-spectroscopy for real-time, in situ NO detection in combustion gases with a 5.2 μm quantum-cascade laser

A mid-infrared absorption strategy with calibration-free wavelength-modulation-spectroscopy (WMS) has been developed and demonstrated for real-time, in situ detection of nitric oxide in particulate-laden combustion-exhaust gases up to temperatures of 700 K. An external-cavity quantum-cascade laser (ECQCL) near 5.2 μm accessed the fundamental absorption band of NO, and a wavelength-scanned, 1f-normalized WMS with second-harmonic detection (WMS-2f/1f) strategy was developed. Due to the external-cavity laser architecture, large nonlinear intensity modulation (IM) was observed when the wavelength was modulated by injection-current modulation, and the IM indices were also found to be strongly wavelength-dependent as the center wavelength was scanned with piezoelectric tuning of the cavity. A quantitative model of the 1f-normalized WMS-2f signal was developed and validated under laboratory conditions. A sensor was subsequently designed, built and demonstrated for real-time, in situ measurements of NO across a 3 m path in the particulate-laden exhaust of a pulverized-coal-fired power plant boiler. The 1f-normalized WMS-2f method proved to have better noise immunity for non-absorption transmission, than wavelength-scanned direct absorption. A 0.3 ppm-m detection limit was estimated using the R15.5 transition near 1927 cm⁻¹ with 1 s averaging. Mid-infrared QCL-based NO absorption with 1f-normalized WMS-2f detection shows excellent promise for practical sensing in the combustion exhaust.     

准连续调制激光吸收谱测量封闭室内O2浓度的研究

在开采煤矿的生产活动中,遇到煤矿爆炸或地震、地质等自然灾害,会导致坍塌、掩埋、堆积等情形,进而形成复杂的封闭环境。如果发生人员被困等突发情况,破灾救援、挽救生命工作显得至关重要。封闭环境中O₂的浓度随时间的变化直接威胁到被困人员的生命安全,及时掌握被困人员所处环境的O₂浓度变化对破灾救援机器人作业实施有着非常重要的指导意义。为准确测量O₂的浓度,以封闭室内O₂为研究对象,综合应用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术和波长调制光谱(WMS)技术,设计了一套准连续调制激光吸收谱实验测量O₂浓度系统,对24 h封闭室内O₂的浓度随时间变化情况进行测量研究。实验结果表明,封闭室内O₂的浓度受到室内人员活动的影响,准连续调制激光吸收谱测量方法可以准确测量封闭室内的氧气变化。     

Near-infrared diode laser absorption sensor for rapid measurements of temperature and water vapor in a shock tube

A fast-response (100 kHz) tunable diode laser absorption sensor is developed for measurements of temperature and H₂O concentration in shock tubes, e.g. for studies of combustion chemistry. Gas temperature is determined from the ratio of fixed-wavelength laser absorption of two H₂O transitions near 7185.60 cm^-1 and 7154.35 cm^-1, which are selected using design rules for the target temperature range of 1000–2000 K and pressure range of 1–2 atm. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy is employed with second-harmonic detection (WMS-2f) to improve the sensor sensitivity and accuracy. Normalization of the second-harmonic signal by the first-harmonic signal is used to remove the need for calibration and minimize interference from emission, scattering, beam steering, and window fouling. The laser modulation depth for each H₂O transition is optimized to maximize the WMS-2f signal for the target test conditions. The WMS-2f sensor is first validated in mixtures of H₂O and Ar in a heated cell for the temperature range of 500–1200 K (P=1 atm), yielding an accuracy of 1.9% for temperature and 1.4% for H₂O concentration measurements. Shock wave tests with non-reactive H₂O–Ar mixtures are then conducted to demonstrate the sensor accuracy (1.5% for temperature and 1.4% for H₂O concentration) and response time at higher temperatures (1200–1700 K, P=1.3–1.6 atm). PACS 42.62.Fi; 42.55.Px; 42.60.Fc; 07.35.+k     

中红外谐波检测背景信号漂移的修正方法

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱（TDLAS）由于具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、非侵入及实时检测等特点,被广泛应用于燃烧诊断、痕量气体监测、工业过程控制等领域中。波长调制光谱（WMS）的二次谐波（2f）检测是最常用的TDLAS气体传感方法之一。激光器作为TDLAS-WMS在线检测系统中最核心的部件之一,在长期运行过程中会由于其工作温度等因素变化,引起输出激光波长漂移和2f背景信号基线变化,从而导致气体浓度反演的精确度和TDLAS-WMS在线检测系统的稳定性降低。针对上述问题,根据NO气体分子在中红外波段5.176~5.189 μm的基频吸收特性,选择峰值发射波长位于5.184 μm的分布反馈式连续波量子级联激光器（DFB-CW QCL）,分析了输出激光中心波长对应的峰值采样点位置随采样时间变化的漂移规律和2f吸收及其背景信号的漂移特性。基于上述分析,提出了以2f信号平均峰峰值替代2f信号峰值建立气体浓度反演模型以修正2f背景信号基线漂移,并结合以信噪比最优为2f背景信号波长漂移修正原则的2f背景信号漂移综合修正方法,以消除TDLAS-WMS在线检测系统长期连续检测过程中2f背景信号漂移对气体浓度反演结果的不利影响。研究结果表明,2f信号平均峰峰值随配置的NO样气浓度的增加而增大,这两者呈现较好的线性关系,其拟合曲线的线性拟合度R2达到了0.999 9。在使用体积浓度为20×10-6 NO气体样品开展的连续60 min监测实验中,波长漂移修正后,反演浓度的标准偏差由波长漂移修正前的0.19×10-6下降到了0.07×10-6,反演浓度的最大相对误差由波长漂移修正前的6.30%下降到了3.85%,相对误差均方值由波长漂移修正前的24.39%下降到了9.99%。结果显示,该2f背景信号漂移综合修正方法可以有效地抑制2f背景信号漂移对气体浓度反演结果的影响,显著提高了TDLAS-WMS在线检测系统连续监测的灵敏度、精确度和稳定性。