强流脉冲电子束位置测量探头标定结果不确定度分析

根据探测器测量原理和标定方法、特点,分析其位置测量的不确定度主要来源于测量过程的A类不确定度、B类不确定度和最小二乘法引入的拟合不确定度,确定了各个不确定度的计算方法,得到了探测器的合成不确定度,对于应用于神龙二号直线感应加速器的电阻环和磁探测器,其合成不确定度约为0.1 mm。     

脉冲高电压幅值测量的不确定度分析

在脉冲高电压幅值测量的不确定度评定中,从测量和标定溯源的角度出发将不确定度来源分为示波器测量不确定度和探头不确定度。以初级实验平台单路样机三板线入口电压的测量为例,按照探头不确定度的来源分别分析了三板线电压测量随机效应产生的不确定度,D-dot探头和电阻分压器标定时的系统效应和随机效应产生的不确定度,示波器和衰减器的校准不确定度,示波器的分辨力不确定度。同时进行了测试和标定系统的频率响应分析,以证明被测信号在测试系统的频率响应范围之内。以相关实验数据为基础计算了各个不确定度分量、合成标准不确定度以及扩展不确定度。按工程测量要求取包含因子为2,可得三板线入口电压测量值为1.89 MV,扩展不确定度为3.9％。     

直读光谱法测定高锰钢中的锰及不确定度评估

采用直读光谱分析法测定高锰钢中锰含量,建立分析方法,并对锰测定值的不确定度分项进行了评估。结果表明,影响测量结果的主要不确定度分量为:校准曲线的不确定度、标样定值的不确定度、标准样品测量过程所产生的不确定度及样品测量过程随机性的不确定度,控制影响不确定度的主要因素,可以减少测量不确定度,保证分析结果的准确性,该方法也适合高锰钢中其他元素的评定。     

原子吸收光谱法测定婴幼儿奶粉中铁含量不确定度的评定

建立了原子吸收光谱法测定婴幼儿奶粉中铁含量不确定度评定的数学模型,分析了检测过程中不确定度来源并计算了各不确定度分量,得出合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。在婴幼儿奶粉中铁含量的测定中,测量值为8.156mg/100g,其扩展不确定度为0.11mg/100g,k=2。影响铁含量测量结果不确定度的最大因素是校准曲线拟合引入的不确定度。     

氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中砷的不确定度评定

本文介绍了氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中砷的不确定度评定方法,分析和识别测定过程中不确定度的来源,归纳提出了影响土壤中砷含量测定不确定度的主要因素.通过不确定度评定证明不确定度分量的主要来源为样品制备过程所带来的不确定度,其中,消解样品所引入的不确定度贡献最大;根据最小二乘法拟合校准曲线计算的标准不确定度次之,而标准储备液校准稀释以及重复性实验所带来的不确定度相对于前两者小很多.     

EMIA-320V型高频红外碳硫分析仪测定硅锰合金中硫的不确定度的评定

建立了高频红外碳硫分析仪测定硅锰合金中硫含量的相应数学模型,对数学模型中各个参数进行不确定度来源分析,分别对A类不确定度或B类不确定度进行评定.对各不确定度分量合成和扩展,得到硫质量分数的不确定度.结果表明,标准物质引入的不确定度是不确定度的主要来源.     

确定度评定在化妆品中砷含量ICP-AES测定中的应用

通过对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)测定化妆品中As含量的不确定度的评定实践,建立了该分析过程的相应数学模型,对数学模型中各个参数进行不确定度来源分析,分别对A类不确定度(由测量的结果统计分布计算的不确定度)或B类不确定度(基于经验或其他信息的概率分布估计的不确定度)进行评定。按照国际通用方法对各不确定度分量合成和扩展,得到ICP-AES法测定化妆品中As含量的不确定度评定。研究结果表明：标准溶液的配制、标准曲线拟合线性方程及样品溶液的定容是不确定度的主要来源,该不确定度评定所用方法同样适用于以线性回归标准曲线法获得测定结果不确定度的评估。     

脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定

为开展脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定,分析了应用黑箱概念建立测量不确定度模型的方法,给出了脉冲分压器测量与标定的不确定度模型。依照不确定度传播率,对完善后的模型进行不确定度合成,并与通常采用的按照方差进行相对不确定分量合成的结果进行比较。计算结果表明:当不确定度模型中仅仅存在不同变量的乘除形式,或虽然存在加减项,但是其数学期望值为0,相对不确定度合成可以得到正确的结果。对通过测量2个电压间接计算电位差的方法以及用分贝表示衰减的不确定度合成开展分析,验证了相对不确定度合成的适用范围。在分压器标定实验中,为了减小信号源输出值的分散性对评定结果的影响,对电压比值开展A类不确定度评定,合成后得到分压比不确定度。     

脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定

为开展脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定,分析了应用黑箱概念建立测量不确定度模型的方法,给出了脉冲分压器测量与标定的不确定度模型。依照不确定度传播率,对完善后的模型进行不确定度合成,并与通常采用的按照方差进行相对不确定分量合成的结果进行比较。计算结果表明：当不确定度模型中仅仅存在不同变量的乘除形式,或虽然存在加减项,但是其数学期望值为0,相对不确定度合成可以得到正确的结果。对通过测量2个电压间接计算电位差的方法以及用分贝表示衰减的不确定度合成开展分析,验证了相对不确定度合成的适用范围。在分压器标定实验中,为了减小信号源输出值的分散性对评定结果的影响,对电压比值开展A类不确定度评定,合成后得到分压比不确定度。     

电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定矿石中钨、钼的不确定度评定

对用ICP-AES测定矿石中钨、钼元素的不确定度进行评估,根据结果计算公式绘制不确定度来源因果分析图,分析主要不确定度来源,包括:样品称量、标准溶液的配制,仪器测量过程重复性等引入的不确定度,评估了钨含量和钼含量的标准不确定度和扩展不确定度.     

A study on the best irradiation dose of X-ray for Hep-2 cells by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to study the human epidermis larynx carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) which were irradiated by different doses of X-ray.The results show that (1) the irradiation of X-ray damages the structure of the CH3 groups of the thymine in DNA,which restrains the reproduction of Hep-2 cells effectively,(2) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation changes the framework and the relative contents of some proteins,lipids and the nucleic acid molecules intercellular in the greatest degree,and (3) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation is the best irradiation dose for lowering the degree of the cancerization of Hep-2 cells according to the criteria for the degree of the cancerization reported recently.Meanwhile,the apoptosis of these cells were detected by using flow cytometry (FCM) primarily.It shows that the apoptotic ratio of the Hep-2 cells depends on the irradiation dose to some extent,but is not linearly.And the apoptotic ratio of the 12 Gy dose group is the maximum (20.36%),but the apoptotic ratios of the 2 to 8 Gy dose groups change little.     

Study on the radiation problem caused by electron beam loss in accelerator tubes

The beam dynamic code PARMELA was used to simulate the transportation process of accelerating electrons in S-band SW linacs with different energies of 2.5, 6 and 20 MeV. The results indicated that in the ideal condition, the percentage of electron beam loss was 50% in accelerator tubes. Also we calculated the spectrum, the location and angular distribution of the lost electrons. Calculation performed by Monte Carlo code MCNP demonstrated that the radiation distribution of lost electrons was nearly uniform along the tube axis, the angular distributions of the radiation dose rates of the three tubes were similar, and the highest leaking dose was at the angle of 160° with respect to the axis. The lower the energy of the accelerator, the higher the radiation relative leakage. For the 2.5 MeV accelerator, the maximum dose rate reached 5% of the main dose and the one on the head of the electron gun was 1%, both of which did not meet the eligible protection requirement for accelerators. We adopted different shielding designs for different accelerators. The simulated result showed that the shielded radiation leaking dose rates fulfilled the requirement.     

Analysis of Laser-generated Rayleigh wave on viscoelastic materials

In order to understand the viscoelasticity of material, this research has been conducted to study the propagation characteristics of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave theoretically. A model is presented for the pulsed laser generation of ultrasound on viscoelastic medium surface. Referred to the Kelvin model, the frequency equation and the normal displacement of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave were derived, the influence of the viscoelastic modulus on dispersion and attenuation was discussed. From the theoretical calculation, it is shown that the effect of viscoelasticity on the attenuation of Rayleigh wave is more than that on its dispersion. In the case of a weak viscosity, the attenuation of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave is directly proportional to viscosity modulus; the effect of shear viscosity on the attenuation is much more than that of bulk viscosity. The transient response of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave was also simulated using Laplace and Hankel inversion transform, which are showed in good agreement with the theoretic predictions. The model provides a useful tool for the determination of viscoelastic parameters of medium.     

Synergistic effects on iodine release in potassium iodide solution by combination of ultrasound and visible light irradiations

Iodine release in potassium iodide solution has been investigated under the irradiations of ultrasound and visible light respectively and simultaneously. We have observed that the amount of iodine liberated under the combined irradiation of ultrasound and visible light is larger than the sum of that under the respective irradiations of ultrasound and visible light, indicating a synergistic effect of ultrasound and visible light irradiations. Based on the investigation of the reaction kinetics of iodine liberated, we have ascribed the synergistic effect to the perfect stirring of the photochemical reactor induced by the applying simultaneous ultrasound. The ideal stirring can result in the homogenization of the primary light effect in the whole reaction medium, which induces the acceleration of the photochemical reaction. On behavior of our knowledge, there are few reports on the investigations of utilizing the combination of ultrasonic energy and light energy to accelerate the reaction yield and rate as well as the kinetics of the reaction.     

Factors affecting the spectrum of an electromagnetic light wave on scattering from a semisoft boundary medium

The spectrum of an electromagnetic light wave on scattering from a semisoft boundary medium is discussed within the accuracy of the first-order Born approximation. It is shown that spectral shifts and spectral switches are affected both by the polarization of the incident light wave and by the characters of the scat-tering medium. Moreover, numerical results show that the direction at which the spectral switch occurs is governed by the characters of the scattering medium, whereas the magnitude of the spectral switch is affected by the polarization of the incident light wave.     

Tropical Monsoon Forest Thermodynamics Based on Remote Sensing Data

This paper addresses thermodynamic variables that characterize the energy balance and structure of the solar energy transformation by the ecosystems of deciduous tropical forests. By analyzing the seasonal dynamics of these variables, two main states of the thermodynamic system are determined: the end of the drought season and the end of the wet season. Two sub-systems of solar energy transformation are also defined: a balance system that is responsible for the moisture transportation between the ecosystem and atmosphere; and a structural bioproductional system responsible for biological productivity. Several types of thermodynamic systems are determined based on the ratio between the invariants of the variables. They match the main classes of the landscape cover. A seasonal change of thermodynamic variables for different types of thermodynamic systems is additionally studied. The study reveals that temperature above the forest ecosystems is about 4° lower than above the open areas during most of the year.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Time domain finite volume method for the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling in an enclosed cavity

A time domain finite volume method（TDFVM）based on wave theory is developed to analyze the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling problems in an enclosed cavity.In the present method,the elastic dynamic equations and acoustic equation in heterogeneous medium are solved in solid domains and fluid domains respectively.The structural-acoustic coupling is implemented according to the continuity condition of the particle velocity along the normal direction and the normal traction equilibrium condition on the interface.Several numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the present TDFVM.Then the effects of water depth on the acoustic and vibration characteristics and the natural characteristics of a structural-acoustic coupling system are analyzed.The numerical results show that the increase of water depth leads to a stronger coupling between the water and structure and the decrease of natural frequencies of coupling system,The computational cost and memory of this method are small and it can be applicable to structural-acoustic coupling problems in the heterogeneous fluid.     

Study on the denoising method for the electromagnetic ultrasonic echoes from multiple interfaces

The electromagnetic ultrasound is used in the detection of interfaces of the adhesive multilayer structures to solve the unstable coupling problem in ultrasonic testing by traditional piezoelectric transducers. Based on the analysis of the transforming mechanism of electromag-netic ultrasound energy and the resultant dead zone from mutual inductance of the transducer, the wavelet filtering by soft-thresholding and adaptive noise canceling methods are used simul-taneously to the detected electromagnetic ultrasonic signals to overcome the drawbacks of the low signal to noise ratio （SNR） and the wide intrinsic dead zone of the transducer. Processed results in the interface detection of a three layered adhesive sample of steel and rubber materials demonstrate that the wavelet filtering enhances the SNR about 12dB while the adaptive noise canceling narrows the dead zone effectively.     

Temperature Sensitivity Control and Mechanical Stress Effect of Boron-Doped Long-Period Fiber Gratings

We will present in this work the quantitative analysis of the relationship between the doping concentrations of GeO 2 and B 2 O 3 in the core and cladding regions and the temperature sensitivity of the resonance wavelength shift in long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). Based on this analysis, the temperature sensitivity was suppressed and enhanced to 0.002 nm/°C and 0.28 nm/°C, respectively. We will also discuss the effect of the residual mechanical stress on the optical and mechanical properties of LPFGs. In particular, we will present the measurement results of the dependence of the refractive index change and mechanical strength on the residual mechanical stress in the boron-doped fibers with depressed clad and matched clad.