Enhancement of heat transfer in compact heat exchanger by different type of rib with holographic interferometry

An experimental study was carried out to investigate enhancement of heat transfer in compact heat exchanger by keeping pressure drop constant in a given range. Two different test matrices, cylindrical and triangular, used to find the optimum ribs were compared with a smooth channel. The investigation was performed with both laminar and turbulent forced flow for Reynolds numbers from 250 to 7000. The geometric parameters, in order to satisfied manufacturer demands, were fixed at p/e=6.67 and the wall temperature was held constant at 50°C. The technique of holographic interferometry was used to determine the temperature distribution in the test duct. Velocity distribution was measured using laser doppler anemometer techniques. For comparison the technique of global measurement was also used. The results revealed that cylindrical ribs are optimum heat transfer for conversion of pressure drop. An 8% experimental error was found in global measurement compared to holographic interferometry.     

Supercritical convective motions in a cubic cavity

The article reports the results of an experimental investigation of the convective instability of air in a cubic cavity with a height of 4 cm, at whose horizontal boundaries there was set up a homogeneous distribution of the temperature, while, at the vertical boundaries, the temperature varied linearly from a maximal value at the lower horizontal boundary to a minimal value at the upper boundary. Differential thermocouples were installed inside the cavity, whose readings were used to record the development of convection and to determine the form of the convective motion and its intensity. A study is made of the effect of small angular deviations of the model from the position with which mechanical equilibrium is possible in the model.     

Non-Darcy free convective flow along a vertical cylinder embedded in a porous medium with surface mass flux

The nonsimilar non-Darcian free-convection flow about a vertical cylinder with impermeable surface embedded in a saturated porous medium, where surface temperature of the cylinder varies as x^m, a power function of distance from the leading edge, has been studied by employing the implicit finite-difference method together with the Newton's quasilinearization technique. In the present investigation, effects of the surface mass flux together with the inertial effects on the rate of heat transfer at the surface, on the velocity distribution, and on the temperature distribution are shown graphically.     

Experiments on the cooling by natural convection of an array of vertical heated plates with constant heat flux

This paper presents experimental results that aim to document the phenomenon of cooling by natural convection of an array of vertical plates with uniform and equal heat fluxes. The working fluid is air. The effect of several factors on the plate temperature distribution was determined. These factors are the spacing of the plates, the existence of a floorlike flow obstruction near the entrance of the vertical channel, and the existence of a ceilinglike flow obstruction near the exit of the vertical channel. In several cases, these factors had a paramount effect on the plate temperature distribution. Examined also was the impact on the effectiveness of the natural convection cooling of a second row of plates positioned under the row of plates under investigation in an aligned or a staggered fashion.     

Towards a real-time pneumatic tire performance prediction using an advanced tire-ice interface model

Icy road conditions and tire operational parameters play a vital role in determining the overall performance of a vehicle. This study builds on prior work in the researchers’ group. The Advanced Tire-Ice Interface Model (ATIIM) simulates the temperature rise in the contact patch based on the measured pressure distribution and the thermal properties of the tread compound and of the ice surface. It has the capability to simulate the height of the thin water film created from the melted ice, to predict the tractive performance, and to estimate the viscous friction due to the water layer and the influence of braking operations, including the locked wheel condition. The experimental investigation included measuring the bulk temperature distribution in the contact patch to validate the temperature rise simulations of the ATIIM. As shown by the simulations and the test data, a rise in temperature was observed from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the contact patch. As the wheel load increases, the difference in temperature rise increases, as also reflected in the experimental study. When the temperature difference was significant, a thin water film was observed that resulted in a reduction of friction, which was simulated using the ATIIM.     

弹体侵彻过程中装药温升的近似分析

对侵彻过程中内部装药轴向应力和变形进行理论分析,并考虑装药的弹塑性变形,得到轴向应力 和形变量沿着装药轴向分布函数,以内壁与装药摩擦生热和热传导为基础,得到装药温度的分布曲线、最高温 度在装药中的相对位置。计算结果表明,装药最高温升以及最高温升在装药中的位置与炸药的物性参数、装 药长度和过载最大值相关,临界装药长度可作为弹体装药设计的参考,计算结果为弹体侵彻过程中的装药设 计和安全性分析提供理论依据。     

Bifurcation of the Curved Panel in Supersonic Air Flow

采用Galerkin方法建立了超音速气流中二维曲壁板的非线性热气动弹性运动方程。用von Karman大变形理论来考虑曲壁板的大变形。用准定常的一阶活塞理论模拟曲壁板上表面受到的气动力。在不同来流速压和温升条件下,基于分岔理论研究了具有不同初始几何曲率的曲壁板系统对应的定常状态方程（组）的解的个数、性态和动态稳定性,并对方程（组）进行了解曲线的跟踪分析。研究表明,不同条件下,方程组的解特性不同,并且随着初始几何曲率和温升条件的变化,系统的失稳机理发生变化。超音速气流中的二维曲壁板系统存在动态Hopf分岔和静态鞍－结点分岔两种失稳现象,但不会发生热屈曲失稳。     

曲壁板在超音速气流中的分岔特性

采用Galerkin方法建立了超音速气流中二维曲壁板的非线性热气动弹性运动方程。用von Karman大变形理论来考虑曲壁板的大变形。用准定常的一阶活塞理论模拟曲壁板上表面受到的气动力。在不同来流速压和温升条件下,基于分岔理论研究了具有不同初始几何曲率的曲壁板系统对应的定常状态方程（组）的解的个数、性态和动态稳定性,并对方程（组）进行了解曲线的跟踪分析。研究表明,不同条件下,方程组的解特性不同,并且随着初始几何曲率和温升条件的变化,系统的失稳机理发生变化。超音速气流中的二维曲壁板系统存在动态Hopf分岔和静态鞍－结点分岔两种失稳现象,但不会发生热屈曲失稳。      

The conjugate heat transfer from an internal heated small strip in a forced laminar flow

 An asymptotic and numerical investigation was conducted for the cooling process, by a forced laminar flow, of a small strip with a non-uniform heat source. The nondimensional temperature distribution in the strip has been obtained as a function of the following parameters: (a) the intensity and distribution of the internal heat sources, (b) the aspect ratio of the strip, (c) the longitudinal heat conductance of the strip and (d) the Prandtl number of the fluid. Both the thermally thin as the thick wall approximations were considered in this paper. The total thermal energy or averaged temperature of the strip is found to decrease as the influence of the longitudinal heat conduction effects in the strip decreases in the thermally thin wall regime. After reaching a minimum, it increases again in the thermally thick wall regime. Received on 19 May 2000     

Experimental techniques in natural convection

Experimental techniques in natural convection heat transfer employed in the author's laboratory are introduced. The techniques are mostly related to visualization of flow, temperature field, and heat flux distribution in fluids. Three topics are presented, the first being natural convection in a horizontal rectangular liquid layer driven by surface tension and buoyancy. The patterns of flow were visualized by suspending fine aluminum flakes in the liquid. At the same time, the distribution of the temperature gradient in the liquid was visualized by an optical method making use of the refraction of light. The second topic is the onset of oscillatory convection in the Czochralski growth melt. In this case a forced flow due to rotation of the crystal and the vessel is superimposed on the buoyancy convection, resulting in an oscillatory flow under certain circumstances. The flow pattern and the temperature distribution in the liquid were visualized simultaneously by suspending in the liquid a microencapsulated temperature-sensitive liquid crystal. Periodical oscillation of the flow and the temperature was clearly recognized. The third topic is the rollover of double liquid layers that were stratified stably due to a density difference. A small-scale experiment was carried out to clarify the basic mechanism of rollover. The tracer method was used to visualize boundary layer flow along the vertical side wall and the shadowgraph technique to visualize the density distribution in the liquid layers. The article emphasizes the importance of visual observation in the investigation of natural convection phenomena.     

A numerical study on the absorption of water vapor into a film of aqueous LiBr falling along a vertical plate

Absorber is an important component in absorption machines and its characteristics have significant effects on the overall efficiency of absorption machines. This article reports a model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer process in absorption of refrigerant vapor into a lithium bromide solution of water––cooled vertical plate absorber in the Reynolds number range of 5 < Re < 150. The boundary layer assumptions were used for the transport of mass, momentum and energy equations and the fully implicit finite difference method was employed to solve the governing equations in the film flow. Dependence of lithium bromide aqueous properties to the temperature and concentration and film thickness to vapor absorption was employed. This model can predict temperature, concentration and properties of aqueous profiles as well as the absorption heat and mass fluxes, heat and mass transfer coefficients, Nusslet and Sherwood number of absorber. An analysis for linear distribution of wall temperature condition carries out to investigation the reliability of the present numerical method through comparing with previous investigation.     

An experimental and analytical investigation of the rail shear-test method as applied to composite materials

This report presents the results from an experimental and analytical investigation of the stress distributions occurring in a rail shear test. The effects of nonuniform stresses induced by differential thermal expansion, rail flexibility and specimen aspect ratio on measured shear modulus and ultimate strength of composite laminates are shown. A two-dimensional linearly elastic finite-element model was used to analytically determine how various geometric parameters influenced the magnitude and distribution of inplane normal and shear stresses in a tensile-rail-shear specimen. Rail shear tests were conducted at room temperature and 589 K (600°F) on selected graphite-polyimide composite laminates using two titanium rail configurations. The analysis and test methods are discussed, and the results of the effects of the various parameters on shear modulus and ultimate strength are presented.     

An icing physics study by using lifetime-based molecular tagging thermometry technique

An experimental investigation was conducted to quantify the unsteady heat transfer and phase changing process within small icing water droplets in order to elucidate underlying physics to improve our understanding of the important micro-physical process of icing phenomena. A novel, lifetime-based molecular tagging thermometry (MTT) technique was developed and implemented to achieve temporally-and-spatially resolved temperature distribution measurements to reveal the time evolution of the unsteady heat transfer and dynamic phase changing process within micro-sized water droplets in the course of icing process. It was found that, after a water droplet impinged onto a frozen cold surface, the liquid water at the bottom of the droplet would be frozen and turned to solid ice rapidly, while the upper portion of the droplet was still in liquid state. As the time goes by, the interface between the liquid phase water and solid phase ice was found to move upward continuously with more and more liquid water within the droplet turned to solid ice. Interestingly, the averaged temperature of the remaining liquid water within the small icing droplet was found to increase, rather than decrease, continuously in the course of icing process. The temperature increase of the remaining liquid water is believed to be due to the heat release of the latent heat during solidification process. The volume expansion of the water droplet during the icing process was found to be mainly upward to cause droplet height growth rather than radial to enlarge the contact area of the droplet on the test plate. As a result, the spherical-cap-shaped water droplet was found to turn to a prolate-spheroid-shaped ice crystal with cusp-like top at the end of the icing process. The required freezing time for the water droplets to turn to ice crystals completely was found to depend on the surface temperature of the test plate strongly, which would decrease exponentially as the surface temperature of the frozen cold test plate decreases.     

金刚石砂轮与花岗石摩擦界面能量传输特征的实验研究

研究了金刚石砂轮磨削过程中金刚石与花岗石摩擦界面的能量传输特征。用光纤辅助双色红外探测仪和三明治薄膜热电偶同时测量了磨削弧区的温度响应。通过将试验结果与解析结果进行拟合得到了传入工件的能量和传入工具的能量百分比。结果表明：用2种测温方法所得到的热量传输比例完全一致;在干磨削花岗石过程中,在摩擦界面上有60％－70％的能量传入金刚石砂轮。     

Effect of electrical conductivity of flow on current distribution in a magnetogasdynamic channel with allowance for the Hall effect

The effect of a magnetic field on the current distribution on a plane continuous anode situated opposite the cathode in a rectangular magnetogasdynamic channel with an external magnetic field was experimentally investigated. The distributions of the charged-particle density and the electron temperature near the outlet end of the electrodes were measured. The distribution of electrical conductivity in the flow was calculated. The electron density distribution along the channel is attributed to ambipolar diffusion of plasma to the walls. For an interpretation of the current distribution results, the method of integral relations in a linear approximation was used to solve the problem of a constant-velocity flow of a gas with variable electrical conductivity across a magnetic field in a plane magnetogasdynamic channel of constant cross section formed by electrodes of finite length and insulators. The Hall effect was taken into account. Experiments in which the effect of an external magnetic field on the current distribution on plane sectioned short electrodes in a magnetogasdynamic accelerator was investigated were described in [1]. In the present investigation, continuous long electrodes were used. These electrodes prevented the side effects due to coupling of the current to the ends of the electrode sections and helped to reveal some features of the current density distribution on the anode.     

Probability distribution and conditional averaging in turbulent flows

The results of an experimental investigation of the turbulence characteristics in the plane mixing layer and in the wake behind a cylinder are given. Measurements are made of the distribution of the velocity and temperature probabilities, the intermittency coefficient, and the conditionally averaged values of the square of the velocity and temperature derivatives.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 31–37, November–December, 1977.     

Temperature Distribution in the Spherical Shell of a Gauge-Alignment Spacecraft

A thermal model for the aluminized polymer shell of a gauge-alignment spacecraft was developed to calculate the steady-state temperature distribution of this shell at a fixed orientation to the Sun. A modified version of the model was used to analyze the quasistationary distribution of the shell temperature in the case of its rotation with a constant angular velocity about an axis perpendicular the direction to the Sun.     

Temperature and time influence in the stress freezing of the epoxy Hysol 4290

Disks of the photoelastic epoxy known as Hysol 4290 have been subjected to constant load at various temperature levels and the birefringence has been recorded as time elapsed (creep test). Also disks of the same material were loaded at the critical temperature and then cooled, each to a different temperature level and, after they reached thermal equilibrium, the loading was removed while the temperature was maintained constant (recovery test). The effect of time on the fringe value is given for both groups of tests using the temperature as a parameter. Finally, tensile specimens have been subjected to various loads at the critical temperature and fringe response and failure recorded. The results obtained may be useful for the design of experiments and, in some cases, to shorten the time required to conduct a three-dimensional photoelasticity investigation using the “freezing” method.     

Dynamic theory of a short hot wire normal to an incompressible airflow, constant resistance operation

The aim of the investigation was primarily the computation of the dynamical corrections on the static calibration curve. A brief account is given of the available analytical expressions for the heat transfer of a hot wire to the ambient airflow. The appropriate form is inserted in the small perturbation energy equation giving, with constant values of the characteristic parameters, a linear second order differential equation. A number of numerical examples was computed from the exact solution yielding the influence of frequency on the sensitivity and the temperature distribution along the wire. The analysis is supplemented by a short review of some complicating factors not included in the linear theory.     

Evaporation of laminar falling liquid film along an inclined wall

An analytical investigation of evaporation of laminar falling liquid film along an inclined wall is presented in this paper. The results for temperature distribution, local heat and mass Nusselt numbers and mass flow ratio are found to depend mainly on α, Pr and A_o. The other physical parameters igg, β and K are found to have only a mild effect on the results.