一种用于船舶吸附制冷系统的单元管设计与实验

基于前人提出的利用船舶内燃机排气废热的吸附式制冷系统系统的设计思想,文中致力于应用在吸附床中的单元冷管的研究,进行了一种用于船舶吸附式制冷系统的单元冷管的结构设计、工质对选择等,并实验分析和研究了添加可膨胀石墨的吸附单元冷管的循环特性,文中研究为今后的单元和系统设计提供了一定的实践指导。     

沸石─水系统吸附床动态特性的实验研究及其吸附特性的测定

沸石─水系统吸附床动态特性的实验研究及其吸附特性的测定林宏佐，曹丽萍，张建国，孙晗（北京工业大学热能系北京１０００２２）关键词：沸石，吸附性能，吸附量，吸附热一、前言早在七十年代，有人就提出利用固体吸附一脱附循环储存热能或制冷（或热泵）。吸附床的动态...     

COIL低温真空吸附床结构的改进

 压力恢复系统是氧碘化学激光器的重要组成部分。采用低温真空吸附系统作为氧碘化学激光器的压力恢复系统,吸附床的吸附性能决定着低温真空吸附系统的压力恢复性能。通过改变液氮在传热过程中的流动状态,改善液氮与吸附床之间的热交换效率。对两种不同结构吸附床的传热系数进行了计算及实验验证,结果表明:当液氮在传热过程中的流动状态由环状流变为泡状流时,可以很好地改善液氮与吸附床的传热效率。改进后的液氮与吸附床的传热系数提高了2.2倍,提高了吸附床的吸附性能。     

具有非平衡吸附特征的吸附床传热特性研究

吸附床是固体吸附制冷系统的关键部件,对于连续回热等快速进行的吸附制冷循环,吸附床内温度的变化及其压力交变对吸附特性的影响不可忽视。本文对吸附床在吸附、解吸过程中的温度场和吸附率分布进行了模拟计算,并将其与采用平衡吸附模型的计算结果进行了比较,文中比较及结论有助于深入认识吸附床在制冷循环中工作特性,并为吸附床的设计提供参考依据。     

吸附式热泵吸附床吸附解吸量对系统运行过程的影响

在吸附式热泵中,吸附床传热能力的限制,使得系统的运行过程受到了吸附床解吸吸附量的影响．本文通过对实验数据的分析,定性地了解了系统运行ｐ－ｔ－ｘ。图与吸附床解吸吸附量之间,吸附床的升降温曲线与吸附床解吸吸附量之间的关系．为系统运行中如何判断吸附解吸过程所进行的程度提供依据,同时也为系统循环周期与循环过程的优化创造条件。     

吸附制冷中化学吸附的滞后圈研究

文中通过对活性炭-氨以及氯化钙-氨的对比试验,对氯化钙-氨化学吸附的滞后圈进行了研究,结果表明, 化学吸附的滞后现象非常严重,已经超出了气-固吸附的Zigmondy、McBain以及Cohan模型所能解释的范围。对化学吸附的Claperon图进行研究,发现吸附床冷却及加热过程中存在着一段等压冷却以及加热过程,这两个过程与吸附滞后圈相对应。对此现象进行分析,结果表明化学吸附的滞后圈形成原因主要与络合物的稳定常数以及吸附特性相关。     

固化块状活性炭--甲醇的吸附性能实验分析

为提高固体吸附式制冷系统中吸附床的有效传热,本文提出了一种具有较高导热系数和较快吸附速度的固化块状活性炭,并对其物性和吸附性能进行实验研究.针对采用不同材料配比的块状活性炭,测试了活性炭-甲醇在吸附温度35℃,蒸发温度3～5℃条件下的吸附性能曲线,对比分析了粘结剂比例、固化密度及不同的床换热条件对吸附性能的影响,并由此给出了块状活性炭作吸附剂时的合适的粘结剂比例、固化密度、吸附制冷循环中的循环吸附量和循环时间.     

吸附制冷系统吸附床设计及导热性能研究

吸附式制冷是一种适合于太阳能、生物质能等低品位能源驱动的节能环保型制冷技术。以活性炭-甲醇工质对为研究对象,设计了一种带有分散到吸附剂中的矩形支管、刺孔膜片式吸附质管的壳管式吸附床,定性研究了扩散通量和扩散传质系数之间的关系及其传质特性;同时,通过分析吸附床的导热性能,进行了吸附质管制作材料(不锈钢、铝合金、铁皮)的导热性能测定试验。试验表明,铝合金材质(膨胀系数较大)的导热性能较好,可以作为吸附质管制作材料的最佳材质,有助于为促进吸附质的传质扩散、优化吸附床的结构设计及改进生产工艺等提供理论参考。     

吸附制冷用吸附单元管设计和传热传质性能研究

本文介绍了一种具有较好传热传质性能的吸附式制冷用吸附单元管,该吸附单元管直接用烟气加热、空气冷却, 可以用于沸石等高温吸附剂。该吸附单元管在加热／冷却流体侧和吸附剂侧均设了翅片,吸附剂内部的传热尺度不大于 2．5 mm,最大传质尺度不大于11 mm。通过数值计算和由吸附单元管组合而成的吸附床的性能初步试验,证明该结构形式的吸附单元管具有优良的传热传质性能。     

吸附式制冷的动态特性分析

以非平衡吸附模型为基础,计算了加热流体温度变化时,系统的性能系数COP以及单位质量吸附剂制冷功率SCP随时间的变化,结果表明加热流体温度变化对系统COP和SCP值有很大影响,并且影响相对滞后于加热流体温度的变化.计算结果也表明对于两吸附床的吸附式制冷系统,在稳定运行时,由于吸附床温度、吸附量不断变化、循环周期较长及封闭期影响,其瞬时性能也是不稳定的,如果采用三床交替循环,则可有效改善其瞬时性能的稳定性.     

垂直振动床中的能量传递与耗散

本文采用数值方法分析了一维垂直振动床内颗粒动能/温度、能量耗散以及体积分数的分布规律.离散元模拟结果表明:当床底做低频、小振幅振动时,床层内颗粒整体随床底上下运动,沿床高方向颗粒动能逐渐增加;对于高频振动,床层内的颗粒做无规则的运动,沿床高方向颗粒动能逐渐降低.在不同振动频率(高频、低频)下体积分数、能量耗散也表现出不同的分布规律.将离散元模拟结果与动力学理论计算值对比,当系统做高频振动时,两模型所得结果基本吻合;而对于低频、小振幅振动,所得结果存在较大差异.由于低频、小振幅振动时床内颗粒并非做无规则运动,动力学理论的适用性需进一步完善.     

Integrating 1D and 2D hydrodynamic,sediment transport model for dam-break flow using finite volume method

The purpose of this study is to set up a dynamically linked 1D and 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport models for dam break flow.The 1D-2D coupling model solves the generalized shallow water equations,the non-equilibrium sediment transport and bed change equations in a coupled fashion using an explicit finite volume method.It considers interactions among transient flow,strong sediment transport and rapid bed change by including bed change and variable flow density in the flow continuity and momentum equations.An unstructured Quadtree rectangular grid with local refinement is used in the 2D model.The intercell flux is computed by the HLL approximate Riemann solver with shock captured capability for computing the dry-to-wet interface for all models.The effects of pressure and gravity are included in source term in this coupling model which can simplify the computation and eliminate numerical imbalance between source and flux terms.The developed model has been tested against experimental and real-life case of dam-break flow over fix bed and movable bed.The results are compared with analytical solution and measured data with good agreement.The simulation results demonstrate that the coupling model is capable of calculating the flow,erosion and deposition for dam break flows in complicated natural domains.     

生物膜滴滤塔的废气净化效率

本文在生物膜滴滤塔废气净化的毛细管模型基础上,研究了气、液两相流量、填料的比表面积、孔隙率、生物膜覆盖率和甲苯进口浓度等参数对生物滴滤塔净化效率的影响。计算结果表明:随着气、液流量的增加,降解效率降低;当孔隙率一定,随着填料的比表面积增大,降解效率升高;当填料比表面积一定时,存在一个对应于最大净化效率的最佳孔隙率;生物膜覆盖率越大,净化效率也越高;随着甲苯进口浓度升高,净化效率降低;填料床越高,净化效率越高。     

Experimental investigation on the flame front resistance of gas channel growth with melt formation in iron ore sinter beds

The resistance of the flame front within the solid bed constitutes a fundamental and crucial area in porous bed combustion as the flame front propagation is highly related to the productivity and product quality. This paper focuses on the iron ore sintering, a thermal agglomeration process in steel mills. The results from a detailed experimental study of the pilot-scale pot tests under the conditions of a wide range of fuel rate are presented. The primary objective is to provide better understanding of the growth of gas channels relating to melt formation in the flame front and its resistance to flow. The sintering bed was divided into several zones based on the temperature profile and component distribution. Even though there is a continuous one-to-one replacement of humidified zone with porous sintered zone, a constant air flow rate during sintering could be obtained, indicating the ～100?mm high-temperature zone has a controlling effect on sintering bed permeability. The specific pressure drop value in high-temperature zone increases from ～3?kPa in upper bed to ～7?kPa in bottom bed, which varies with the bed temperature and structure properties. Both the green bed and sintered bed were scanned by X-ray computed tomography, the reconstruction and image analysis showed that the sintered bed has large gas channels and many more closed pores due to solid-melt-gas coalescence. More melt is generated when the heat is accumulated along the bed or input higher coke content, showing a propensity to suppress the gas channel growth and amplify the mismatch of gas transportation along the bed. Higher coke rate leads to a higher resistance in flame front, resulting in a slower flame front speed. These results are aimed to provide quantitative validation for improvements of a numerical sintering model in a future work.     

Effect of storage medium on thermal properties of packed beds

The present paper is concerned with studying the effects of storage medium properties on the thermal behaviour of packed beds during charging. A transient one-dimensional two-phase model is used to describe the temperature fields in the air and solid media constituting the bed. The numerical solution of the resulting two-coupled partial differential equations is obtained, and the variation of thermal energy stored with time is computed. Solutions are obtained for a wide range of storage media (the solid phase) properties, namely density, thermal conductivity and specific heat. The results show that increasing either the density or specific heat increases the rate and capacity of energy storage, and decreases the rate of temperature rise throughout the storage medium. On the other hand, increasing the thermal conductivity is found to markedly increase the rate of temperature rise and energy stored inside the bed up to a certain time during charging, beyond which this trend completely reverses. In addition, the thermal storage properties of aluminum, steel and rock-packed beds are computed and compared.     

Discrete vs. continuum-scale simulation of radiative transfer in semitransparent two-phase media

The mathematical formulation of the continuum approach to radiative transfer modeling in two-phase semi-transparent media is numerically validated by comparing radiative fluxes computed by (i) direct, discrete-scale and (ii) continuum-scale approaches. The analysis is based on geometrical optics. The discrete-scale approach uses the Monte Carlo ray-tracing applied directly to real 3D geometry measured by computed tomography. The continuum-scale approach is based on a set of continuum-scale radiative transfer equations and associated radiative properties, and employs the Monte Carlo ray-tracing for computations of radiative fluxes and for computations of the radiative properties. The model two-phase media are reticulate porous ceramics and a particle packed bed, each composed of semitransparent solid and fluid phases. The results obtained by the two approaches are in good agreement within the limits of statistical uncertainty. The continuum-scale approach leads to a reduction in computational time by approximately one order of magnitude, and is therefore suited to treat radiative transfer problems in two-phase media in a wide range of engineering applications.     

Simulation of a full-scale pressurized fluidized bed combustor by using semi-empirical pilot plant correlations

A model, based on semi-empirical correlations, was developed to simulate the behavior of a pressurized fluidized bed combustor (PFBC) under various operating conditions. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive survey of one-dimensional empirical correlations applicable to a PFBC and which were used to assemble a 1-D predictive model of the complete performance of a pressurized fluidized bed combustor. The model was adjusted in order to reproduce process and in-bed data taken at Escatrón PFBC power station (Spain) under a wide range of operating conditions. The novelty of this approach lies in the use of full-scale information to validate empirical correlations, the objective being to draw specific conclusions on the reliability of empirical PFBC modeling. The model was validated using experimental power plant data. Good agreement was found between the computed results and actual plant data of bed temperature profiles, bed density, char and sorbent elutriation, fuel feed rate, in-bed and entrainment particle size distributions, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, heat transfer coefficients along the combustor height and heat transfer to the tube bundles under different operational regimes. This paper describes the model, as well as its results, validation and prospects for future work.     

Numerical simulation of the continuous operation of a tribo-aero-electrostatic separator for mixed granular solids

Numerical simulation has proved to be a powerful tool in the research and development of new electrostatic processes. In a previous paper, the authors have introduced a simple mathematical model for simulating the outcome of a novel tribo-aero-electrostatic separation process for binary mixtures of granular materials. The mathematical model assumed that the probability of a granule to be separated can be expressed as a function of the number of impacts with granules belonging to the other class of materials. The process is characterized by the fact that the charging of the granules is produced in a fluidized bed device, in the presence of an electric field. The aim of the present paper is to simulate the continuous operation of such a device at various feed rates. The evolution in time of the mass of granules collected at the electrodes has been computed for various compositions of the granular mixture. The effect of the walls was taken into account. The computed results were in good agreement with the experiments. They demonstrate that open-loop continuous operation of the separator is possible for a range of feed-rates that depends on the composition of the materials to be separated.     

Metachronal propulsion of non-Newtonian viscoelastic mucus in an axisymmetric tube with ciliated walls

Cilia-induced flow of viscoelastic mucus through an idealized two-dimensional model of the human trachea is presented.The cilia motion is simulated by a metachronal wave pattern which enables the mobilization of highly viscous mucus even at nonzero Reynolds numbers.The viscoelastic mucus is analyzed with the upper convected Maxwell viscoelastic formulation which features a relaxation time and accurately captures normal stress generation in shear flows.The governing equations are transformed from fixed to wave(laboratory)frame with appropriate variables and resulting differential equations are perturbed about wave number.The trachea is treated as an axisymmetric ciliated tube.Radial and axial distributions in axial velocity are calculated via the regular perturbation method and pressure rise is computed with numerical integration using symbolic software MATHEMATICA^‘TM’.The influence of selected parameters which is cilia length,and Maxwell viscoelastic material parameter i.e.relaxation time for prescribed values of wave number are visualized graphically.Pressure rise is observed to increase considerably with elevation in both cilia length and relaxation time whereas the axial velocity is markedly decelerated.The simulations provide some insight into viscous-dominated cilia propulsion of rheological mucus and also serve as a benchmark for more advanced modeling.     

流化床焚烧炉中颗粒扩散特性理论研究

本文建立了流化床焚烧炉中粒子扩散方程,通过求解方程,得到了鼓泡床和内旋流床中颗粒扩散特性,并与试验结果进行了对比,两者符合较好。结果表明鼓泡床横向扩散能力较差,而内旋流床有很好的横向扩散特性,非常有利于废弃物在床内的快速扩散。