超快电子衍射仪理论及实验研究

研制一套同时具有时间分辨及空间分辨能力的超快电子衍射(UED)系统,理论时间分辨能力达到300 fs,空间分辨能力160 lp/mm,并对该系统进行了静态性能分析。实验表明,优化后系统电子束直径约为300 m,电子打靶角度约为0.09,同时对x和y偏转板的灵敏度、电子束斑尺寸及位置稳定性进行定量分析,利用该系统进行多晶铝膜电子衍射实验,分析衍射图样表明系统最小可以分辨单个晶格间距的0.36%。     

How to realize an ultrafast electron diffraction experiment with a terahertz pump: A theoretical study

To integrate a terahertz pump into an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiment has attracted much attention due to its potential to initiate and detect the structural dynamics both directly. However, the deflection of the electron probe by the electromagnetic field of the terahertz pump alters the incident angle of the electron probe on the sample, impeding it from recording structural information afterwards. In this article, we studied this issue by a theoretical simulation of the terahertz-induced deflection effect on the electron probe, and came up with several possible schemes to reduce such effect. As a result, a terahertz-pump-electron-probe UED experiment with a temporal resolution comparable to the terahertz period is realized. We also found that MeV UED was more suitable for such terahertz pump experiment.     

超紧凑型飞秒电子衍射仪的设计

由于空间电荷效应的限制,产生百飞秒的极短电子脉冲是超快电子衍射技术的一大难点.同时,电子的穿透深度随着电子能量的增加而增加,而电子的散射几率却具有相反的规律.因而,除了时间分辨的提升,还需要可宽范围调节的电子能量以优化不同厚度样品对其的需求.基于此,提出并设计了一种新型超紧凑电子枪,结合均匀场阴极和可移动阳极的配置,可在10-125 kV加速电压范围内实现100 fs量级时间分辨率.通过优化设计高压电极轮廓,使得其轴上和整个阴极面的场增强因子在不同阴阳极间距下均小于约4%,从而保证了不同加速电压下最大轴上场强均可达10 MV/m量级,有效地抑制了电子脉冲的展宽效应;进一步将阳极小孔设计成可放置致密电镜载网的阶梯孔,一方面可将载网支撑的样品紧贴小孔后方放置,最大程度上缩短了电子从阴极到样品的时间弥散,同时也可以有效地减弱阳极孔对电子束的散焦效应,提升电子束的横向聚焦性能.     

Compressing ultrafast electron pulse by radio frequency cavity

An ultrafast electron diffraction technique with both high temporal and spatial resolution has been shown to be a powerful tool to observe the material transient structural change on an atomic scale.The space charge forces in a multi-electron bunch will greatly broaden the electron pulse width,and therefore limit the temporal resolution of the high brightness electron pulse.Here in this work,we design an ultrafast electron diffraction system,and utilize a radio frequency cavity to realize the ultrafast electron pulse compression.We experimentally demonstrate that the stretched electron pulse width of14.98 ps with an electron energy of 40 keV and the electron number of 1.0 ×10~5 can be maximally compressed to about0.61 ps for single-pulse measurement and 2.48 ps for multi-pulse measurement by using a 3.2-GHz radiofrequency cavity.We also theoretically and experimentally analyze the parameters influencing the electron pulse compression efficiency for single-and multi-pulse measurements by considering radiofrequency field time jitter,electron pulse time jitter and their relative time jitter.We suggest that increasing the electron energy or shortening the distance between the compression cavity and the streak cavity can further improve the electron pulse compression efficiency.These experimental and theoretical results are very helpful for designing the ultrafast electron diffraction experiment equipment and compressing the ultrafast electron pulse width in a future study.     

超快电子衍射系统的时间空间分辨能力研究及其优化

超快电子衍射技术是研究物质瞬态结构变化及超快结构动力学的有效手段.研制了国内第一套同时具有超快时间分辨及超高空间分辨能力的超快电子衍射系统,并研究了在该超快电子衍射系统上实现超快时间分辨及超高空间分辨能力的技术手段及其优化方法.实验结果表明：经过优化后该系统可以具有优于500 fs的时间分辨能力,其空间分辨能力达到0.04%的衍射峰位置变化,对应的晶面变化为0.0005?.该系统可以为实时测量超快光脉冲激发的物质瞬态结构变化,特别是为研究晶体材料的超快动力学行为提供了强有力的实验工具. 关键词： 超快电子衍射 空间分辨 时间分辨     

用超快电子衍射技术研究Al薄膜的超快动力学行为

超快电子衍射（UED）技术因其同时具有亚皮秒的时间分辨和亚毫埃的空间分辨能力,成为研究物质瞬态结构变化,特别是研究晶格材料超快动力学的有力工具.应用国内首台自行研制的UED系统,我们实时测量了超快激光脉冲激发下,20 nm金属Al多晶薄膜产生的相干声子和晶格热运动.实验结果显示,在晶格热运动加剧的同时,热应力的作用使晶格产生了相干振荡,并最终膨胀达到新的平衡位置.实验中测得的振荡周期以及晶格上升的温度与理论计算的结果符合较好,展示了UED技术在超快晶格动力学研究方面的广阔应用前景 关键词： 超快电子衍射 相干声子 晶格热运动     

Bunch evolution study in optimization of MeV ultrafast electron diffraction

Megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a promising detection tool for ultrafast processes. The quality of diffraction image is determined by the transverse evolution of the probe bunch. In this paper, we study the contributing terms of the emittance and space charge effects to the bunch evolution in the MeV UED scheme, employing a mean-field model with an ellipsoidal distribution as well as particle tracking simulation. The small transverse dimension of the drive laser is found to be critical to improve the reciprocal resolution, exploiting both smaller emittance and larger transverse bunch size before the solenoid. The degradation of the reciprocal spatial resolution caused by the space charge effects should be carefully controlled.     

Bunch evolution study in optimization of Me V ultrafast electron diffraction

Megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction（UED） is a promising detection tool for ultrafast processes.The quality of diffraction image is determined by the transverse evolution of the probe bunch. In this paper, we study the contributing terms of the emittance and space charge effects to the bunch evolution in the MeV UED scheme, employing a mean-field model with an ellipsoidal distribution as well as particle tracking simulation. The small transverse dimension of the drive laser is found to be critical to improve the reciprocal resolution, exploiting both smaller emittance and larger transverse bunch size before the solenoid. The degradation of the reciprocal spatial resolution caused by the space charge effects should be carefully controlled.     

超快电子衍射装置的束流能量反馈控制

上海交通大学的超快电子衍射（UED）装置由一台电子直线加速器作为驱动,电子枪为一台光阴极微波电子枪。加速器在运行中电子枪会偶尔打火,腔体失谐,造成束流损失,束流能量产生变化,束流需要很长时间才能恢复到初始状态,影响了用户的使用。为此,对低电平控制器（LLRF）的幅度相位控制环路进行了改进,增加了能量反馈,代替了幅度反馈,通过对束流的中心位置进行实时的反馈以控制低电平控制器输出信号的幅度,保证了电子束流的能量稳定和电子枪加速场强的稳定。长时间的稳定性测试表明,电子枪在打火产生时,束流能量可以很快恢复,能量抖动由4.293 3×10⁻⁴（RMS）提高到2.855 7×10⁻⁴（RMS）,实现了束流能量的长期稳定。     

Improved method for studying the propagation dynamics of ultrafast electron pulses based on mean-field models

We have studied the propagation dynamics of ultrafast electron pulses by using an improved mean-field model, in which the propagation of the electron pulses across the boundary of the acceleration region is explicitly considered. A large decrease in the speed spread of the electron pulses(we called "boundary kick") is observed and properly treated leading to a significant improvement in the simulation accuracy, particularly when the density of electrons is very large. We show that our method is consistent with the simulation by the N-particle method, while others can introduce factorial error.     

超快电子衍射仪理论及实验研究

研制一套同时具有时间分辨及空间分辨能力的超快电子衍射(UED)系统,理论时间分辨能力达到300 fs,空间分辨能力160 lp/mm,并对该系统进行了静态性能分析。实验表明,优化后系统电子束直径约为300 m,电子打靶角度约为0.09,同时对x和y偏转板的灵敏度、电子束斑尺寸及位置稳定性进行定量分析,利用该系统进行多晶铝膜电子衍射实验,分析衍射图样表明系统最小可以分辨单个晶格间距的0.36%。     

高相干超快电子源研究进展

以原子级时空分辨监测物质的动力学行为并从最根本层面理解自然界中的微观基本过程一直是飞秒物理、飞秒化学以及飞秒生物学研究的目标.时间分辨电子衍射巧妙地结合了抽运-探测技术和电子衍射技术,可实现直接"观察"和"冻结"类似的超快过程.然而,目前常用的超快电子探针的横向相干性仍受到电子源的初始尺寸、有效温度、能量弥散以及电子间固有库仑排斥的限制,还很难分辨化学和生物相关的复杂有机分子.近年来大量研究工作都集中在发展高相干的超短电子源,其不仅对时间分辨电子衍射研究起到推动作用,也将极大地促进超快电子显微镜、相干衍射成像以及叠层成像等的发展.本综述以相干性为主线,介绍了几种常用平面阴极光电发射源的研究进展,并从产生机理、独有特性和实验成果方面讨论了尖端发射源和冷原子电子源这两类新型的高相干超快电子源,最后对衍射技术的相干性发展和未来应用进行了展望.     

四维超快电子衍射及显微成像：机遇与挑战

随着近年来超快电子衍射和电子显微镜的发展,一个崭新的结构动力学时代即将到来,这对中国和世界都是一个令人激动的时刻,同时也意味着巨大的机遇。本文将介绍该项新技术的最新进展,以及从物理、化学到生物方面的最新突破。各种机遇和挑战也将会在报告中提到。     

Radio-frequency compressed electron pulse-width characterization by cross-correlation between electron bunches and laser-induced plasma

A method is proposed to determine the temporal width of high-brightness radio-frequency compressed electron pulses based on cross-correlation technique involving electron bunches and laser-induced plasma. The temporal evolution of 2-dimensional transverse profile of ultrafast electron bunches repelled by the formed transient electric field of laser-induced plasma on a silver needle is investigated, and the pulse-width can be obtained by analyzing these time-dependent images.This approach can characterize radio-frequency compressed ultrafast electron bunches with picosecond or sub-picosecond timescale and up to 105 electron numbers.     

光合作用原初过程能量和电荷超快传递过程原理浅析

文章侧重于从物理的角度,介绍光合作用原初过程中能量和电荷超快传递过程的相关物理化学原理,如费米黄金规则,Frster及Dexter传能机制,Marcus电荷转移理论及激子理论.辨析相关原理的适用范围、共性及差异,并力图在上述相关原理的基础上阐述光合膜蛋结构与功能的关系,勾画出该研究方向的基本脉络.     

超快电子衍射技术及其应用

时间和空间上实时观测原子运动对于自然科学研究有着非常重大的意义, 而超快电子衍射(UED)技术同时具备飞秒激光脉冲的高时间分辨特性和电子衍射技术的高空间特性, 可以为实时观测原子级分辨尺度物质的结构变化提供一种有效工具. 本文综述了超快电子衍射技术的发展历史、实验方法以及相关应用, 并且展望了超快电子衍射技术未来的发展.     

Propagation of ultrafast pulses in the anomalous-dispersion regime of silicon-on-insulator strip nanowaveguides

The dynamic evolution of ultrafast high-intensity pulses with a 100 fs half-width at 1/e intensity point based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) strip nanowaveguides is considered and investigated numerically under the condition of anomalous group-velocity dispersion (GVD) regime. For ultrafast high-intensity pulses propagating in millimeter-long SOI nanowaveguides, the interplay between the dispersion and nonlinear effects such as the two-photon absorption, free-carrier absorption, free-carrier dispersion, and self-phase modulation has to be taken into account, which results in the significant optical wave breaking phenomenon that occurs near the pulse leading edge for an unchirped Gaussian pulse in the anomalous GVD regime. However, when the input Gaussian pulse with linear up-chirp is introduced, the position of the optical wave breaking shifts from the leading pulse edge to its trailing edge along the several millimeters-long SOI nanowaveguides.     

Dynamics of Self-Organized and Self-Assembled Structures,by Rashmi C. Desai and Raymond Kapral

The arrival of the first hard X-ray free electron laser facilities promises new advances in structural dynamics and nanoscale imaging that will have impact across the sciences. This introductory review is intended to cover the basic physics behind this potential and illustrate the current state-of-the-art by discussing a number of recent findings from the LCLS facility at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre (SLAC). We concentrate on the new science using these light sources rather than the new light source technology itself, although a brief introduction to the operation of LCLS is given. Emphasis is placed upon the new regime of high intensity X-ray matter interaction physics with ultrashort X-ray pulses. We discuss how the unique combination of X-ray parameters will open new opportunities for time resolved structural studies and how the high brightness enables a new class of coherent diffraction X-ray imaging. The potential importance of this new imaging method in the study of nanostructures and biological systems at the sub-cellular and molecular level will be outlined.     

Femtosecond opto‐magnetism: ultrafast laser manipulation of magnetic materials

This review summarizes the recent progress in the study of ultrafast nonthermal effects of light on magnetic materials. It is demonstrated that due to opto‐magnetic phenomena an intense 100 fs circularly polarized laser pulse acts on the spins similar to an equivalently short effective magnetic field pulse up to 1 T. The review shows that using such opto‐magnetic phenomena one may selectively excite different modes of magnetic resonance, realize quantum control of magnons, trigger magnetic phase transitions and switch spins on a subpicosecond time‐scale. All these findings open new insights into the understanding of ultrafast magnetic excitation and, considering recent progress in the development of compact ultrafast lasers, may provide new prospects for applications of ultrafast opto‐magnetic phenomena in magnetic storage and information processing technology.     

Multiple collisions in crystal high-order harmonic generation

We theoretically investigate high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in crystals induced by linearly polarized laser fields. We obtain the HHG spectra by solving the semiconductor Bloch equations and analyze the radiation process by different models. Here we propose a multiple collision model, in which the electrons and holes are produced at different times and places. It is found that the multiple collision trajectories can help us comprehensively and better explain the results of the quantum calculation. Moreover, we find that the harmonic suppression occurs due to the overlap of multiple collision trajectories.