超导量子计算核心器件

算力是数字经济时代新的生产力。量子计算基于量子力学的规律进行计算,人们普遍相信它可以在不久的将来在某些问题上完成经典计算机所无法完成的计算任务,实现量子优越性。作为最有可能实现通用量子计算的平台之一,以约瑟夫森结为核心元件的超导量子比特,在量子控制和量子测量方面具有稳定、可靠、便于设计和扩展等独特的优势,受到科学界甚至产业界的广泛关注,正在高速发展。文章围绕约瑟夫森结这一具有非线性和无耗散特征的超导量子器件,阐述了超导量子比特的基本原理及结构特征,重点介绍超导量子芯片设计、加工方面的前沿进展,并对未来发展方向进行简单的展望。     

Resonant interaction scheme for GHZ state preparation and quantum phase gate with superconducting qubits in a cavity

A scheme is proposed to generate GHZ state and realize quantum phase gate for superconducting qubits placed in a microwave cavity. This scheme uses resonant interaction between the qubits and the cavity mode, so that the interaction time is short, which is important in view of decoherence. In particular, the phase gate can be realized simply with a single interaction between the qubits and the cavity mode. With cavity decay being considered, the fidelity and success probability are both very close to unity.     

Nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation with optimal control on superconducting circuits

Quantum gates, which are the essential building blocks of quantum computers, are very fragile. Thus, to realize robust quantum gates with high fidelity is the ultimate goal of quantum manipulation. Here, we propose a nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation scheme on superconducting circuits to engineer arbitrary quantum gates, which share both the robust merit of geometric phases and the capacity to combine with optimal control technique to further enhance the gate robustness. Specifically, in our proposal, arbitrary geometric single-qubit gates can be realized on a transmon qubit, by a resonant microwave field driving, with both the amplitude and phase of the driving being timedependent. Meanwhile, nontrivial two-qubit geometric gates can be implemented by two capacitively coupled transmon qubits, with one of the transmon qubits’ frequency being modulated to obtain effective resonant coupling between them. Therefore, our scheme provides a promising step towards fault-tolerant solid-state quantum computation.     

Two-dimensional lattice gauge theories with superconducting quantum circuits

A quantum simulator of U(1)$U\left(1\right)$ lattice gauge theories can be implemented with superconducting circuits. This allows the investigation of confined and deconfined phases in quantum link models, and of valence bond solid and spin liquid phases in quantum dimer models. Fractionalized confining strings and the real-time dynamics of quantum phase transitions are accessible as well. Here we show how state-of-the-art superconducting technology allows us to simulate these phenomena in relatively small circuit lattices. By exploiting the strong non-linear couplings between quantized excitations emerging when superconducting qubits are coupled, we show how to engineer gauge invariant Hamiltonians, including ring-exchange and four-body Ising interactions. We demonstrate that, despite decoherence and disorder effects, minimal circuit instances allow us to investigate properties such as the dynamics of electric flux strings, signaling confinement in gauge invariant field theories. The experimental realization of these models in larger superconducting circuits could address open questions beyond current computational capability.     

利用超导量子电路模拟拓扑量子材料

近年来,探索新的拓扑量子材料、研究拓扑材料的新奇物理性质成为凝聚态物理领域的一个热点.但是,由于合成、测量等手段的限制,人们难以在真实材料中实现和观测很多理论预言的材料及其物理性质,促使量子模拟日益成为研究量子多体系统的一个重要手段.作为全固态器件,超导量子电路是一个在扩展性、集成性、调控性上都具有巨大优势的人工量子系统,是实现量子模拟的重要方案.本文总结了利用超导量子电路对时间-空间反演对称性保护的拓扑半金属、Hopf-link半金属和Maxwell半金属等拓扑材料的量子模拟,显示出超导量子电路在模拟凝聚态物理系统方面具有广阔前景.     

Transfer of quantum entangled states between superconducting qubits and microwave field qubits

Transferring entangled states between matter qubits and microwave-field (or optical-field) qubits is of fundamental interest in quantum mechanics and necessary in hybrid quantum information processing and quantum communication. We here propose a way for transferring entangled states between superconducting qubits (matter qubits) and microwave-field qubits. This proposal is realized by a system consisting of multiple superconducting qutrits and microwave cavities. Here, „qutrit” refers to a three-level quantum system with the two lowest levels encoding a qubit while the third level acting as an auxiliary state. In contrast, the microwave-field qubits are encoded with coherent states of microwave cavities. Because the third energy level of each qutrit is not populated during the operation, decoherence from the higher energy levels is greatly suppressed. The entangled states can be deterministically transferred because measurement on the states is not needed. The operation time is independent of the number of superconducting qubits or microwave-field qubits. In addition, the architecture of the circuit system is quite simple because only a coupler qutrit and an auxiliary cavity are required. As an example, our numerical simulations show that high-fidelity transfer of entangled states from two superconducting qubits to two microwave-field qubits is feasible with present circuit QED technology. This proposal is quite general and can be extended to transfer entangled states between other matter qubits (e.g., atoms, quantum dots, and NV centers) and microwave- or optical-field qubits encoded with coherent states.     

Shortcut-based quantum gates on superconducting qubits in circuit QED

Construction of optimal gate operations is significant for quantum computation. Here an efficient scheme is proposed for performing shortcut-based quantum gates on superconducting qubits in circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED). Two four-level artificial atoms of Cooper-pair box circuits, having sufficient level anharmonicity, are placed in a common quantized field of circuit QED and are driven by individual classical microwaves. Without the effect of cross resonance, one-qubit NOT gate and phase gate in a decoupled atom can be implemented using the invariant-based shortcuts to adiabaticity. With the assistance of cavity bus, a one-step SWAP gate can be obtained within a composite qubit-photon-qubit system by inversely engineering the classical drivings. We further consider the gate realizations by adjusting the microwave fields. With the accessible decoherence rates, the shortcut-based gates have high fidelities. The present strategy could offer a promising route towards fast and robust quantum computation with superconducting circuits experimentally.     

Programmable quantum processor implemented with superconducting circuit

A quantum processor might execute certain computational tasks exponentially faster than a classical processor. Here, using superconducting quantum circuits we design a powerful universal quantum processor with the structure of symmetric all-to-all capacitive connection. We present the Hamiltonian and use it to demonstrate a full set of qubit operations needed in the programmable universal quantum computations. With the device the unwanted crosstalk and ZZ-type couplings between qubits can be effectively suppressed by tuning gate voltages, and the design allows efficient and high-quality couplings of qubits. Within available technology,the scheme may enable a practical programmable universal quantum computer.     

基于金刚石氮-空位色心自旋系综与超导量子电路混合系统的量子节点纠缠

量子纠缠是实现量子计算和量子通信的核心基础,本文提出了在金刚石氮-空位色心(NV centers)自旋系综与超导量子电路耦合的混合系统中实现两个分离量子节点之间纠缠的理论方案.在该混合系统中,把金刚石NV centers自旋系综和与之耦合的超导共面谐振器视为一个量子节点,两个量子节点之间通过一个空的超导共面谐振器连接.具有较长相干时间的NV centers自旋系综作为一个量子存储器,用于制备、存储和发送量子信息;易于外部操控的超导量子电路可执行量子逻辑门操作,快速调控量子信息.为了实现两个分离量子节点之间的纠缠,首先对系统的哈密顿量进行正则变换,将其等价为两个NV centers自旋系综与同一个超导共面谐振器之间的JC耦合;然后采用NV centers自旋-光子混合比特编码的方式,通过调节超导共面谐振器的谐振频率,精确控制体系演化时间,高保真度地实现了两个分离量子节点之间的量子纠缠.本方案还可以进一步扩展和集成,用于构建多节点纠缠的分布式量子网络.     

Distributed quantum computation with superconducting qubit via LC circuit using dressed states

A scheme is proposed where two superconducting qubits driven by a classical field interacting separately with two distant LC circuits connected by another LC circuit through mutual inductance,are used for implementing quantum gates.By using dressed states,quantum state transfer and quantum entangling gate can be implemented.With the help of the time-dependent electromagnetic field,any two dressed qubits can be selectively coupled to the data bus (the last LC circuit),then quantum state can be transferred from one dressed qubit to another and multi-mode entangled state can also be formed.As a result,the promising perspectives for quantum information processing of mesoscopic superconducting qubits are obtained and the distributed and scalable quantum computation can be implemented in this scheme.     

超导量子计算系统中的容错技术

随着超导系统中的量子控制技术日益成熟,量子纠错技术也在不断发展。最近,已有一些平台实现了超越量子纠错盈亏平衡点的里程碑式突破。然而,要实现最终目标——容错量子计算,仍需要拓展系统的维度并进一步压制噪声。文章以超导量子系统为例,首先介绍了四种实现容错错误症状测量的思路;以此为基础,讨论了实现容错量子计算的三个关键阶段以及各阶段所面临的挑战,包括超越盈亏平衡点、达到容错阈值和实现完备逻辑门操作。为了实现这些目标,将按照连通性从低到高归纳三种可能的拓展系统规模的方案。此外,还总结了实验上纠错技术的进展以及对连通性的探索,最后讨论当前关键的研究问题。     

Spin dynamics of magnetic resonance with parametric modulation in a potassium vapor cell

A typical magnetic-resonance scheme employs a static bias magnetic field and an orthogonal driving magnetic field oscillating at the Larmor frequency, at which the atomic polarization precesses around the static magnetic field. Here we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally the variations of the resonance condition and the spin precession dynamics resulting from the parametric modulation of the bias field. We show that the driving magnetic field with the frequency detuned by different harmonics of the parametric modulation frequency can lead to resonance as well. Also, a series of frequency sidebands centered at the driving frequency and spaced by the parametric modulation frequency can be observed in the precession of the atomic polarization. We further show that the resonant amplitudes of the sidebands can be controlled by varying the ratio between the amplitude and the frequency of the parametric modulation. These effects could be used in different atomic magnetometry applications.     

Hard-core Hall tube in superconducting circuits

The Hall tube as a minimum model to simulate the integer quantum Hall effect is essential for exploring topological physics, while it has not been constructed in the recent developing successfully experiments on superconducting circuits. In this work, we propose a feasible experiment scheme using three legs superconducting circuits with transmon qubits to realize a Hall tube. Then we first investigate its topological properties. Since the time-reversal, particle-hole, and chiral symmetries are all broken for the system, the Hall tube belongs to the A class of the Altland-Zirnbauer classification. We obtain the corresponding topological phase transition both numerically and analytically. Since the chirality is a key character of the quantum Hall effect, we secondly investigate the chiral physics in the Hall tube. We find the topological protected chiral edge currents and discuss its robustness. Finally, we give the possible experimental observations of the topological state and topological protected chiral edge currents.     

基于SQUIDs和腔场相互作用传送量子信息的方案

本文提出了一个基于SQUIDs和腔场的大失谐相互作用传送量子信息的方案,此方案可以直接地、百分之百地实现量子信息的传送.该方案中腔场和SQUIDs系统之间没有量子信息的传递,腔场只是虚激发,这样对腔的品质因子的要求大大的降低了.同时也可以在SQUIDs之间建立传送量子信息的量子网络.     

基于量子催化的离散调制连续变量量子密钥分发

相比于离散变量量子密钥分发,连续变量量子密钥分发虽然具备更高的安全码率等优势,但是在安全传输距离上却略有不足.尽管量子催化的运用对高斯调制连续变量量子密钥分发协议的性能,尤其在安全传输距离方面有着显著的提升,然而能否用来改善离散调制协议的性能却仍然未知.鉴于上述分析,本文提出了一种基于量子催化的离散调制协议的方案,试图在安全密钥率、安全传输距离和最大可容忍过噪声方面进一步提升协议性能.研究结果表明,在相同参数下,当优化量子催化引入的透射率T,相比于原始四态调制协议,所提方案能够有效地提升量子密钥分发的性能.特别是,对于可容忍过噪声为0.002,量子催化可将安全通信距离突破300 km,密钥率为10^-8bits/pulse,而过大的可容忍噪声会抑制量子催化对协议性能的改善效果.此外,为了彰显量子催化的优势,本文给出了点对点量子通信的最终极限Pirandola-Laurenza-Ottaviani-Banchi边界,仿真结果表明,虽然原始方案与所提方案都未能突破这种边界,但是相比于前者,后者能够在远距离通信上逼近于这种边界,这为实现全球量子安全通信的最终目标提供理论依据.     

Observation of the exceptional point in superconducting qubit with dissipation controlled by parametric modulation

Open physical systems described by the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian with parity-time-reversal(PT) symmetry show peculiar phenomena, such as the presence of an exceptional point(EP) at which the PT symmetry is broken and two resonant modes of the Hamiltonian become degenerate. Near the EP, the system could be more sensitive to external perturbations and this may lead to enhanced sensing. In this paper, we present experimental results on the observation of PT symmetry broken transition and the EP using a tunable superconducting qubit. The quantum system of investigation is formed by the two levels of the qubit and the energy loss of the system to the environment is controlled by a method of parametric modulation of the qubit frequency. This method is simple with no requirements for additional elements or qubit device modifications. We believe it can be easily implemented on multi-qubit devices that would be suitable for further exploration of non-Hermitian physics in more complex and diverse systems.     

III–V quantum devices and circuits based on nanoscale Schottky gate control of hexagonal quantum wire networks

The concept, the present status, key issues and future prospects of a novel hexagonal binary decision diagram (BDD) quantum circuit approach for III–V quantum large-scale integrated circuits (QLSIs) are presented and discussed. In this approach, the BDD logic circuits are implemented on III–V semiconductor-based hexagonal nanowire networks controlled by nanoscale Schottky gates. The hexagonal BDD QLSIs can operate at delay-power products near the quantum limit in the quantum regime as well as in the many-electron classical regime. To demonstrate the feasibility of the present approach, GaAs Schottky wrap gate (WPG)-based single-electron BDD node devices and their integrated circuits were fabricated and their proper operations were confirmed. Selectively grown InGaAs sub-10 nm quantum wires and their hexagonal networks have been investigated to form high-density hexagonal BDD QLSIs operating in the quantum regime at room temperature.     

Measuring Loschmidt echo via Floquet engineering in superconducting circuits

The Loschmidt echo is a useful diagnostic for the perfection of quantum time-reversal process and the sensitivity of quantum evolution to small perturbations. The main challenge for measuring the Loschmidt echo is the time reversal of a quantum evolution. In this work, we demonstrate the measurement of the Loschmidt echo in a superconducting 10-qubit system using Floquet engineering and discuss the imperfection of an initial Bell-state recovery arising from the next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) coupling present in the qubit device. Our results show that the Loschmidt echo is very sensitive to small perturbations during quantum-state evolution, in contrast to the quantities like qubit population that is often considered in the time-reversal experiment. These properties may be employed for the investigation of multiqubit system concerning many-body decoherence and entanglement, etc., especially when devices with reduced or vanishing NNN coupling are used.     

约瑟夫森器件中的宏观量子现象及超导量子计算

超导体中的电子结成库珀对，凝聚到可以用一个宏观波函数来描绘的能量基态，该波函数的位相是代表了成百万库珀对集体运动的宏观变量．以约瑟夫森结为基础元件的超导约瑟夫森器件，使人们能够控制并测量一个超导体的位相和库珀对数目，因此是研究宏观量子现象的理想系统．文章回顾了约瑟夫森器件中的宏观量子现象研究的发展历程，介绍了当前超导约瑟夫森器件在量子计算中的重要应用，并对它们的未来作了简要的展望．     

Characterization of topological phase of superlattices in superconducting circuits

The recent experimental observation of topological magnon insulator states in a superconducting circuit chain marks a breakthrough for topological physics with qubits, in which a dimerized qubit chain has been realized. Here, we extend such a dimer lattice to superlattice with arbitrary number of qubits in each unit cell in superconducting circuits, which exhibits rich topological properties. Specifically, by considering a quadrimeric superlattice, we show that the topological invariant (winding number) can be effectively characterized by the dynamics of the single-excitation quantum state through time-dependent quantities. Moreover, we explore the appearance and detection of the topological protected edge states in such a multiband qubit system. Finally, we also demonstrate the stable Bloch-like-oscillation of multiple interface states induced by the interference of them. Our proposal can be readily realized in experiment and may pave the way towards the investigation of topological quantum phases and topologically protected quantum information processing.