Thermogravimetric and kinetic study of a clodronic acid complex formed with sodium

Thermal stability of the clodronic acid complex formed with sodium (Na₂CCl₂(HPO₃)₂ ·4H₂O) was studied using both dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric analyses as well as mass spectra. The thermal decomposition has two stages: dehydration and loss of two molecules of hydrogen chloride. Using the isothermal TG data the first step was found to be a phase-boundary reaction while the second step obviously cannot be described with just one reaction mechanism. The final residue of the dynamic TG analyses above 810 K was found to be sodium metaphosphate.

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Zusammenfassung Sowohl mittels dynamischer und thermogravimetrischer Untersuchungen als auch and Hand von Massenspektren wurde die thermische Stabilität des mit Natrium gebildeten Säurekomplexes Na₂CCl₂(HPO₃)₂·4H₂O untersucht. Die thermische Zersetzung vollzieht sich in zwei Schritten: Dehydratation und Verlust von zwei Molekülen HCl. Auf Grund der isothermen TG Angaben ist der erste Schritt eine Phasengrenzreaktion, während der zweite Schritt mit einem einzigen Reaktionsmechanismus nicht eindeutig beschrieben werden kann. Das Endprodukt der DTG Analyse oberhalb 810 K erwies sich als Natriummethaphosphat.

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-Na₂CCl₂/HPO_3/2·4H₂O — , - . , , , . , , . 810 .

     

Magnetic susceptibility measurement with a Dupont's thermogravimetric analyser

The adaptation of a Du Pont Thermogravimetric Analyser for the measurement of magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature in the range – 80 °C to 300 °C is described.

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Zusammenfassung Die Adaptation des Du Pont's Thermogravimetric Analyzer zur Messung der magnetischen Suszeptibilität in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur im Bereich von – 80° bis 300 °C wird mitgeteilt.

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–80°–300 °.

     

Electron transfer in solutions of tungstovanadophosphoric heteropoly compounds

Redox properties of some isomers of tungstovanadophosphoric heteropoly anions have been studied. Rate constants of electron transfer from -1, 2, 3-PW₉V ₂ ^V V^IVO ₄₀ ^7– to PW₁₁V^VO ₄₀ ^4– (k=1.1±0.2)×10² dm³/mol s) and from PW₁₀V^VV^ivO ₄₀ ^6– to -1,2,3-PW₉V ₃ ^V O ₄₀ ^6– (k=1.4±0.2)×10² dm³/mol s) have been measured in 30% CH₃COOH at pH 3 and 20°C.

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- . PW₁₁V^VO₄₀ ^4– -1,2,3-PW₉V ₂ ^V V^ivO₄₀ ^7– (k=(1,1±0,2)·10^{2 3}/·), -1,2,3-PW₉V ₃ ^V O₄₀ ^6– PW₁₀V^vV^ivO₄₀ ^6– (k=(1,4±0,2)·10^{2 3}/·) pH=3 30%- CH₃COOH 20°C.

     

Depolymerization kinetics of the polymer formed in the reaction of 1-bromobutane on unmodified alumina

The slow processes accompanying the reaction of 1-bromobutane on unmodified alumina have been studied. Butenes and octane are formed via depolymerization of a low polymeric complex formed from the reaction product. The activation energy for the formation of products from the polymer has been determined.

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, 1- . , , , , . .

     

Interaction between nitrous oxide and ruthenium catalysts

TPD data indicate that N₂O is desorbed from Ru and -Al₂O₃ without decomposition in one step and from Ru/Al₂O₃ in two steps with simultaneous decomposition to nitrogen and oxygen.

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, N₂O Ru -Al₂O₃ , Ru/Al₂O₃— .

     

Kinetic data on the interaction between triplet anthraquinone and 2-naphthol in oxygen

During the photooxidation of ethylbenzene in the presence of 2-naphthol a new interaction has been found between the sensitizer anthraquinone and the inhibitor. The quantum yield and the kinetics of this interaction have been investigated in the temperature interval of 28–98°C.

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-, , 28–98°C , .

     

Some mathematical aspects of nonisothermal kinetics

The results of an attempt to derive correct nonisothermal kinetic equations from isothermal ones through the classical nonisothermal change (CNC) of the postulated primary kinetic equations are presented. An alternative possibility through use of the model of infinitesimal isothermal portions (MIIP) is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die Autoren stellen die Ergebnisse eines Versuchs vor, korrekte Gleichungen für die nicht-isotherme Kinetik durch den klassischen nichtisothermen Übergang aus den als primär postulierten isothermen kinetischen Gleichungen abzuleiten. Als alternative Möglichkeit wird das Modell der infinitesimalen isothermen Abschnitte diskutiert.

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. .

     

Ba(OH)2 as catalyst in organic reactions, part XIV. Michael addition catalyzed by barium complex salts in the homogeneous phase

Michael addition to chalcone is catalyzed by barium complex salts in the homogeneous phase under various conditions. The nature of these intermediates is analyzed. These complex salts are described for the first time. The Michael adduct of malonodinitrile to chalcone is described for the first time.

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, , . . . . .

     

Thermal and thermoxidative decomposition of ternary grafted copolymers of ABS type

The thermal (under high vacuum, 10^–5 mm Hg) and thermoxidative decompositions of ternary grafted copolymers of ABS type were studied, the dependence of the characteristic thermal data on the overall composition being followed over narrow ranges of variation of comonomer content.It was found that the nature of the solid products obtained on thermal decomposition is dependent on the copolymer structure.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermischen (unter Hochvakuum, 10^–5 mm Hg) und thermooxidativen Zersetzungen ternärer Kopolymere der Typen ABS wurden untersucht, wobei die Abhängigkeit der charakteristischen thermischen Daten von der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung über enge Bereiche der Änderung des Komonomergehaltes verfolgt wurde. Es zeigte sich, daß die Beschaffenheit der bei der thermischen Zersetzung erhaltenen festen Produkte von der Kopolymerstruktur abhängig ist.

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( 10^–5 Hg) ABC. , . , , , .

     

On the deactivation of Fe2O3?MoO3/SiO2 catalysts in the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde

The deactivation behavior of Fe₂O₃–MoO₃/SiO₂ catalysts with different Fe₂O₃+MoO₃ content in the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde is investigated. A simplified reaction-deactivation kinetic model is presented and used to compare and discuss the different behaviors.

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Fe₂O₃–MoO₃/SiO₂ Fe₂O₃+MoO₃ . : -.

     

Permanganate oxidations in strongly basic solutions

In strongly basic solutions the permanganate ion oxidation of C₁ and C₂ alcohols, aldehydes and acids obeys a second-order kinetic law of the type rate=k_o [S]_o [MnO ₄ ^– ], where S is the substrate. The rate constant k for both alcohols and aldeydes is proportional to the OH^– ion concentration. This behavior is interpreted in terms of a deprotonation equilibrium followed by rate-determining hydride ion transfer to MnO ₄ ^– .

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, C₁ C₂ W=k_o [S]_o [MnO ₄ ^– , S — . OH^–. MnO ₄ ^– , .

     

Routes of nitrogen formation in reduction of nitrogen oxide by carbon monoxide and hydrogen over nickel chromite catalyst

The route of NO reduction to N₂ over nickel chromite catalyst is dependent on the nature of the reducing agent. NO reduction by dihydrogen proceeds mainly through the step of N₂O formation, whereas NO reduction to N₂ by carbon monoxide is mainly direct without a step of N₂O formation.

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NO N₂ NO , , N₂O, NO , , NO N₂, . . N₂O.

     

Reaction kinetics by thermal analysis

The application of thermal analysis in the study of reaction kinetics and reaction mechanisms in combination with presently available powerful analytical tools, in the sphere of materials with particular reference to high energy materials is presented and discussed. Also an attempt has been made to correlate the kinetic data obtained by TA with the performance characteristics, for some important materials.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird die Anwendung der Thermoanalyse bei der Untersuchung der Reaktionskinetik und des Reaktionsmechanismus in Zusammenwirkung mit den gegenwärtig zur Verfügung stehenden leistungsfähigen analytischen Werkzeugen auf dem Gebiet von Materialien mit speziellem Bezug auf energiereiche Stoffe dargestellt Und besprochen. Es wurde auch versucht, die durch TA erhaltenen kinetischen Daten einiger wichtiger Stoffe mit deren Leistungskenndaten in Beziehung zu stellen.

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. , , .

     

Photooxygenation of 9-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole: A kinetic study

The reaction of the singlet oxygen with 9-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole has been undertaken to give a benzazonine derivative in good yield. Rose-bengal supported on an anionic resin was used as heterogeneous photosensitizing agent. Kinetic evaluation has been made for the additon of singlet oxygen to the indole ring at room temperature.

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9--1,2,3,4- . , , . .

     

A new procedure for determination of the acid and base strength distribution of colored catalysts

A new procedure for determining the strength distribution of acid and base centers of colored catalysts by the indicator method has been proposed. The procedure basing on the use of a platinum gauze container for the colored catalyst enables us to eliminate the difficulties in the identification of the color of the indicator.

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. , , , .

     

Mechanism of the thermal decomposition of 3CaO·Al2O3·6D2O

The mechanism of the step I and step II of thermal decomposition of 3CaO · Al₂O₃ · 6D₂O was studied. The presence of Ca(OD)₂ was proved in the products of the first step of decomposition. In the calorimeter cell of the Dupont 990 thermoanalyser the enthalpy changesH _r,I=59.2kJ/mole D₂O for step I (210–410°) andDH _rII,1=69.0 kJ/mole D₂O for the first fast part of the step II (stage 1 of the step I, encompassing the temperature interval 410–560°) were measured. This indicates that the dissociation of Ca(OD)₂ is not the only transition taking place in the first fast part (stage 1) of the step II.

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Zusammenfassung Der Mechanismus der I und II Stufe der thermischen Zersetzung von 3CaO · Al₂O₃ · 6D₂O wurde untersucht. Die Gegenwart von Ca(OD)₂ wurde in den Produkten der ersten Zersetzungsstufe nachgewiesen. In der Kalorimeterzelle des Thermoanalysers Dupont 990 wurde die EnthalpieänderungenH _r,i 59.2 kJ/Mol D₂O für Stufe I (210 bis 410°) undH _r,II,I=69.0 kJ/Mol D₂O für den ersten schnellen Teil der Stufe II (»Etappe 1 der Stufe II «) im Temperaturbereich von 410 bis 560° gemessen. Dies zeigt, daß die Dissoziation von Ca(OD)₂ nicht der einzige Übergang in der ersten, schnellen Phase (Etappe 1) der Stufe II ist.

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Résumé On a étudié le mécanisme des deux premières étapes de la décomposition thermique de 3CaO · Al₂O₃ · 6D₂O. La présence de Ca(OD)₂ a été mise en évidence dans les produits de la première étape de décomposition. Les variations d'enthalpie correspondant à la première et à la deuxième étape de la décomposition ont été mesurées à l'aide de la cellule calorimétrique du thermoanalyseur Dupont 990; elles s'élèvent respectivement àH _i,I= 59.2 kJ/mole D₂O pour l'étape I (210–410°) etH _r,II,1= 69.0 kJ/mole D₂O pour la première partie, rapide, de l'étape II («stade l de l'étape II », couvrant l'intervalle 410–560°). Ceci indique que la dissociation de Ca(OD)₂ n'est pas la seule transition qui ait lieu dans la première partie (stade 1) de l'étape II.

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I II · l₂₃ · 6D₂O. I Ca(OD)₂. 990 (210–410°) H_r,I=59.2 / D₂O, II ( 1 II 410–560°) _r,II,I= =69.0 / D₂O. , Ca(OD)₂ , ( I) II.

     

Donor-acceptor concept of covalent interaction of substrate with catalysts

In terms of a unitary approach, the ability of complexes, clusters and metals of transition and nontransition elements for covalent interaction with reagents has been analyzed. the requirements for the catalysts to be efficient in the covalent activation of substrates have been formulated.

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, . .