继续教育的探索与研究──北京市中学化学继续教育小结

北京市自1988年举办第一期中学化学教师继续教育进修班开始,对全市2424名中学化学教师,按新教师、初级教师、中级教师和高级教师四个层次,全面开展了继续教育。到1995年底,将有约95%的中学化学教师完成规定课时的继续教育。     

喀什市化学教师继续教育现状调研与分析

以问卷、座谈和访谈的形式,对喀什市中学化学教师继续教育现状从参与程度、实施情况和需求3个方面进行了调查。结果表明:化学教师对继续教育的态度是积极肯定的,参与程度也比较高,但是继续教育的课程设置还不够合理,评价的方式还显单一,效果还不尽人意。分析了造成这些现象的可能原因,并对进一步加强化学教师继续教育、切实提高教师的整体水平提出了建议。     

中学化学教师继续教育探微

本文着重从参与继续教育的必要性、继续教育的方式和途径、继续教育的深化和完善3方面阐述了中学化学教师继续教育的问题。     

化学教师审美素质教育研究（之一）——化学教师审美素质现状及对策

本文根据现代教育发展的趋势，指出提高教师审美素质是现代化的需要，同时通过对部分大学和中学化学教师的问卷调查，分析了化学教师审美素质教育的现状，并提出了提高化学教师审美素质的４点对策。     

中学化学继续教育的目标,方式,课程设置的探讨

为了解我省中学化学教师对化学继续教育的愿望和要求，我们对省内部分地区化学教师对化学教育的要求及方式、课程设置等进行了调查，在这基础上对化学继续教育的目标、方式及课程设置等提出了初步设想。     

关于北京市中学化学教师在职培训的调查

为了了解北京市中学化学教师对在职培训的认识和需求,我们对市区、城近郊区及远郊区县的百余名中学化学教师进行了问卷调查,回收有效问卷145份。下面是调查结果及分析,希望此项工作能为刚刚启动的中学化学教师第二轮继续教育工作提供参考。     

新书《中学化学微格教学教程》评介

微格教学是对师范院校学生和在职教师掌握课堂教学技能的一种培训方法。它将复杂的教学活动分解为各种可操作、可控制的教学技能．运用现代教育技术手段进行系统的教学训练。这种训练方法具有目的明确、能及时得到反馈、培训效果明显等特点,已得到教育界广泛重视。但在已出版的有关微格教学的书籍中．尚缺少密切结合我国各学科教学实际的微格教学论著。由北京教育学院组编,朱嘉泰主编的《中学化学微格教学教程》在这方面弥补了这一空白,可用做化学教师继续教育中开展微格教学研究的基本教材。《中学化学微格教学教程》一书对微格教学的理…     

全国中学化学教师继续教育经验交流与学术研讨会

中国化学会化学教育委员会订于5月3日至8日在北京海淀区教师进修学校举办全国中学化学教师继续教育经验交流与学术研讨会。     

中学化学教师新课标培训前的调查分析与对策

为了迎接大规模的中学化学教师新课标培训,探索新课标培训的新思路和新方法,根据现代教育发展的需要,通过对粤北山区中学化学教师新课标培训前的现状进行调查与分析,对中学化学教师新课标培训的模式、存在的问题、解决方法等内容作了比较全面的探讨,提出了相应的对策。     

环保知识与化学教学有机结合初探──化学基本原理在污染防治中的应用

1986年《全日制中学化学教学大纲》做出在中学化学教学中对学生进行环境教育的明确规定之后,这一配合我国保护环境基本国策的措施,便在中学化学教学中得到了逐步深入的贯彻实行。同时也引起了广大化学教师及有关专家学者越来越广泛地关注和重视。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。