铅酸蓄电池的发展

本文介绍了８０年代以来铅酸蓄电池在性能、结构、原材料选择等方面的技术进展。     

卷绕式铅酸蓄电池板栅材料的研究

0引言制作高功率的卷绕式铅酸蓄电池,目前日益受到广泛关注。薄型极板是卷绕式铅酸蓄电池的显著特点之一。很薄的极板决定着卷绕式铅酸电池的优良性能。制造薄极板的前提是要先制得薄板栅。卷绕式铅酸蓄电池的板栅一方面要起到传统板栅支撑活物质与作为导电电极的作用,另一方面要求这种合金制成板栅后可以卷绕,所以硬度与脆性不能太大。此板栅一般要加工成厚度为0.2￣0.5mm的铅箔。而有报道制得更薄的板栅,厚度达到0.05￣0.08mm,可以说做到了薄如纸[1]。制作这样薄的板栅一般采用压延的方式,首先的问题就是选择何种合金材料,然后是其电化学…     

阀控蓄电池活性物质微观结构对性能影响的研究

通过SEM、XRD检测不同工艺条件下的生极板及活极板组分,并对不同组分的极板进行不同倍率的放电检测及循环检测. 结果表明,极板的制作工艺和化成过程工艺影响极板化成后α-PbO₂和β-PbO₂含量及结构,从而影响蓄电池的性能,是4BS（四碱式硫酸铅）技术应用过程中的关键控制点. 4BS技术的应用为蓄电池薄极板化、深循环、长寿命等提供了技术基础.     

碳酸铅制备铅酸蓄电池电极的研究Ⅱ.涂膏式电极的制备

由PbCO3 、添加剂和硫酸溶液分别混合成正、负极膏 ,制成涂膏式铅酸蓄电池电极 .研究了不同化成方法和充放电条件对电极放电容量和活性物质利用率的影响 .结果表明 ,正极以 2 .0mA/cm2 化成后 ,在同一电流密度下充放电时 ,其性能优于较高电流密度化成的电极 ,活性物质利用率达 74.4% ;以不对称方波电流化成的负极 ,其活性明显高于恒电流化成负极的活性 .这种电极在 2 .0mA/cm2 放电条件下 ,活性物质利用率达 90 %以上 .文中还讨论了由上述正负极组成的简单模拟电池的放电行为 .     

电动车用动力铅酸蓄电池的研究进展

简要介绍了电动车用铅酸动力电池的发展情况,包括了电池板栅的合金选择及板栅设计、正负极板铅膏的配方、电解液配方、隔板材料和充电方式等方面的改进,提出了今后电动车用铅酸蓄电池的研究发展方向。     

椭圆形管式密封铅酸蓄电池正极表面的电流分布

本文首次运用化学分析方法研究了椭圆形管式密封铅酸蓄电池在不同电流和深度下放电后正极板表面的电流分布情况。结果表明：电极表面的电流密度呈不均匀分布，存在极耳效应和边缘效应，并且两种效应在放电电流为１００Ａ和放电深度为１００％时更加明显。     

碳酸铅制备铅酸蓄电池电极的研究Ⅰ.电极的活化

用循环伏安法研究了ＰｂＣＯ３粉末微电极转化为ＰｂＳＯ４电极的活化方法和条件。发现在２～２．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液中由ＰｂＣＯ３转化成ＰｂＯ２／ＰｂＳＯ４和ＰｂＳＯ４／Ｐｂ电极时,以不对称交变讯号活化（化成）后,其循环伏安性能与由球磨机生产的ＰｂＯ粉所制得的相应电极性能相近。对于负极,在含有乙炔黑胶体的Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液中化成,由于碳胶粒在ＰｂＳＯ４晶体上的吸附,阻止了充放电过程中电极材料的收缩,     

铅酸蓄电池中镉的分布与测定

应用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了铅酸蓄电池中镉含量,并对其在各部件中的分布进行了研究。结果表明:含镉蓄电池中94%左右的镉集中分布在正板栅中(即含镉铅酸蓄电池含镉质量约为其正极板栅含镉质量的1.06倍)。因此,仅需测定正极板栅的总镉量(即单一正极板栅的镉测定值w1乘以正极板栅数n)乘以修正因子K(一般取值1.06)再除以整只蓄电池的质量m0,即可求得整只铅酸蓄电池中镉的含量。     

低锑—铅合金的耐蚀性能对铅酸蓄电池循环寿命的影响

铅酸蓄电池板栅合金的组成和性质影响电池的使用寿命及维护特性。无锑的铅钙合金有利于电池维护,但存在着强度差及铸造上的困难;高锑的铅锑合金有利于提高板栅的强度及电池的深充放能力,但不利于电池的维护。本文研究了两种不同添加剂的低锑合金,以弥补无锑或高锑合金各自的不足,测量了两种低锑合金在试验电池充放中的失重腐蚀率,并结合     

硫酸溶液中的铋对铅酸蓄电池负极性能的影响

电解液;硫酸溶液中的铋对铅酸蓄电池负极性能的影响     

金属锂电池的热失控与安全性研究进展

锂离子电池在便携式储能器件及电动汽车领域得到了广泛应用,然而频繁发生的电池起火爆炸事故,使热失控和热安全问题备受人们关注,目前已有多篇综述报道了缓解锂离子电池热失控的措施。相比于已经接近理论比能极限的锂离子电池,金属锂负极具有更高的比容量、更低的电势和高反应活性,但是不可控的锂枝晶生长,使得金属锂电池的热失控问题更为复杂和严重。针对金属锂电池的热失控问题,本文首先介绍了热失控的诱因及基本过程和阶段,其次从材料层面综述了提高电池热安全性的多种策略,包括使用阻燃性电解质、离子液体电解质、高浓电解质和局域高浓电解质等不易燃液态电解质体系,开发高热稳定性隔膜、热响应隔膜、阻燃性隔膜和具有枝晶检测预警与枝晶消除功能的新型智能隔膜,以及研究热响应聚合物电解质,最后对金属锂电池热失控在未来的进一步研究进行了展望。     

Long-Life Lead-Carbon Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage Applications

Owing to the mature technology, natural abundance of raw materials, high recycling efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and high safety of lead-acid batteries (LABs) have received much more attention from large to medium energy storage systems for many years. Lead carbon batteries (LCBs) offer exceptional performance at the high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) and higher charge acceptance than LAB, making them promising for hybrid electric vehicles and stationary energy storage applications. Despite that, adding carbon to the negative active electrode considerably enhances the electrochemical performance. However, carbon brings some adverse effects, such as the severe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the NAM due to the low overpotential of carbon material, promoting severe water loss in LCBs. From a practical application point of view, the irreversible sulfation of the negative active material (NAM) and extreme shedding and softening of the positive active material (PAM) are the main obstacles for next-generation LCBs. Recently, a lead-carbon composite additive delayed the parasitic hydrogen evolution and eliminated the sulfation problem, ensuring a long life of LCBs for practical aspects. This comprehensive review outlines a brief developmental historical background of LAB, its shifting towards LCB, the failure mode of LAB, and possible potential solutions to tackle the failure problems. The detailed LCB′s development towards long life was discussed in light of the reported literature to guide the researcher to date progress. More emphasis was directed toward the new applications of LCBs for stationary energy storage applications. Finally, state-of-the-art progress and further research gaps were pointed out for future work in this exciting era.     

亚磷酸三甲酯作为锂离子电池电解液溶剂的研究

为了提高锂离子电池电解液的热稳定性,使用亚磷酸三甲酯TMP作为溶剂来配置锂离子电池电解液,研究该电解液燃烧性能、电化学性能和热稳定性,并与商业用电解液作了比较.循环性能测试结果表明,亚磷酸三甲酯基电解液与正极材料LiNg0.8Co0.2O2有很好的相容性,有良好的电化学稳定性,而且与PC组成电解液时可一定程度地抑制PC对负极石墨材料的剥离.燃烧试验和微量量热实验表明,TMP的加入能显著地提高电解液的热稳定性与安全性能.     

锂离子电池纳米级负极材料的研究

综述了锂离子电池纳米级碳材料、锡基材料和合金材料近几年的研究成果及发展方向,探讨了该类材料目前存在的问题及解决的办法,对该类材料的发展趋势进行了展望.     

锂离子电池纳米材料研究

报道了作者最近在锂离子电池纳米材料方面的研究工作 .包括纳米负极材料 (如Sb ,SnSb ,CuSn及Si) ,纳米正极材料 (如CuS)合成 ,电化学性质 ,以及纳米材料的晶体结构与形貌在充放电过程中的变化等研究 .此外还报道了具有纳米尺度阴离子的锂盐在聚合物电解质中的增塑作用以及纳米硅Raman光谱和光致发光谱受电化学锂掺杂的影响 .最后对纳米材料的本征性质与其电化学性质的关系进行了讨论 ,并对其在锂离子电池中的应用及在基础研究方面的意义给予了评述 .     

锂离子二次电池锰系正极材料

综述了锂离子二次电池锰系正极材料的研究进展，侧重于阐述尖晶石型及层状锰酸锂的制备、结构与电化学性能之间的关系。     

锂离子电池电极材料研究进展

本文综述了锂离子电池中正、负电极材料的制备、结构与电化学性能之间的关系。正极材料包括嵌锂的层状L ixMO 2 和尖晶石型L ixM 2O 4 结构的过渡金属氧化物(M =Co、N i、M n、V ) , 负极材料包括石墨、含氢碳、硬碳和金属氧化物。侧重于阐述控制锂离子电池循环过程中可逆嵌锂容量和稳定性的嵌锂电极材料的结构性质。给出118 篇参考文献。     

锂离子电池合金负极材料的研究进展

本文综述了锂离子电池合金负极材料的研究现状,对比了各种合金负极材料的制备方法,并指出了合金负极材料目前面临的主要问题及现有的解决方案,最后提出纳米锂合金复合物将是合金负极材料发展的最终出路.     

Benign Recycling of Spent Batteries towards All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most significant energy storage devices applied in power supply facilities. However, a huge number of spent LIBs would bring harmful resource waste and environmental hazards. In this study, a benign hydrometallurgical method using phytic acid as precipitant is proposed to recover useful metallic Mn ions from spent LiMn₂O₄ batteries. Besides Mn-based cathodes, this recovery process is also applicable for other commercial batteries. More importantly, for the first time, the as-obtained manganous complex is employed as a nanofiller in a polyethylene oxide matrix to largely improve Li⁺ conductivity and transference number. As a result, when applied in all-solid-state lithium batteries, high capacity and outstanding cyclic stability are achieved with capacity retention of 86.4 % after 60 cycles at 0.1 C. The recovery of spent lithium batteries not only has benefits for the environment and resources, but also shows great potential application in all-solid-state lithium batteries, which opens up a costless and efficient circulation pathway for clean and reliable energy storage systems.     

From K-O2 to K-Air Batteries: Realizing Superoxide Batteries on the Basis of Dry Ambient Air

Although using an air cathode is the goal for superoxide-based potassium-oxygen (K-O₂) batteries, prior studies were limited to pure oxygen. Now, the first K-air (dry) battery based on reversible superoxide electrochemistry is presented. Spectroscopic and gas chromatography analyses are applied to evaluate the reactivity of KO₂ in ambient air. Although KO₂ reacts with water vapor and CO₂ to form KHCO₃, it is highly stable in dry air. With this knowledge, rechargeable K-air (dry) batteries were successfully demonstrated by employing dry air cathode. The reduced partial pressure of oxygen plays a critical role in boosting battery lifespan. With a more stable environment for the K anode, a K-air (dry) battery delivers over 100 cycles (>500 h) with low round-trip overpotentials and high coulombic efficiencies as opposed to traditional K-O₂ battery that fails early. This work sheds light on the benefits and restrictions of employing the air cathode in superoxide-based batteries.