酸水解法从菊芋中提取果糖

采用热水浸提法提取菊芋中的菊糖,并用磷酸水解为还原糖(大部分为果糖)。从固液比、提取时间、温度、水解时间、温度和菊糖液pH值等方面试验了对还原糖得率的影响,通过正交实验确定了最佳条件为:固液比1∶30,浸提温度80℃,浸提时间30min,水解温度80℃,水解时间30min,pH值为2,可以得到较令人满意的结果。     

Effective protein extraction protocol for proteomics studies of Jerusalem artichoke leaves

Protein extraction is a crucial step for proteomics studies. To establish an effective protein extraction protocol suitable for two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) analysis in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), three different protein extraction methods—trichloroacetic acid/acetone, Mg/NP‐40, and phenol/ammonium acetate—were evaluated using Jerusalem artichoke leaves as source materials. Of the three methods, trichloroacetic acid/acetone yielded the best protein separation pattern and highest number of protein spots in 2DE analysis. Proteins highly abundant in leaves, such as Rubisco, are typically problematic during leaf 2DE analysis, however, and this disadvantage was evident using trichloroacetic acid/acetone. To reduce the influence of abundant proteins on the detection of low‐abundance proteins, we optimized the trichloroacetic acid/acetone method by incorporating a PEG fractionation approach. After optimization, 363 additional (36.2%) protein spots were detected on the 2DE gel. Our results suggest that trichloroacetic acid/acetone method is a better protein extraction technique than Mg/NP‐40 and phenol/ammonium acetate in Jerusalem artichoke leaf 2DE analysis, and that trichloroacetic acid/acetone method combined with PEG fractionation procedure is the most effective approach for leaf 2DE analysis of Jerusalem artichoke.     

双功能催化剂Ru/（AC-SO3H）催化转化菊芋根茎制备六元醇

甘露醇和山梨醇等六元醇是重要的多元醇,广泛用于食品、医药和化工等领域,尤其山梨醇被美国能源部定为一种重要的平台化合物.工业上,六元醇通常由果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖加氢得到,此路线存在与人争粮争地的问题.菊芋是一种来源广泛、价格低廉的生物质资源,它富含果糖基多糖(菊糖),菊糖的含量占菊芋根茎干重的70%–90%,由生物质菊芋出发催化转化制备六元醇具有重要意义.由菊芋根茎催化转化制备六元醇是一个串联反应过程,菊芋根茎先经过水解得到糖类,然后经过加氢反应得到六元醇.我们用磺化活性炭AC-SO3H代替AC载体以促进菊芋根茎水解反应. AC经磺化后,比表面积由原来的768增至1020 m2/g,酸强度由原来的0.21增至0.68 mmol/g,表明磺化过程不仅除去了AC中的杂质,也在其表面固定了大量的-SO3H,-COOH,-OH等酸性基团.透射电镜结果表明,1%Ru/AC和1%Ru/(AC-SO3H)催化剂上Ru高度分散. CO化学吸附表明,上述两种催化剂Ru的分散度分别为30.9%和74.2%,表明AC经磺化后产生了更多的固定位点,使得Ru可以更好地分散在载体上.在温和条件下(100oC,6 MPa H2,5 h)将菊芋根茎转化为六元醇,1%Ru/AC催化剂上六元醇收率为52.7%,而1%Ru/(AC-SO3H)催化剂上可达84.1%.这归因于后者的酸强度和Ru分散度较大：其表面的酸性基团-SO3H,-COOH,-OH促进了菊芋根茎的水解,高分散度的Ru则促进了糖加氢反应的进行.将Ru的负载量提高至3%,六元醇产率高达92.6%.以1%Ru/AC和1%Ru/(AC-SO3H)为催化剂,分别以果糖和菊粉为原料制备六元醇.结果表明,以果糖为原料时两种催化剂性能相同;以菊粉为原料时,1%Ru/AC的催化性能远低于1%Ru/(AC-SO3H).这表明菊粉和菊芋根茎转化反应,速控步骤是水解反应,而磺化过程引入的酸性基团可以促进水解过程的进行.在N2气氛下反应,主要产物为果糖和葡萄糖,表明菊芋根茎水解反应是主要的反应路径.在H2气氛下反应,糖类产率在1 h内达到最大值,然后开始逐渐降低,同时加氢产物逐渐增加.因此, H2气氛下反应过程中生成的糖类是中间产物.以菊芋根茎为原料,1%Ru/(AC-SO3H)催化剂循环使用4次后六元醇产率由87%降至55%;而以菊粉为原料,循环4次后六元醇产率略有降低. ICP测试表明, Ru催化剂并未流失,3次循环后催化剂的CO化学吸附表明, Ru的分散度由74.2%降至17.8%.这表明催化剂失活是由菊芋根茎中的杂质毒化Ru活性位点导致的.     

组合催化剂WO3+Raney Ni上高效转化菊芋秸秆制乙二醇

采用商业WO₃和Raney Ni为组合催化剂, 以菊芋秸秆为反应原料制备了乙二醇. 菊芋秸秆中含纤维素51.6 wt%、半纤维素10.3 wt%、木质素17.2 wt%、灰分1.7 wt%和水溶性物质19.2 wt%. 木质素对纤维素和半纤维素的转化影响较小, 而水溶性物质的存在抑制了乙二醇的生成, 因此由未经过预处理的菊芋秸秆得到的乙二醇收率只有29.9%. 而经简单的热水预处理可除掉其中的大部分水溶物, 因而乙二醇收率提高到37.6%. 此外, 组合催化剂在经过热水预处理的菊芋秸秆的转化中表现出了更好的循环使用性能. 同时考察了反应温度和时间对菊芋秸秆转化的影响.     

Ethanol production from jerusalem artichoke by inulinase and zymomonas mobilis

Ethanol production from Jerusalem artichoke was studied using inulinase and Z.mobilis by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. The SSF process showed higher ethanol yield and productivity than the acid or enzymatic prehydrolyzed two-step process. The optimum temperature and inulinase concentration for SSF were 35°C and 0.25% (v/w, 4.4 units/g of sugar), respectively. In order to operate the SSF process in a continuous mode, inulinase and Z.mobilis cells were coimmobilized in alginate beads, using chitin as a matrix for enzyme immobilization. The maximum ethanol productivity of the continuous SSF process was 55.1 g/L/h, with 55% conversion yield. At the conversion yield of 90%, the productivity was 32.7 g/L/h. The continuous SSF system could be operated stably over 2 wk with an ethanol concentration of 48.6 g/L (95% of theoretical yield).     

Simultaneous quantitative determination of 11 sesquiterpene lactones in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) leaves by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

A method of ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous quantification of 11 sesquiterpene lactones in 11 Jerusalem artichoke leaf samples harvested in a number of areas at different periods. The optimal chromatographic conditions were achieved on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈ column (3.0 × 150 mm, 1.8 μm) with linear gradient elution of methanol and water in 8 min. Quantitative analysis was carried out under selective ion monitoring mode. All of the sesquiterpene lactones showed good linearity (R ² ≥ 0.9949), repeatability (relative standard deviations < 4.66%), and intra‐ and interday precisions (relative standard deviations < 4.52%) with an accuracy of 95.24–104.84%. The recoveries measured at three concentration levels varied from 95.07 to 104.87% with relative standard deviations less than 4.9%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for this method were 0.89–5.05 and 1.12–44.33 ng/mL, respectively. The results showed that the contents of sesquiterpene lactones varied significantly in the Jerusalem artichoke leaf samples from different areas. Among them, the content of sesquiterpene lactones in the sample collected from Dalian, Liaoning province was the highest and the early flowering period was considered to be the optimal harvest time.     

常压下酸催化菊糖水解反应动力学研究

研究了菊芋中菊糖的酸催化水解。通过改变常压下菊糖酸催化水解的反应条件研究了反应动力学 ,得出该反应符合一级串连反应规律的结论     

离子色谱法测定菊芋和菊苣中菊糖

研究了采用离子色谱分离各种不同来源菊糖的方法,该方法能够检出1 mg·L-1含量的目标糖,能够区分组成只有一个单糖单位差异的果糖同系物.     

Mineral Contents of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Growing Wild in Turkey

Macro- and micro-elements of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers growing in Konya (Karap?nar and Çumra locations) provinces in Turkey were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium contents of Jerusalem artichoke were found at high levels, whereas K content was found as 21615 mg/kg and 26251 mg/kg for Jerusalem artichoke; P contents of Jerusalem artichoke were found between 2585 and 4791 mg/kg; and Ca was determined between 1573 and 2073 mg/kg for Jerusalem artichoke. In addition, Zn content was found in a range from 11.0 mg/kg for Yaylap?nar to 15.6 mg/kg for Saraco?lu artichoke. While Fe content of Jerusalem artichoke was found between 23.32 mg/kg to 54.46 mg/kg, Cu content of Jerusalem artichoke was determined between 4.50 mg/kg to 8.98 mg/kg. The Cr contents of Jerusalem artichoke were found between 0.396 mg/kg to 0.642 mg/kg. Ash contents of Jerusalem artichoke tubers were found between 5.70% to 7.63%. Protein contents of Jerusalem artichoke samples were found between 6.23% to 10.71%.     

二氧化硅包覆的杂多酸在双氧水存在条件下催化氧化甘油

催化剂的酸性和氧化还原性在催化生物质平台分子转化过程中起着非常重要的作用,杂多酸具有较强的酸性以及优良的氧化还原性,因而杂多酸在生物质催化转化领域备受关注。本文利用溶胶-凝胶法和硅烷化方法将杂多酸催化剂封装在二氧化硅载体内部,随后以傅立叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射仪、热重分析仪、透射电子显微镜、扫描电镜等手段对合成的材料进行了表征。红外光谱表明杂多酸在催化剂中保持了其完整结构,X-射线衍射表明杂多酸高度分散在二氧化硅载体上,电镜表征显示催化剂呈球形纳米颗粒形貌。基于以上表征结果,我们将包覆的杂多酸催化剂应用于甘油氧化,在以过氧化氢为氧化剂,温和反应条件下,合成的材料对甘油氧化具有良好的催化活性,其中对甲酸的选择性大约为70%,对乙醇酸的选择性大约为27%。硅烷化过程对于催化剂循环起着重要的作用,单纯二氧化硅的比表面积为287 m²·g^-1,二氧化硅包覆杂多酸经过硅烷化后,其比表面积降为245 m²·g^-1,而且孔径也有所降低。单纯二氧化硅与水的接触角为0°,而二氧化硅包覆的杂多酸在硅烷化之后的催化剂具有很强的疏水性,与水的接触角为137°。根据这些催化剂表征数据说明硅烷化过程不仅可以显著提高催化剂的疏水性,而且同时限制了载体孔径,阻止杂多酸流失到反应体系中,与传统的浸渍法将杂多酸负载在二氧化硅载体上得到的催化剂相比,催化剂的循环利用性显著提高。反应后的催化剂结构与新鲜催化剂相比,并没有发生明显变化。催化剂经过一次循环后,表面暴露了更多的活性中心,活性稍有提高。催化剂在反应体系中加入强质子酸可以显著提高反应的催化性能,揭示了Bronsted酸在甘油氧化过程中对甘油分子的活化起着重要的作用。     

Structure of ulososide A,a new triterpenoid glycoside from theUlosa sp. sponge

A new triterpenoid glycoside, (20S,22S,23R,24S)-3,22,23-trihydroxy-3-O-[O-(-D-glucuronopyranosyl)-(16)-(-D-glucopyranosyl)]-14-nor-24-methyllanost-8(9)-en-31-oic acid (ulososide A), has been isolated from the sponge Ulosa sp. and characterized.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1326–1329, July, 1994.     

High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection assay for the detection and quantification of the Beauveria metabolite oosporein from potato tubers

A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) assay is described for the detection and quantification of the secreted Beauveria brongniartii metabolite oosporein from potato tubers. Analyte recovery was achieved with a Britton-Robinson buffer system at pH 5.5 diluted with methanol 3:7 (v/v) (BR5.5-MeOH). An internal standard protocol using 2-iodobenzoic acid was established to minimize analytical error. The resulting assay, using a binary solvent gradient with acidic modifiers and detecting the metabolite at 287 nm, showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.4 mg oosporein/kg potato tubers. The oosporein content of potato tuber samples obtained from a field trial using the biological pest control B. brongniartii formulation Melocont-Pilzgerste in up to five-fold higher doses (250 kg Melocont-Pilzgerste/ha) as recommended per year was found to be below the established LOD.     

Separation and quantification of inulin in selected artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cultivars and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale WEB. ex WIGG.) roots by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

The profile of fructooligosaccharides and fructopolysaccharides in artichoke heads and dandelion roots was investigated. For this purpose, a suitable method for high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometic detection was developed. The separation of monomers, oligomers and polymers up to a chain length of 79 sugar residues was achieved in one single run. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and individual fructooligosaccharides (kestose, nystose, fructofuranosylnystose) were quantified in six different artichoke cultivars and in dandelion roots. The contents ranged from 12.9 g/kg DM to 71.7 g/kg DM for glucose, from 15.8 g/kg DM to 67.2 g/kg DM for fructose, and from 16.8 g/kg DM to 55.2 g/kg DM for sucrose in the artichoke heads. Kestose was the predominant fructooligosaccharide, followed by nystose and fructofuranosylnystose. In four cultivars fructofuranosylnystose was only detectable in traces and reached its maximum value of 3.6 g/kg DM in the cultivar Le Castel. Furthermore, an average degree of polymerization of 5.3 to 16.7 was calculated for the individual artichoke cultivars, which is noticeably lower than hitherto reported. In contrast, the contents of kestose, nystose and fructofuranosylnystose in dandelion root exceeded that of artichoke, reflecting the short chain characteristic of the inulin, which was confirmed by chromatographic analysis.     

SECM Studies on the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glycerol at Copper Electrodes in Alkaline Medium

This study aims at analyzing the reaction mechanism of the electrooxidation of glycerol at copper surfaces in NaOH solutions using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) in the substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) mode. Experiments showed the dependence of the current at the tip on the distance between generator and tip, as well as on the concentration of the NaOH solution. The current at the tip decreased significantly after addition of glycerol, as a result of the competition between diffusion of the free‐soluble Cu(III) species and its consumption during the diffusion in the solution. The determination of the analyte in a castor biodiesel sample employing a single copper microelectrode was carried out.     

The Enhanced Catalytic Performance and Stability of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Supported Nano‐Gold with High Structural Integrity for Glycerol Oxidation

Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) supported gold nanoparticles of size 3–4 nm having uniform dispersion were synthesized by sol‐immobilization method. OMCs such as CMK‐3 and NCCR‐56 with high surface area and uniform pore size were obtained, respectively, using ordered mesoporous silicas such as SBA‐15 and IITM‐56 as hard templates, respectively. The resulting OMC supported monodispersed nano‐gold, i. e., Au/CMK‐3 and Au/NCCR‐56, exhibited excellent performance as mild‐oxidizing catalysts for oxidation of glycerol with high hydrothermal stability. Further, unlike activated carbon supported nano‐gold catalysts (Au/AC), the OMC supported nano‐gold catalysts, i. e., Au/CMK‐3 and Au/NCCR‐56, show no aggregation of active species even after recycling. Thus, in the case of Au/CMK‐3 and Au/NCCR‐56, both the fresh and regenerated catalysts showed excellent performane for the chosen reaction owing to an enhanced textural integrity of the catalysts and that with remarkable selectivity towards glyceric acid. The significance of the OMC supports in maintaining the dispersion of gold nanoparticles is explicit from this study, and that the activity of Au/AC catalyst is considerably decreased (～50 %) upon recycling as a result of agglomeration of the active gold nanoparticles over the disordered amorphous carbon matrix.     

甘油在氧化物/钯复合催化剂上的电氧化研究

应用交替微波加热法制备碳载氧化物和Pd的复合催化剂,并以电化学方法研究这一新型催化剂在碱性条件下对甘油的氧化性能.实验表明,Pd/C催化剂对甘油的电化学氧化有较好活性,但氧化物复合的非铂催化剂对甘油的电化学氧化显示出更高的活性,相对于Pd/C催化剂,其氧化起始电位发生负移及峰电流大幅度提高.本工作还优化了氧化物与Pd的比例.结果证明,氧化物的加入使复合催化剂对甘油氧化产生了协同效应.     

Performance of Pd Electrocatalyst Supported on a Physical Mixture Indium Tin Oxide–carbon for Glycerol Electro–oxidation in Alkaline Media

Palladium electrocatalysts, supported on Vulcan XC 72 carbon and indium tin oxide (ITO) with different ratios, were prepared by borohydride reduction method and analysed for glycerol electro‐oxidation application in the presence of KOH solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the particle size and crystal electrocatalyst structures, whereas their catalytic activities regarding the glycerol electro‐oxidation were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry and tested in a direct alkaline glycerol fuel cell (DGFC) by electrochemical techniques. Micrographs results showed that the ITO presence promotes a large agglomeration of particles. Pd/C–ITO electrocatalysts showed peaks associated with the face‐centered cubic (fcc) structure of palladium and several others peaks associated with ITO used as support. Similar performance was found on all Pd/C–ITO electrocatalysts where measurements in CV were compared to Pd/C and Pd/ITO with Pd/C–ITO 50:50 chronoamperometry, presenting a better performance for glycerol electro‐oxidation. When using Pd/C–ITO 85:15 electrocatalyst and 1.0 mol L⁻¹ glycerol at 90 °C, the maximum power density found was 2,1 times higher than that obtained using Pd/C and Pd/CITO electrocatalysts. Therefore, the physical mixture of ITO and carbon, to be used as a support improves the electrocatalytic activity for glycerol oxidation reaction.     

Comparison of Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Bound Glycerol in Biodiesel

An important fuel criterion for biodiesel is bound glycerol, which is a function of the residual amount of triglycerides and partial glycerides in the biodiesel. Either high-temperature gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography can be used for determining these minor but important components in biodiesel. In this paper we have conducted a statistical study on the accuracy of the two methods for ascertaining the bound glycerol in biodiesel fuels obtained from different feedstocks. Analysis of variance showed that with one exception, namely diacylglycerols in some soy oil based biodiesel, there was no statistical difference in bound glycerol for the biodiesel samples analyzed or a difference between methods. Operationally, the high performance liquid chromatographic method is superior to the high temperature gas chromatographic method in that it requires no sample derivatization, has shorter analysis times, and is directly applicable to most biodiesel fuels.     

甘油对冰晶生长抑制作用的分子动力学模拟

采用分子模拟方法研究了正交晶系冰晶(020)生长面在不同浓度甘油水溶液中的生长情况. 通过统计分析氢键数、 密度分布函数、 均方根偏差和原子间径向分布函数研究了水分子和甘油分子的动态行为. 结果表明, 甘油分子在水溶液中可与水分子形成大量氢键, 这使水分子间的氢键作用受到抑制, 降低了水分子的扩散性, 致使冰晶不易成核和生长; 另外, 一些甘油分子可代替水分子吸附在晶面上, 甚至占据晶格位点, 这种行为打破了冰晶的对称性并且降低了冰晶的生长速率. 因此, 甘油可同时在晶面和液相中抑制冰晶的生长.     

Enhancing Removal of Cr(VI), Pb2+, and Cu2+ from Aqueous Solutions Using Amino-Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystal

In this work, the amino-functionalized cellulose nanocrystal (ACNC) was prepared using a green route and applied as a biosorbent for adsorption of Cr(VI), Pb²⁺, and Cu²⁺ from aqueous solutions. CNC was firstly oxidized by sodium periodate to yield the dialdehyde nanocellulose (DACNC). Then, DACNC reacted with diethylenetriamine (DETA) to obtain amino-functionalized nanocellulose (ACNC) through a Schiff base reaction. The properties of DACNC and ACNC were characterized by using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Kaiser test, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential measurement. The presence of free amino groups was evidenced by the FT-IR results and Kaiser test. ACNCs exhibited an amphoteric nature with isoelectric points between pH 8 and 9. After the chemical modification, the cellulose I polymorph of nanocellulose remained, while the crystallinity decreased. The adsorption behavior of ACNC was investigated for the removal of Cr(VI), Pb²⁺, and Cu²⁺ in aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacities were obtained at pH 2 for Cr(VI) and pH 6 for Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺, respectively. The adsorption all followed pseudo second-order kinetics and Sips adsorption isotherms. The estimated adsorption capacities for Cr(VI), Pb²⁺, and Cu²⁺ were 70.503, 54.115, and 49.600 mg/g, respectively.