Adsorption of Toluene Vapors on Some Organomontmorillonites

The changes in the surface properties and porous structure of montmorillonite are investigated upon the substitution of tetramethylammonium or pyridinium cations for exchange Na⁺ cations. It is established that preliminary thermal treatment in vacuum substantially affects the adsorption properties of tetramethylammonium and pyridinium montmorillonites in relation to toluene. The dependences of the heats of adsorption and desorption on the amount of adsorbed substance are determined in a wide temperature range using the results of measuring the isosters of toluene adsorption and desorption by dehydrated organomontmorillonites.     

Temperature Dependence of Toluene Adsorption on Polyhydroxyaluminum Montmorillonite

Changes in the surface properties and porous structure of montmorillonite resulted from the substitution of polyhydroxyaluminum cations for exchangeable Na⁺ cations are studied. Preliminary thermal treatment in vacuum is found to markedly affect the adsorption behavior of polyhydroxyaluminum montmorillonite with respect to toluene. The transformation of polyhydroxycations in aluminum oxide clusters at temperatures above 600 K somewhat decreases the pore volume of the sorbent and reduces the heat of toluene adsorption.     

乙醇和甲苯组成的最低共沸混合物热力学性质的研究

The molar heat capacity of the azeotropic mixture composed of ethanol and toluene was measured by a high precision adiabatic calorimeter from 80 to 320 K. The glass transition and phase transitions of the azeotropic mixture were determined based on the heat capacity measurements. A glass transition at 103.350 K was found. A solid-solid phase transition at 127.282 K, two solid-liquid phase transitions at 153.612 and 160.584 K were observed, which correspond to the transition of metastable crystal to stable crystal of ethanol and the melting of ethanol and toluene, respectively. The thermodynamic functions and the excess ones of the mixture relative to the standard temperature 298.15 K were derived based on the relationships of the thermodynamic functions and the function of the measured heat capacity with respect to temperature.     

Silane treatment in polypropylene composites: Adsorption and coupling

The study of the effect of eight silane coupling agents on mechanical properties of PP/CaCO₃ composites showed that the application of certain compounds leads to the reactive coupling of the components. The adsorption of the silanes on the surface of the filler was studied by a dissolution method, while the structure of the adsorbed layer was determined by FTIR spectroscopy and GPC measurements. Model reactions and an FTIR study were carried out to reveal possible coupling reactions of PP and the active silanes. The results showed that amino-functional silane coupling agents adsorb on the surface of the filler, polycondensation taking place and a polysiloxane layer of high molecular weight forms as a result. The model reactions indicated that during processing, PP oxidizes even in the presence of stabilizers and oxygen-containing functional groups form on the polymer chains. These easily react with the amino functionality of the silane coupling agents strongly bonding the polymer to the treated filler.     

Aluminum Oxide Coated Cellulose Fibers Modified with n-Propylpyridinium Chloride Silsesquioxane Polymer: Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorption of Some Metal Halides from Ethanol Solution

Aluminum oxide coated cellulose fibers were modified, by an impregnation procedure, with n-propylpyridinium chloride silsesquioxane polymer. Good adherence of the polymer to the surface of modified cellulose fibers was obtained due to the Al-O-Si bond formation. The metal X-ray mapping showed that aluminum oxide and the silsequioxane polymer (Al and Si mapping) are highly dispersed on the fiber's surface. The ion exchange capacity of the material, determined on basis of exchangeable chloride ions, was 1.1 mmol g-1. The adsorption isotherms of FeCl3, CuCl2, and ZnCl2 from ethanol solutions were determined for each metal. The adsorption capacities were (in mmol g-1): FeCl3 = 0.82, CuCl2 approximately ZnCl2 = 0.37. The metal ions are adsorbed as anionic complex species by the following equilibrium reaction: + MCln right arrow over left arrow Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

PAN基活性炭纤维的氮吸附

通过对不同活化方法制备相同原料聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维进行氮吸附研究,结果表明由不同活化方法所制备的活性炭纤维的孔结构存在较大差异,并对随着活化程度的改变其孔结构的发展进行了研究.结果表明通过简单的改变活化方法即可以制得不同孔隙占主导地位的的炭质吸附剂,由此也预示着对于不同的活化方法其活化机理的差别.     

CuSAPO-5分子筛的合成、表征及对甲苯吸附性能

采用水热合成法,以三乙烯四胺（TETA）为模板剂,合成CuSAPO-5分子筛。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、热重（TG）、N₂吸附及元素分析等手段对分子筛样品进行表征,考察了不同硅铝比对合成分子筛晶体的影响,并测定了分子筛样品对甲苯的吸附性能。结果表明,将合成液的pH值调节为4.8～5.0,于150～170℃晶化1 d,可合成晶体形貌为球体的CuSAPO-5分子筛,粒径约为30 μm。分子筛样品具有较好的热稳定性,仍保持了SAPO-5分子筛的AFI骨架结构,属于微孔分子筛,孔径约为0.70nm,比表面积约为265 m²·g^-1。元素分析结果表明分子筛中P、Si、Al和Cu的含量分别为12.56%、4.48%、7.17%和6.25%。样品对甲苯的吸附约在120 min时达到饱和,吸附量约为180 mg·g^-1。     

CuSAPO-5分子筛的合成、表征及对甲苯吸附性能

采用水热合成法,以三乙烯四胺(TETA)为模板剂,合成Cu SAPO-5分子筛。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重(TG)、N2吸附及元素分析等手段对分子筛样品进行表征,考察了不同硅铝比对合成分子筛晶体的影响,并测定了分子筛样品对甲苯的吸附性能。结果表明,将合成液的p H值调节为4.8~5.0,于150~170℃晶化1d,可合成晶体形貌为球体的Cu SAPO-5分子筛,粒径约为30μm。分子筛样品具有较好的热稳定性,仍保持了SAPO-5分子筛的AFI骨架结构,属于微孔分子筛,孔径约为0.70nm,比表面积约为265 m2·g-1。元素分析结果表明分子筛中P、Si、Al和Cu的含量分别为12.56%、4.48%、7.17%和6.25%。样品对甲苯的吸附约在120 min时达到饱和,吸附量约为180 mg·g-1。     

Multicomponent Adsorption of Pesticides onto Activated Carbon Fibers

The adsorption equilibria of pesticides and metabolites (atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and simazine) are studied onto activated carbon fibers –ACF– with a broad pore size distribution (32% mesopore volume, 68% micropore volume). Mono-and multi-component isotherms have been determined for low concentrations, from 0.23×10⁻⁶ to 9.52×10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹. Single solute isotherms, modeled by Freundlich and Langmuir models, tend to prove the influence of the adsorbate's solubility in the adsorption capacity of activated carbon fibers. Binary solute isotherms confirm the strong influence of pesticide solubility on the competitive adsorption mechanism: the competition is higher in the case of adsorbates of different solubilities (atrazine and DEA or DIA for example). Multicomponent experimental data were modeled by extended Langmuir-based equations and the Ideal Adsorbed Solution theory. Whereas the first ones failed to model accurately binary adsorption due to restrictive hypothesis, the IAS model showed a good agreement between experimental and predicted data. It emphasised also the difficulty in satisfying the hypothesis of the model in the case of highly adsorbed compounds. Finally, the simultaneous adsorption of atrazine and NOM (in a natural water, DOC = 18.2 mg L⁻¹) shows no adsorption competition effects between natural organic matter and atrazine. This is due to the presence of secondary micropores (0.8–2 nm) and mesopores in the ACF, which limit a pore blockage phenomenon by NOM.     

螯合吸附分离功能纤维的研究进展

螯合纤堆是一类能与金属离子形成多配位络合物的纤堆状吸附功能材料,是近年来发展起来的一种新型离子交换纤堆,具有吸附选择性高、易洗脱、容易再生等优点。综述了近年来螯合纤堆的制备方法及种类,对其螯合机理进行了探讨,概括了该纤堆的应用范围并指出了其应用前景。     

Adsorption of Acid Orange II from Aqueous Solution by Plasma Modified Activated Carbon Fibers

As a main composition of dye wastewater, organic pollutant which has a negative effect on the environment can be effectively removed by active carbon adsorption. In the present work, activated carbon fiber (ACF) was modified by a novel modification technology, gilding arc discharge, while its adsorption capacity was studied with the acid orange II (AO II) solution selected as the target wastewater. Several factors, such as air flow rate, distance between samples and the discharge area, pH of the solution and plasma treating time, were investigated with respect to their effects on properties of the plasma-treated ACF, in terms of texture characteristic, surface chemical compositions and adsorption capacities. The results showed that the specific surface area and pore volume of ACF decreased after the plasma treatment, while the amounts of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of ACF increased compared with the raw ACF. Moreover, it was observed that the adsorption capacity of the modified ACF was improved by nearly 20.9 %, which was beneficial to the industrial application.     

The Influence of Carbon Surface Oxidation on the Adsorption of Methanol and Ethanol

The influence of microporous carbon oxidation on thermodynamic properties of methanol and ethanol adsorbed at 308, 328, and 348 K was investigated. Adsorption mechanisms are suggested and the obtained results are compared with the presented previously for adsorption of methane and carbon tetrachloride on nonoxidised and oxidised microporous carbons. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

PAN基活性炭纤维的氮吸附研究

用相同原料不同活化方法制备聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维,并对其进行了氮吸附研究.结 果表明,由不同活化方法所制备的活性炭纤维的孔结构存在较大差异,并对随着活化程度的 改变其孔结构的发展进行了研究.结果表明,通过简单的改变活化方法即可以制得不同孔隙占 主导地位的炭质吸附剂;也揭示出,不同的活化方法其活化机理有所差别.     

微波辅助制备螯合纤维及其对汞的吸附性能

在微波辅助下,以聚丙烯腈纤维(PANF)为基体材料,二乙烯三胺(DETA)和硫化钠为改性试剂,通过两步接枝反应快速制备了含有大量硫原子的螯合纤维吸附剂。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和热重分析仪(TGA)对改性前后的纤维进行表征,同时考察了pH值、初始浓度、吸附时间和温度对螯合纤维吸附汞离子的影响。结果表明,微波辅助是一种高效、节能、经济和绿色的改性方法,改性过程在无毒的水环境中进行,试剂用量少,且改性时间大大缩短。改性纤维对汞离子的吸附是一个准二级动力学过程,较好的符合Langmuir吸附模型。在pH=7的条件下,螯合纤维对汞离子的最大吸附容量达到333.1mg/g,是一种有效的去除水中汞污染的吸附材料。     

Adsorption of Toluene and Water over Cationic-Exchanged Y Zeolites: A DFT Exploration

In this study, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to investigate the adsorption mechanisms of toluene and water onto various cationic forms of Y zeolite (LiY, NaY, KY, CsY, CuY and AgY). Our computational investigation revealed that toluene is mainly adsorbed via π–interactions on alkalis exchanged Y zeolites, where the adsorbed toluene moiety interacts with a single cation for all cases with the exception of CsY, where two cations can simultaneously contribute to the adsorption of the toluene, hence leading to the highest interaction observed among the series. Furthermore, we find that the interaction energies of toluene increase while moving down in the alkaline series where interaction energies are 87.8, 105.5, 97.8, and 114.4 kJ/mol for LiY, NaY, KY and CsY, respectively. For zeolites based on transition metals (CuY and AgY), our calculations reveal a different adsorption mode where only one cation interacts with toluene through two carbon atoms of the aromatic ring with interaction energies of 147.0 and 131.5 kJ/mol for CuY and AgY, respectively. More importantly, we show that water presents no inhibitory effect on the adsorption of toluene, where interaction energies of this latter were 10 kJ/mol (LiY) to 47 kJ/mol (CsY) higher than those of water. Our results point out that LiY would be less efficient for the toluene/water separation while CuY, AgY and CsY would be the ideal candidates for this application.     

环境湿度对TiO2/活性炭纤维气-固光催化氧化甲苯的影响

在恒温控湿的环境舱中,以自制的TiO2/ACF(活性炭纤维)为光催化剂,研究了环境湿度对甲苯光催化降解过程的影响.通过N2吸附和扫描电子显微镜分别对TiO2/ACF光催化剂的孔径结构和形貌特征进行了表征;利用GC-MS和GC-FID对甲苯光催化过程中生成的中间产物进行了定性及定量分析.结果表明,环境舱中相对湿度增大,甲苯光催化转化率提高;不同相对湿度下,积累在光催化剂表面的中间产物种类相同,但支链氧化产物(苯甲醇、苯甲醛和苯甲酸)的积累量远多于苯环氧化产物(甲酚和对甲基苯酚)的积累量;随环境相对湿度的增大,苯甲醛在光催化剂表面的积累量减小,其余中间产物的积累量均有不同程度的增加.这说明水分子在甲苯光催化过程中起重要作用,相对湿度不仅影响甲苯的光催化转化效率,还影响其光催化转化的过程.尽管在各湿度条件下,支链氧化都是甲苯光催化降解的主要途径,但环境湿度增大更有利于苯环氧化途径的进行.讨论了水蒸气在甲苯光催化氧化过程中的作用机理.     

环境湿度对TiO2借性炭纤维气．固光催化氧化甲苯的影响

在恒温控湿的环境舱中，以自制的TiO2／ACF（活性炭纤维）为光催化剂，研究了环境湿度对甲苯光催化降解过程的影响．通过N2吸附和扫描电子显微镜分别对TiO2／ACF光催化剂的孔径结构和形貌特征进行了表征；利用GC—MS和GC—FID对甲苯光催化过程中生成的中间产物进行了定性及定量分析．结果表明，环境舱中相对湿度增大，甲苯光催化转化率提高；不同相对湿度下，积累在光催化剂表面的中间产物种类相同，但支链氧化产物（苯甲醇、苯甲醛和苯甲酸）的积累量远多于苯环氧化产物（甲酚和对甲基苯酚）的积累量；随环境相对湿度的增大．苯甲醛在光催化剂表面的积累量减小，其余中间产物的积累量均有不同程度的增加．这说明水分子在甲苯光催化过程中起重要作用，相对湿度不仅影响甲苯的光催化转化效率，还影响其光催化转化的过程．尽管在各湿度条件下，支链氧化都是甲苯光催化降解的主要途径，但环境湿度增大更有利于苯环氧化途径的进行．讨论了水蒸气在甲苯光催化氧化过程中的作用机理．     

Rh（100表面乙醇吸附与分解的HREELS研究

利用热脱附谱和高分辨能量损失谱技术研究了乙醇在Ｒｈ（１００）表面的吸会和分解过程，结果表明，１３０时Ｒｈ（１００）面暴露乙醇，表面首先形成化学附层，随乙醇暴露增加，表面出现多层凝聚态，表面升温至１５０Ｋ，吸附乙醇从Ｒｈ（１００）表面脱附，同时部分化学吸附乙醇分子发生羟基断裂，生成表面乙氧基，进一步升谩，表面乙氧基脱氢分解，其分解的主要途径是发生甲基脱氧，β－Ｃ与表面发生作用，生成一种含氧的金属有机     

Efficient Production of Ethanol from Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Fibers by Fed-Batch Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The concentration of ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass should be at least 40 g l^?1 [about 5 % (v/v)] to minimize the cost of distillation process. In this study, the conditions for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) at fed-batch mode for the production of ethanol from alkali-pretreated empty palm fruit bunch fibers (EFB) were investigated. Optimal conditions for the production of ethanol were identified as temperature, 30 °C; enzyme loading, 15 filter paper unit g^?1 biomass; and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) loading, 5 g l^?1 of dry cell weight. Under these conditions, an economical ethanol concentration was achieved within 17 h, which further increased up to 62.5 g l^?1 after 95 h with 70.6 % of the theoretical yield. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the economic ethanol production from alkali-pretreated EFB in fed-batch SSF using S. cerevisiae.     

Modification of Activated Carbon Fibers and Their Characterizes of Adsorption for Xenon

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) are characterizes by their highly developed internal surface area and porosity. Especially the development of micro- and mesopores is of great importance because it allows the carbons to adsorb large amounts and various types of chemicals from gases or liquids. Due to such a valuable feature, activated carbon fibers have been in use for many years. Porous carbon materials have now become extremely versatile adsorbents of major industrial significance. The high surface area and porosity of activated carbon fibers are the result of the activation process; physical or chemical activation. However, the complexity of the carbon structure, although voluminous research has been done and great effort has been made toward the control of pore size and its distribution^[1-3]. The recent development of industrial technology provides new application fields for porous carbons and,at the same time, requires the carbon to have a desired pore structure. To meet such a requirement, many novel approaches to control pore structure have been proposed.