可溶性高聚物-多壁碳纳米管复合物的吸收光谱和光限幅性能研究

合成了三种可溶性高聚物嫁接的多壁碳纳米管复合物,包括聚乙烯基咔唑-多壁碳纳米管复合物(MWNTs-PVK),聚苯乙烯-多壁碳纳米管复合物(MWNTs-PSt)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-多壁碳纳米管复合物(MWNTs-PMMA)。合成样品的TEM图显示出高聚物成功地包裹在碳纳米管外。样品的氯仿溶液UV-Vis 吸收谱显示,复合物的紫外区与纯的多壁碳纳米管不同,有一些复杂的特征吸收峰,反映了高聚物与碳纳米管共价连接的作用。利用Z扫描技术通过527 nm的纳秒激光脉冲激发研究了这三种复合物的非线性光学性质和光限幅性能。这三种复合物的氯仿溶液的光限幅性能很相似,并且优于纯多壁碳纳米管氯仿悬浮液和C60甲苯溶液。为解释观察到的结果,研究了样品的非线性折射,非线性吸收和非线性散射机制。结果显示,非线性吸收是引起样品光限幅的主要机制。     

Nonlinear properties of polyurethane-urea/multi-wall carbon nanotube composite films

The third-order nonlinear optical properties of polyurethane-urea/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites (PU/MWNT) films with different MWNT concentrations are investigated by the use of the Z-scan technique at a wavelength of 532 nm with a pulse duration of 8 ns. The results reveal that the nonlinear refraction and absorption coefficients are linearly dependent on the MWNT concentration. The negative nonlinear refraction effect is validated from the closed-aperture Z-scan measurements. We find that PU/MWNT films are promising nonlinear optical materials, and the nonlinear coefficients can be controlled.     

Optical Limiting Properties of Two Soluble Polymer/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites

Two soluble polymer grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWNTs）, including poly（N-vinylcarbazole）-MWNTs and poly（methyl methacrylate）-MWNTs, are synthesized. Their nonlinear optical properties and opticaJ limiting （OL） performances are investigated by z-scan method with 527nm nanosecond laser pulses. These grafted MWNTs dissolved in chloroform show much better optical limiting performance than those of MWNTs and C60 in toluene solution. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear scattering mechanism are taken into consideration for explaining the observed results. The comparison of the experimental results shows that nonlinear absorption is the dominant mechanism for OL performance of these new samples.     

Broadband optical limiting performance of polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes in the orange-NIR region

Soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been obtained by noncovalent modification with poly [2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV). For the composite MWNT/MEH-PPV, there is π-π interaction between the MEH-PPV and MWNTs in addition to the wrapping of the polymer. The nonlinear optical transmittance was measured using a nanosecond optical parametric oscillator pumped with a Nd:YAG system. Excellent optical limiting performance of the composite MWNT/MEH-PPV was observed both in the visible region of 590-680 nm and at the wavelength of 1064 nm. By means of time-correlated single-photon counting fluorescence measurement, an explanation based on the nonlinear absorption of MWNT dominated by the intermolecular energy transfer was proposed.     

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应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和时域有限差分法,对Compton散射对时变非磁化等离子体光子晶体禁带的影响进行了研究,提出了将多光子非线性Compton散射电磁波和入射电磁波作为等离子体光子晶体产生光子禁带的新机制,给出了电磁场的Maxwell方程组和叠代方程的修正方程,并进行了数值模拟。结果表明,Compton散射使等离子体禁带宽随等离子体上升时间的增大比散射前有明显减小而最后趋于定值,均匀等离子体透射率峰值比线性等离子体增大得更多,利用Compton散射可实现对光子禁带的控制。     

Role of light-induced scattering in the optical limitation of laser radiation on the basis of fullerene-containing media

A theoretical and experimental study of the contribution of light-induced scattering to nonlinear optical limitation is made. It is shown that light-induced scattering makes a considerable contribution to the optical limitation of radiation by fullerene-containing solutions. Radiation is scattered by small-scale (1–10 μm) inhomogeneities of density, and the corresponding increments are rather large. Because of this, scattering can be initiated by small-scale inhomogeneities of the input beam. Numerical simulation of nonlinear scattering is made, and the angular distribution and limitation of radiation in optical limiters are calculated. The calculation results are compared with the experiment.     

Broadband optical limiting in the suspensions of lead sulfide nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of lead sulfide (PbS) have been prepared by a surfactant micelle template-inducing reaction. These nanoparticles were dispersed in ethanol and investigated for their nonlinear optical properties by nanosecond laser pulses. Broadband optical limiting effects have been observed at the wavelengths of 355, 1064, and 430 nm and every 30 nm from 470 to 620 nm. The nonlinear light-scattering process in the suspensions of PbS nanoparticles was characterized at the wavelength of 532 nm. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear scattering were deduced to be the mechanisms for the broadband optical limiting performance. The origins of the nonlinear scattering were discussed.     

Free-carrier absorption and optical limiting in the suspensions of CuS and Cu2O hollow spheres

In order to reveal the optical limiting mechanisms of semiconductor hollow spheres, the nonlinear optical properties of CuS and Cu₂O hollow spheres were investigated via the fluence-dependent transmittance and the nonlinear scattering measurements. The CuS and Cu₂O hollow spheres have similar morphologies and different types of optical band-gap. The experimental results show that the optical limiting performance of CuS is better than that of Cu₂O, although the nonlinear scattering of Cu₂O is stronger than that of CuS. Free-carrier absorption based on the delocalized carriers (holes) in CuS is believed to play an important role in the optical limiting effects. The merits of the structure of semiconductor hollow spheres used for optical limiting were discussed.     

Nonlinear polarization effects and mitigation in polarization-division-multiplexed coherent transmission systems

Using numerical simulations, the nonlinear transmission performance of polarization-division-multiplexed quadrature-phase-shift-keying （PDM-QPSK） coherent systems is studied. It is found that inter-channel cross-polarization modulation （XPolM） induced nonlinear polarization scattering can significantly degrade the transmission performance of PDM-QPSK coherent systems and change the perspective of dispersion management in optical coherent transmission systems. Some techniques to mitigate nonlinear polarization scattering in dispersion-managed PDM coherent transmission systems are discussed, including the use of time-interleaved return-to-zero （RZ） PDM formats, the use of periodic-group-delay PGD dispersion compensators, and the judicious addition of some polarization-mode-dispersion （PMD） in the transmission link. It is shown that if nonlinear polarization scattering can be well mitigated, a polarization multiplexed optical coherent transmission system with dispersion management could perform better than that without it.     

自动测量超光滑光学表面积分散射的积分散射仪

介绍了一种能自动测量超光滑光学表面积分散射率的积分散射仪。它既能测量光学膜片,同时也能测量光学基片的积分散射。核心部件是一个光学积分球,其作用是收集散射光。对积分散射理论以及仪器原理、关键技术和系统性能等进行了阐述。相对测量精度为±11%,灵敏度为2.3×10-6。     

表面等离子激元非线性表面增强拉曼散射效应

本文采用热蒸发法制备得到纳米Ag颗粒作为增强拉曼衬底, 利用入射光子与纳米颗粒表面价电子的相互作用机理, 激发出高能表面等离子激元, 其表面等离子形成的高能"热点"起到表面增强拉曼散射效果. 通过比较不同入射光强下的拉曼峰强, 指出纳米Ag颗粒的增强拉曼散射效果可以实现低探测光强下的高散射强度, 即纳米Ag颗粒的表面等离子激元具有非线性的表面增强拉曼散射效果, 可降低对样品的光、热损伤, 以利于拓展拉曼散射光谱的应用范围. 同时比较不同纳米Ag颗粒衬底的表面增强拉曼散射效果表明, 采用的热蒸发工艺具有较大的工艺域度, 具有较强的工艺兼容性.     

Compton散射下多信道平面光波导的空间光孤子开关

应用量子微扰理论和多光子非线性Compton散射模型,对Compton散射下多信道平面光波导的空间光孤子开关进行了研究.结果表明:在横向具有正弦形周期折射率调制的非线性平面光波导的多信道系统中,原先束缚在一个信道中的孤子可以靠由入射和散射光形成的耦合控制光点,通过交叉相位调制横向吸引孤子波束,使孤子从原信道切换到邻近信道,从而实现光孤子开关的功能.控制光点可由耦合光在势谷之间的横向聚焦来实现.散射既能使控制光点的有效强度的阈值和孤子的辐射损耗增大,势垒增高,幅度下降较小,有利于孤子开关的形成;又能使波束展宽较宽,并存在开关被破坏的危险.由此可见,Compton散射下恰当控制入射激光强度是实现孤子开关的关键.     

抽运能量对受激布里渊散射光限幅特性的影响

采用布里渊噪声起源模型,数值模拟了受激布里渊散射介质CCl4对波长1064nm的Nd：YAG纳秒激光脉冲的传输特性及光限幅特性。入射抽运脉冲能量较低时,非线性介质对纳秒激光脉冲呈光学透明。入射抽运脉冲能量高于受激布里渊散射产生阈值后,透射脉冲峰值受限,脉宽压缩,能量趋于饱和,说明该光学系统同时具有光功率限幅和能量限幅的光限幅特性。利用理论模型模拟了如下光限幅参量：透射脉冲峰值功率、透射能量、能量透射率、脉宽压缩率依赖抽运光能量的变化关系。相应的理论模拟计算结果由实验进行验证,实验结果与理论模拟相符合。     

Supercontinuum and third-harmonic generation accompanying optical filamentation as first-order scattering processes

It is demonstrated numerically that the supercontinuum generation and third-harmonic generation that accompany optical filamentation in nonlinear dispersive bulk media can be described as first-order scattering processes akin to the first Born approximation. In particular, for an incident ultrashort pulse the angularly resolved spectrum of the transmitted pulse is shown to be accurately determined using first-order scattering of the incident field from the nonlinearly modified refractive index due to the optical filament. Thus, although an optical filament is a highly nonlinear object, the accompanying supercontinuum generation and third-harmonic generation are driven parametrically by the filament and have negligible back action upon it.     

Performance limit of a multi-frequency probe based coherent optical time domain reflectometry caused by nonlinear effects

The nonlinear effects that limit the performance of the multi-frequency probe(MFP)based coherent optical time domain reflectometry(C-OTDR)are investigated.Based on theoretical analysis and experimental results,compared with conventional C-OTDR,when the probe pulse has power gradient within the pulse width,self-phase modulation(SPM)and cross-phase modulation(XPM)are strengthened in the new C-OTDR scheme.The generation of four-wave mixing(FWM)is dependent on SPM and XPM,and with modulation frequency of phase modulator higher than 40 MHz,the stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS) threshold can be enhanced by more than 5 dB,which benefits the maximum dynamic range of the MFP C-OTDR.     

碳纳米管/二硒化钼有机玻璃的非线性吸收、非线性散射和光限幅特性

MoSe₂的禁带宽度较窄（1.1–1.5 eV）,且具有可调谐的激子光电效应,这样使其在光致发光、光电晶体管、太阳能电池和光学非线性等方面具有潜在的应用价值.然而,纯的MoSe₂的光生电子空穴复合率较高,限制了其在某些光学领域中的应用.通过设计MoSe₂的复合材料,可以降低材料的光生电子空穴复合率,从而扩展其应用领域.首先,通过热溶剂法合成CNT/MoSe₂复合材料;然后,通过浇铸法将其分散在甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）中制备成有机玻璃,其中MMA会聚合成聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）,并利用改进的Z-扫描技术首次对CNT/MoSe₂/PMMA有机玻璃的非线性吸收、非线性散射和光限幅特性进行了研究.研究表明,随着输入能量的变化,通过调节输入能量,CNT/MoSe₂/PMMA有机玻璃表现出饱和吸收（SA）和从SA到反饱和吸收的转变.结合材料特性及应用条件要求,可以得到CNT/MoSe₂/PMMA有机玻璃在光学设备,如光学限制器和锁模/调Q激光器等方向具有较好的应用前景.     

Quantitative evaluation of the electro-optic effect and second-order optical nonlinearity of lithium tantalate crystals of different compositions using Raman and infrared spectroscopy

Nominally pure lithium tantalate (LiTaO₃) crystals with different chemical compositions were characterized by Raman scattering, infrared reflection, and infrared absorption spectroscopy. In these crystals specific phonon bands are correlated to electro-optic and nonlinear optical properties. The electro-optic and nonlinear optical coefficients were determined and the data are compared with literature values obtained by direct measurements. Our measurements are in good accordance with the literature data, which opens up a new possibility for fast and easy estimation of electro-optic and nonlinear optical performance of newly developed LiTaO₃-based materials modified by stoichiometry. PACS 42.70.Mp; 78.20.Jq; 78.30.-j     

Methods for increasing the efficiency of nonlinear optical interactions in nanostructured semiconductors

Methods for increasing the efficiency of the optical second-and third-harmonic generation in gallium phosphide and silicon nanostructures formed by electrochemical etching of crystalline semiconductors are discussed. The efficiency of nonlinear optical interactions can be increased by using phase matching in anisotropic nanostructured semiconductors that exhibit form birefringence or by increasing the local field, as in scattering in macroporous semiconductors. The efficiencies of third-harmonic generation in porous silicon and of second-harmonic generation in porous gallium phosphide are found to increase by more than an order of magnitude.     

Fano resonance in quadratic waveguide arrays

We study resonant light scattering in arrays of channel optical waveguides in which tunable quadratic non-linearity is introduced as nonlinear defects by periodic poling of single (or several) waveguides in the array. We describe novel features of wave scattering that can be observed in this structure and show that it is a good candidate for observation of Fano resonance in nonlinear optics.     

Optical authentication via photon-synthesized ghost imaging using optical nonlinear correlation

We present a method for optical authentication via photon-synthesized ghost imaging using optical nonlinear correlation. In ghost imaging, multiple series of photons recorded at the object beam arm can be arbitrarily controlled for the generation of synthesized objects. Ghost imaging with sparse reference intensity patterns provides a channel to effectively modulate the noise-like synthesized objects during the recovery, and the reconstructed (noise-like) objects, i.e., added or subtracted information, can be further authenticated by optical nonlinear correlation algorithm. It is expected that the proposed method can provide an effective and promising alternative for ghost-imaging-based optical processing.