Recent results of the 1-MW, 140-GHz, TE22,6-modegyrotron

The TE_22,6-mode gyrotron operated at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe at a frequency of 140 GHz has been investigated with respect to the behavior of different emitter materials, step tunability and reflections of the output beam. Two different materials of an emitter ring, LaB₆ and a coated dispenser cathode, were used to test the features of the gyrotron. The output power was found to be independent from the cathode material, as long as a new emitter ring was used. Aging of the emitter led to a slightly decreased output power. The gyrotron also was operated with a Brewster window. The broad-band characteristics of this window made it possible to measure the neighboring frequencies in a frequency range extending from 114 to 166 GHz. Only a slight dependence of the output power has been found over the whole frequency range. The Brewster window also allows us to investigate the influence of reflections on the output power. A strong decrease of the output power was found even for very small reflections. Tilting the power calorimeter (the reflections were measured to be less than 1%) increased the output power by about 20% to 1.6 MW at an efficiency of 36.2%. With a collector depression voltage of 35 kV for energy recovery, efficiencies of 60% at the above-mentioned output power were obtained     

Rain induced depolarization from 1 GHz to 300 GHz in a tropical environment

The rain induced depolarization in a tropical environment has been studied using a tropical raindrop size distribution developed by Ajayi and Olsen (A-O). The differential attenuation, differential phase shift and cross polarization discrimination, XPD, were computed over a frequency range of 1GHz to 300GHz for spheroidal drops and up to 33GHz for Pruppacher-Pitter drops. The variations of XPD with frequency, rainfall rate and copolar attenuation, CPA, were investigated. A mathematical relationship was established between the XPD and the CPA, canting angle and frequency of propagation from 5GHz to 300 GHz for spheroidal drops and up to 33 GHz for Pruppacher-Pitter drops. The results obtained using the A-O drop size distribution have been compared with those assuming the Laws and Parsons (L-P) distribution. The Pruppacher-Pitter drop shape has been found to give rise to higher XPD, especially at low CPA and high frequencies.     

X-band dielectric Cerenkov maser amplifier experiment

An X-band dielectric Cerenkov maser amplifier experiment is reported. The amplifier system consisted of a solid, thermionically generated electron beam propagating through a cylindrical waveguide partially filled with an annular, dielectric liner. The input signal was provided by a tunable (9-10.3 GHz) magnetron with power up to 10 kW. Electron beam voltages and currents of up to 250 kV and 100 A could be generated for 1 μs pulse durations. The system was configured to operate in the TM₀₁ mode of the dielectric-lined waveguide. In this experiment the gain of the system with respect to the length of the dielectric liner was studied at a fixed input frequency of 10.3 GHz. At electron beam parameters of 160 kV and 60 A, a power gain of 24 dB over 56 cm of interaction length was measured for an input power of 4.5 kW, corresponding to a maximum RF amplified power of 1.15 MW and 12% efficiency     

140GHz大功率交错双栅行波管的设计和模拟研究

采用交错双栅结构,结合带状电子注,研究了一种工作在140 GHz频段的大功率行波管. 本振模数值计算表明该结构具有良好的色散特性和耦合阻抗.针对所采用的慢波结构, 提出了慢波过渡结构、输入输出耦合器和集中衰减器,保证了行波管的良好工作. 利用三维大信号模拟计算的方法得到的结果显示,当电子注直流功率为5.115 kW,输入信号功率为0.1 W时, 所研究的行波管能在132-152 GHz范围内提供大于300 W的峰值功率,其中在138 GHz时得到最大功率546 W, 对应增益为37.37 dB.当在0.027-0.46 W内调节输入信号功率,可以保持该行波管在128-152 GHz 频带内得到大于440 W的峰值功率,对应的电子效率大于8.6%. 结果显示该行波管将在大功率短毫米波领域具有重要意义和潜在应用价值.     

ESR spectrometer with a wide frequency range using a gyrotron as a radiation power source

The development of a high frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer with a wide frequency range using a gyrotron as the radiation power source is described.GYROTRON FU-E, optimized for use in an ESR spectrometer in the millimeter wave range, was developed in Fukui University. In order to test the normal operation of the spectrometer, the ESR of two standard samples, single crystal and polycrystalline DPPH, has been measured, in the pulsed mode over the frequency range from 65 GHz to 135 GHz.     

High-peak power Ka-band gyrotron oscillatorexperiments with slotted and unslotted cavities

A K_a-band gyrotron oscillator powered by a compact pulseline accelerator has been operated using oscillator cavities with and without axial slots. The oscillator was operated at high voltage (~900 keV) and high current (~500 A) in the approximate frequency range of 20-50 GHz. The use of axial slots has been shown to suppress low-starting-current whispering-gallery modes, in particular, modes of the TE_m2 type, allowing stable operation in a linearly polarized TE₁₃ mode. A peak power of 35 MW has been observed at 6% efficiency     

高功率跨波段相对论速调管放大器模拟设计

设计了一种能在S波段和C波段实现稳定输出的高功率相对论速调管放大器,并使用电磁粒子PIC程序进行了模拟研究。模拟结果表明:采用700 kV,4 kA的电子束,在注入微波功率340 kW、注入微波频率分别为2.8 GHz和3.2 GHz的条件下,通过合理选择输入腔和中间腔的结构和工作模式、调节器件输出腔的腔长,模拟实现了S波段（3.2 GHz）和C波段（5.6 GHz）分别为1 GW和490 MW的微波输出,束波转换效率分别约为35%和17%。     

Single-frequency 1.25 W monolithic lasers at 1123 nm

Experimental investigation ofd Nd:YAG monolithic nonplanar ring lasers operated at 1123 nm wavelength is presented. Stable single-frequency 1123 nm laser output has been obtained with successful suppression of the strong 1064 nm radiation. Single-frequency output power of 1.25 W is demonstrated with a pump power of 3.98 W at 808 nm, which gives a slope efficiency of 39%. The laser frequency tuning range is over 3 GHz, and the average tuning rate with temperature is -2.6 GHz/ degrees C. A strong iodine absorption line can be covered within the laser frequency tuning range.     

肖特基二极管整流的计算与测量

 提出了改进型的肖特基二极管整流数理模型，用加速迭代法和四阶精度龙格-库塔法编制了计算程序，并结合实验测量得到了整流效率与输入功率、频率和负载等关系曲线:负载一定时，输入功率从零开始增大，整流效率先快速上升，然后上升趋势变缓；输入功率一定时，负载从零开始增大，整流效率先增大后减小，对于某一固定的输入功率，存在着一个最佳负载值；当输入功率和负载都相同时，降低工作频率，整流效率上升。型号为2DV10B的X波段管子在负载为525 W、输入功率为10 mW、频率为3.2 GHz时获得的整流效率为75.2%；频率为10 GHz时获得50.2%的效率，实验测量结果与理论分析一致。     

Millimeter-wave gyroklystron amplifier experiment using arelativistic electron beam

A fundamental-mode TE₁₁₁° two-cavity intense-beam gyroklystron amplifier experiment, operating at an accelerating voltage of 1 MV, is reported. The two cavities that were tested are designed to serve as bunching cavities for a high-power output cavity. The two-cavity amplifier has demonstrated a linear gain of 15 dB and an unsaturated output power of ~40 kW, with the intracavity gain and power ~4 dB higher. The frequency of the second cavity has been found to track the frequency of the driven cavity over a range of 300 MHz around a center frequency of 35 GHz. Stable amplifier operation was achieved with beam currents as large as 150 A and a velocity pitch ratio of 0.36. The stable operating range was limited by spurious oscillation in the TE₁₁₂° mode. Theoretical calculations indicate that higher gains might be attainable if this mode could be suppressed     

Measured mixer noise temperature and conversion loss of a cryogenic Schottky diode mixer near 800 GHz

We accurately measured the noise temperature and conversion loss of a cryogenically cooled Schottky diode operating near 800 GHz, using the UCB/MPE Submillimeter Receiver at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. The receiver temperature was in the range of the best we now routinely measure, 3150 K (DSB). Without correcting for optical loss or IF mismatch, the raw measurements set upper limits ofT _M=2850 K andL _M=9.1 dB (DSB), constant over at least a 1 GHz IF band centered at 6.4 GHz with an LO frequency of 803 GHz. Correction for estimated optical coupling and mismatch effects yieldsT _M=1600 K andL _M=5.5 dB (DSB) for the mixer diode itself. These values indicate that our receiver noise temperature is dominated by the corner cube antenna's optical efficiency and by mixer noise, but not by conversion loss or IF mismatch. The small fractional IF bandwidth, measured mixer IF band flatness from 2 to 8 GHz, and similarly good receiver temperatures at other IF frequencies imply that these values are representative over a range of frequencies near 800 GHz.     

Demonstration of the frequency upshifting of microwave radiation byrapid plasma creation

A technique for frequency-upshifting electromagnetic radiation is demonstrated. By ionizing azulene vapor contained in a resonant cavity using a laser pulse, the frequency of the incident RF wave at 33.3 GHz is upshifted by 5% with greater than 10% efficiency. Maximum frequency upshift of 2.3 times the source frequency is observed. There are two mechanisms thought to be operative in producing the observed frequency upshift: the time-dependent dielectric constant due to increasing plasma density, and rapid Q-switching of the cavity. This technique has the potential of being able to generate tunable and chirped radiation over a very broad (Δf/f≳1) frequency range     

高功率过模圆波导到两路矩形波导功分器

基于模式匹配法分析了高功率过模圆波导到两路矩形波导功分器在传输过程中高阶模式的传输和反射问题,分析得到了高传输效率对过模圆波导的要求,并以此仿真设计了中心频率为2.88GHz的功分器,设计结果表明:在中心频率下反射系数为0.05,对应的圆波导TM01模到矩形波导TE10模传输效率大于99%,真空中功率容量为2.83GW;在2.82~2.94GHz的频带范围内反射系数小于0.1,对应的传输效率大于98%。     

L波段紧凑型TEM-TE11模式转换器

设计了一种适用于窄带高功率微波源系统的紧凑型TEM-TE11模式转换器。该结构首先将同轴波导沿角向分区使微波在各分区内相位传播常数不同,然后将相位传播常数较大的分区进行横向折叠设计以缩短系统轴向长度。分区传播的微波在模式转换器末端相位差达到180时,合成同轴波导中TE11模式。为L波段磁绝缘振荡器设计了模式转换器,并采用数值仿真程序进行计算,在1.31 GHz中心频率上,模式转换器转换效率为95%;在1.23~1.40 GHz频率上,模式转换器效率大于90%,相对带宽13%。将模式转换器应用于磁绝缘振荡器,并测量了天线的定向辐射能力,所得结果与设计一致。     

Frequency division using diodes in resonant systems

It is suggested that Schottky barrier diodes could be used for frequency division in the range 1–100 GHz. Division at 1.5 GHz is demonstrated using a diode with effective charge storage time of 100 ps. Lower frequency dividers are shown to divide by two over a range of three orders of magnitude of input frequency about the reciprocal of the charge storage time. Cascaded division is demonstrated.     

紧凑型宽带TM01-TE11模式转换器的数值模拟

 设计了一个紧凑型宽带L波段TM01-TE11模式转换器。该转换器使用同轴TEM和矩形TE₁₀模式作为过渡模式，提高了模式转换器的工作带宽，缩小了模式转换器的尺寸，并且模式转换器的输入输出同轴。建立了一个尺寸为φ20.5 cm×55.2 cm的设计模型，并进行了数值模拟。结果表明：该模式转换器工作频率为1.63~2.22 GHz时转换效率超过90%，相对带宽超过30%；在1.72 GHz处转换效率达99.8%；工作频带内反射系数小于-11 dB，最低为-26.3 dB；该模式转换器的功率容量大于1 GW。     

High-resolution spectroscopy using interleaved 100 GHz optical frequency comb scanned by phase modulator

A high-resolution spectroscopy technique is proposed with an optical phase modulator combined with an interleaved optical frequency comb. The optical phase modulator and a frequency-locked laser light guarantee a spectral resolution less than 1 MHz on an absolute frequency axis. A wide measurement frequency range was realized using a 25 GHz optical frequency comb lying over a 4 THz frequency region. An extraction of single tooth intensity from the comb was realized by a heterodyne technique with a frequency-tunable laser used as a local oscillator. Also, the 25 GHz optical frequency comb was interleaved to generate four 100-GHz combs for removing the crosstalk from the 25 GHz neighboring sidebands in the teeth. This proposed spectroscopy technique was experimentally demonstrated with a resonator of less than 1 MHz linewidth and a H¹³C¹⁴N gas cell. Thus, a measurement frequency range higher than 4 THz (1530 nm-1560 nm) was confirmed with an effective spectral resolution 100 kHz order. In addition, the characteristics of the proposed system were compared with those of the previous system with a single-sideband (SSB) optical modulator.     

过模同轴转弯波导的设计

介绍了一种过模同轴转弯波导的基本原理,分析了过模同轴波导基模实现高效率转弯传输的条件及转弯过程中的模式问题,设计了中心频率为4.0GHz、转弯角度为45°的过模同轴转弯波导。数值计算结果表明:过模同轴转弯波导在中心频率的基模传输效率大于99%,反射系数为0.04;在3.8~4.2GHz的频率范围内基模传输效率大于95%,反射系数小于0.22。该过模同轴转弯波导的转弯半径约80mm,具有转弯半径小、结构简单、转弯角度灵活的特点,且内部无介质支撑,适用于高功率微波馈线系统中过模同轴波导基模的转弯传输。     

Atomic and molecular spectroscopy with a continuous-wave, doubly resonant, monolithic optical parametric oscillator

Doppler-broadened atomic and molecular spectra were observed with a one octave tunable, continuous-wave, doubly resonant, monolithic optical parametric oscillator (OPO) using 5% MgO-doped LiNbO₃ as a non-linear crystal with a birefringent phase-matching configuration. By tuning the frequency of a pump laser, longitudinal mode selection over 20 successive modes, corresponding to a 60 GHz span, was possible, owing to the simple structure of the monolithic OPO. Continuous frequency tuning was achieved using an external waveguide-type electrooptic phase modulator (EOM). By changing the modulation frequency of the EOM, frequency tuning of the optical sidebands over 12 GHz was possible, which is larger than the one free spectral range of the monolithic cavity of 3 GHz. We could observe the Cs-D₁ (894 nm), Cs-D₂ (852 nm), Rb-D₁ (795 nm), acetylene R9 (1520 nm) and P9 (1530 nm) transitions with the single monolithic OPO.     

Injection-locked fiber laser for tunable millimeter-wave generation

A dual-ring injection-locked fiber laser consisting of a ring of optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) and a ring of fiber laser is proposed and demonstrated for tunable millimeter-wave (mm-wave) generation. The approach combines the advantages of mm-wave generation based on OEOs and fiber lasers, which can generate a high-frequency, low-phase-noise, and a mode-hopping-free mm-wave signal with a large tuning range. A low-phase-noise mm-wave signal with a tunable frequency of 30-50 GHz and a tuning step of 10 GHz is obtained in a proof-of-concept experiment. The tuning range can be as large as 140 GHz if a high bandwidth photodetector is applied.