寡聚核苷酸/单链阳离子表面活性剂囊泡与沉淀共存(英文)

DNA(包括寡聚核苷酸)和阳离子表面活性剂可形成难溶复合物.本文通过浊度测试和透射电子显微镜观察,发现单链阳离子表面活性剂可以诱使寡聚核苷酸/单链阳离子表面活性剂沉淀转变成为寡聚核苷酸/单链阳离子表面活性剂囊泡,且寡聚核苷酸/单链阳离子表面活性剂囊泡可以与寡聚核苷酸/单链阳离子表面活性剂沉淀共存.在寡聚核苷酸/单链阳离子表面活性剂沉淀向囊泡的转变过程中,表面活性剂和沉淀之间的疏水作用力发挥了重要作用.此外,当体系温度达到寡聚核苷酸开始融解的温度后,寡聚核苷酸/单链阳离子表面活性剂体系更容易形成囊泡.因此,寡聚核苷酸的链越伸展,越易于寡聚核苷酸/单链阳离子表面活性剂囊泡的生成.据我们所知,有关寡聚核苷酸/阳离子表面活性剂囊泡的报道尚不多见.因此,考虑到DNA(包括寡聚核苷酸)/两亲分子体系在医学、生物学、药学和化学中的重要性,该研究应该有助于我们进一步了解该体系并对其进行更合理有效的应用.     

季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂诱导囊泡结构改变机理研究

用动态光散射技术以及荧光探针方法, 研究了不同连接基长度的季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂对卵磷脂囊泡结构改变的影响, 并借助理论模型和临界堆积参数理论探索了Gemini表面活性剂诱导囊泡结构改变的机理. 实验结果表明, 表面活性剂诱导囊泡结构改变的主要原因是表面活性剂嵌入到囊泡的双分子层中, 从而改变了囊泡的表面电荷强度以及嵌入后的表面活性剂在囊泡双分子层中分布的不均匀性. 此外, 表面活性剂分子的结构也会对其产生影响, 不同连接基长度的季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂对囊泡结构改变的影响不完全相同, 但会呈现出一定的规律性.     

两亲分子溶液聚集体结构的冷冻刻饰电子显微镜研究

利用冷冻刻饰电子显微镜(FF-TEM)技术研究了两亲分子溶液不同有序聚集体的结构, 特别对一些两亲分子溶液体系形成的泡囊结构进行了详细的研究, 探讨了聚集体结构的演变规律. 对无剪切力下化学反应诱导L3-相(海绵相)到层状Lα-相, 手振荡层状Lα-相到多双层泡囊相及高剪切力作用下多双层泡囊相到单双层泡囊相的结构演变进行了冷冻刻饰电子显微镜追踪研究. 首次报道了-诱导的单链长表面活性剂溶液中泡囊相的形成.     

盐引发阴离子/非离子表面活性剂复配体系中囊泡自发形成

在无盐时, 阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)与非离子表面活性剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚(TX-100)的复配体系中只有混合胶束存在, 而盐的加入即可以引发体系中囊泡的自发形成, 这使得囊泡的形成变得更加简单. 引发机理可以归因于盐对离子表面活性剂的极性头双电层的压缩作用, 减少了极性头的面积, 加上非离子表面活性剂的参与使得堆积参数P增加, 导致了半径更大的聚集体的形成. 制作了SDBS/TX-100/盐水拟三元相图, 通过目测和表面张力的变化确定了囊泡形成的带状区域, 并用负染色电镜(TEM)对囊泡进行了表征, 同时测定了盐度以及相同盐度下表面活性剂浓度对囊泡粒径的影响, 发现囊泡的粒径随着盐度的增加而增加, 而在同一盐度下, 囊泡的粒径基本不受表面活性剂浓度的影响.     

表面活性剂溶致液晶的流变学性质

系统阐述了三种溶致液晶(六角状、立方状和层状液晶)的流变性质,概括了各自的流变性特点并给出了其理论模型,特别对立方相的流变学模型和层状相的剪切诱导转变作用进行了较详细的说明.讨论了因为这种转变而导致的囊泡的形成,并且在表面活性剂和嵌段共聚物中均可观察到剪切诱导的结构转变.     

环境因素对正负表面活性剂体系相行为的影响

在1:1正负离子表面活性剂混合体系(十二烷基硫酸钠/辛基三甲基溴化铵 SDS-C8NM3Br; 十二烷基硫酸钠/十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,SDS-C12NM3Br)中加入短链脂肪醇 (乙醇,正丙醇,正丁醇),正负离子表面活性剂沉淀溶解,出现表面活性剂双水相.上相有液晶存在,下相有囊泡自发形成.折光率数据和电镜结果表明:上相为表面活性剂富集相,下相表面活性剂浓度较低.混合体系中,出现表面活性剂双水相所需短链脂肪醇的体积百分数,随短链脂肪醇的链长增加而降低.温度升高,出现表面活性剂双水相所需短链脂肪醇的体积百分数降低.对SDS/C8NM3Br/H2O体系的研究结果表明:超声处理,可使混合体系中沉淀向囊泡转化,与短链脂肪醇的加入后的作用类似.     

两亲分子溶液聚集体结构的冷冻刻饰

利用冷冻刻饰电子显微镜(FF-TEM)技术研究了两亲分子溶液不同有序聚集体的结构, 特别对一些两亲分子溶液体系形成的泡囊结构进行了详细的研究, 探讨了聚集体结构的演变规律. 对无剪切力下化学反应诱导L₃-相(海绵相)到层状Lα-相, 手振荡层状Lα-相到多双层泡囊相及高剪切力作用下多双层泡囊相到单双层泡囊相的结构演变进行了冷冻刻饰电子显微镜追踪研究. 首次报道了Zn²⁺-诱导的单链长表面活性剂溶液中泡囊相的形成.     

非水溶剂中囊泡等分子有序组合体的形成

总结了各类表面活性剂在乙醇等非水及混合溶剂中的囊泡、胶束等聚集体的形成规律,着重讨论了非水体系中介电常数改变对正负离子表面活性剂混合体系中聚集体形成的影响.对反胶束等不同分子有序组合体在非水体系中的形成情况也进行了概述.     

胆固醇对卵磷脂囊泡稳定性的影响

采用透射电子显微镜研究了Gemini表面活性剂诱导卵磷脂囊泡结构改变的机理, 用Langmuir膜天平研究卵磷脂和胆固醇的不溶单分子混合膜在气-液界面的行为和混合膜分子间的相互作用, 并结合动态光散射技术和停留法探讨胆固醇对Gemini表面活性剂诱导卵磷脂囊泡结构改变的影响. 从电镜结果可以推测带正电荷的Gemini表面活性剂分子会嵌入到带负电荷的卵磷脂囊泡双分子层的外层, 囊泡的双分子层之间的相互吸引力使双分子层的厚度减少, 由于嵌入的表面活性剂分子在囊泡的双分子层中分布是不均匀的, 这种分布的不均匀性必然会导致双分子层厚度的不均匀, 从而使囊泡破裂. 混合膜的过剩面积和动力学结果表明, 胆固醇和卵磷脂是相互吸引的, 即胆固醇的加入使卵磷脂囊泡更不容易被表面活性剂破坏.     

C12EO4与氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷水溶液自组装和流变性研究（英文）

研究了3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)和非离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯(C12EO4)水溶液的相行为、溶液自聚集作用和流变性,小角度X-射线散射(SAXS)、低温透射电子显微镜(cryo-TEM)和氘谱核磁共振(2H NMR)测定确定了溶液中聚集体结构,测定了聚集体混合物溶液的流变性质.结果表明:随着溶液混合物组分的变化,溶液聚集体结构发生了改变,在Lα相区内,恒定C12EO4浓度,随着APTES浓度增加聚集体结构由高曲率聚集体转变为低曲率的层状结构;而在恒定APTES浓度时,随着C12EO4增加,Lα相由低粘弹性的囊泡溶液转变为粘弹性极高的密堆积囊泡和平面层状结构共存的类凝胶相,溶液聚集体结构和结构转变是由于APTES水解产物插入至C12EO4胶束引起的.非离子表面活性剂和氨基硅烷混合物溶液相结构及结构转变的新结果对于完全理解该类混合物的实际应用,特别是作为模板合成硅材料的应用具有重要理论意义.     

Temperature-sensitive aqueous surfactant two-phase system formation in cationic-anionic surfactant systems

Temperature-induced aqueous surfactant two-phase system (T-ASTP), which was found to be of generic importance, was investigated in a series of conventional mixed cationic-anionic surfactant systems. On the basis of the investigations of turbidity, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, the formation of T-ASTP can be attributed to temperature-induced vesicle aggregation. Aggregated vesicles existed in the upper part, while the separated vesicles existed in the lower part. The phase separation temperature can be regulated by varying the surfactant composition or adding additives, such as d-sorbitol, urea, or NaBr. The hydrophobic interaction and cooperative effect between cationic and anionic surfactants played a significant role in the formation of T-ASTP.     

Temperature-induced vesicle aggregation in catanionic surfactant systems: the effects of the headgroup and counterion

The peculiar nature of temperature-induced vesicle aggregation (TIVA) in some catanionic surfactant systems is systematically investigated. On the basis of a general analysis of the intervesicular interactions, the main driving force for this phenomenon is considered to be the intervesicular hydrophobic interaction among the exposed hydrophobic part of the surfactant headgroups. The addition of an oppositely charged hydrophobic salt to the catanionic vesicle systems is also found to promote the occurrence of TIVA. In fact, TIVA can be induced in ordinary catanionic vesicle systems by the addition of an oppositely charged hydrophobic counterion.     

Heat-induced phase transitions from an aqueous solution to precipitates in a poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide system

For the first time, temperature-induced phase transitions upon heating and cooling an aqueous solution that contained oppositely charged polyelectrolyte and surfactant mixtures was observed. The phase transition from micelles to vesicles, then to the coexistence of vesicles and superstructures that have the morphology of melon seeds, and finally to precipitates was determined by means of turbidity measurements and transmission electron microscopy images. These phase transitions were shown to be reversible and reproducible after several heating and cooling cycles were performed on the same sample. The novel observations for the temperature-induced phase transition from primary aggregates, such as micelles, to superstructures (i.e., vesicles) should provide new understanding for surfactant sciences, and in particular for self-assembled amphiphilic systems.     

Temperature-controlled vesicle aggregation in the mixed system of sodium n-dodecyl sulfate/n-dodecyltributylammonium bromide

Temperature-controlled vesicle aggregation was investigated in a catanionic surfactant system of sodium n-dodecyl sulfate/n-dodecyltributylammonium bromide. Vesicle aggregation took place as the temperature reached the critical value (Tc). Tc can be adjusted by the variations of the total surfactant concentration and the mixed molar ratio. It was also found that the temperature variation above Tc can greatly influence the vesicle aggregation rate. The vesicle aggregation process was irreversible as long as T >/= Tc, whereas the vesicle disaggregation process occurred only below Tc.     

Temperature-induced sedimentation to dispersion of ionic vesicles

We present a temperature-induced sedimentation/dispersion transition of ionic vesicles in the system of alkyldimethylamine oxide hemihydrochloride (CnDMAO.1/2HCl) with a hydrocarbon chain length of 12-16 (n = 12, 14, and 16) and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate (NaNphS). The temperature-sensitive sedimentation/dispersion of ionic vesicles took place around a temperature of 50 degrees C, which was weakly dependent on the alkyl chain length. The combined effect of the thermally induced dissociation of the counterions from the vesicle and a hydrogen bonding between the nonionic and the cationic head groups is likely to be responsible for this unique behavior.     

Visualization of structural rearrangements responsible for temperature-induced shrinkage of amorphous polycarbonate after its deformation at different conditions

Structural rearrangements during the temperature-induced shrinkage of amorphous polycarbonate after its tensile drawing below and above the glass transition temperature, rolling at room temperature, and solvent crazing have been studied with the use of the direct microscopic procedure. This evidence demonstrates that the character of structural rearrangements during the temperature-induced shrinkage of the oriented amorphous polymer is primarily controlled by the temperature and mode of deformation. In the case of the polymer sample stretched above the glass transition temperature, the subsequent temperature-induced shrinkage is shown to be homogeneous and proceeds via the simultaneous diffusion of polymer chains within the whole volume of the polymer sample. When polymer deformation is carried out at temperatures below the glass transition temperature, the subsequent temperature-induced shrinkage within the volume of the polymer sample is inhomogeneous and proceeds via the movement of rather large polymer blocks that are separated by the regions of inelastically deformed polymer (shear bands or crazes).     

Spontaneous vesicle formation and vesicle-tubular microstructure transition in aqueous solution of a poly-tailed cationic and anionic surfactants mixture

Spontaneous vesicle formation has been observed in aqueous mixtures of tri-(N-dodecyldimethylhydroxypropylammonium chloride) phosphate (PTA) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT), which is supported by negative-staining TEM and dynamic light scattering. The range of vesicle formation in the PTA/AOT mixtures is wide and monodisperse vesicles are obtained. The vesicle diameter increases with the total surfactant concentration. Tubular microstructures, vesicle fusion, and vesicle-tubular microstructure transition have been also observed by negative-staining TEM. The vesicle formation mechanism is discussed from the viewpoint of molecular geometry, conformation, and the interaction between surfactant molecules.     

Temperature-induced intermicellization and contraction in aqueous mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate and an amphiphilic diblock copolymer

Aqueous solutions of a thermoresponsive amphiphilic diblock copolymer, containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), in the presence of the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant can undergo a temperature-induced transition from loose intermicellar clusters to collapsed core–shell nanostructures. The polymer–surfactant mixtures have been characterized with the aid of turbidity, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), intensity light scattering (ILS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), shear viscosity, and rheo-small angle light scattering (rheo-SALS). In the absence of SDS, compressed intermicellar structures are formed at intermediate temperatures, and at higher temperatures further aggregation is detected. The SANS results disclose a structure peak in the scattered intensity profile at the highest measured temperature. This peak is ascribed to the formation of ordered structures (crystallites). In the presence of a low amount of SDS, a strong collapse of the intermicellar clusters is observed at moderate temperatures, and only a slight renewed interpolymer association is found at higher temperatures because of repulsive electrostatic interactions. Finally, at moderate surfactant concentrations, temperature-induced loose intermicellar clusters are detected but no shrinking was registered in the considered temperature range. At a high level of SDS addition, large polymer–surfactant complexes appear at low temperatures, and these species are compressed at elevated temperatures. The rheo-SALS results show that the transition structures are rather fragile under the influence of shear flow.     

Temperature-dependent vesicle formation of aqueous solutions of mixed cationic and anionic surfactants

The phase behavior of aqueous solutions of mixed cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) was examined at different temperatures (20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees C). While stable vesicles were formed in a narrow composition range on the SOS-rich side at 20 degrees C, the range widened remarkably when the temperature was raised to 30 degrees C. Thus, the vesicle region extended to cover almost the entire composition range, CTAB:SOS = 0.5:9.5-5.0:5.0, at the total surfactant concentrations of 50-70 mM on the SOS-rich side. To analyze the temperature dependence of this phase behavior of the mixed surfactant system, DSC and fluorescence polarization measurements were performed on the system. The experimental findings obtained revealed that pseudo-double-tailed CTAB/SOS complex, the major component of the bimolecular membrane formed by the surfactant mixture, undergoes a gel (Lbeta)-liquid crystal (Lalpha) phase transition at about 26 degrees C. This phenomenon was interpreted as showing that the bimolecular membrane has no curvature and is rigid and easy to precipitate at temperatures below the phase transition point, whereas it has a curvature and is loose enough to disperse in the solution as vesicles at temperatures above the phase transition point. Vesicles formed by the anionic/cationic surfactant complex were then stable at temperatures above the phase transition temperature of the complex.     

Studies on outer-sphere electron transfer reactions of surfactant–cobalt(III) complexes with iron(II) in liposome (dipalmitoylphosphotidylcholine) vesicles

The effect of unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphotidylcholine (DPPC), both below and above the phase transfer region, on the second-order rate constants for outer-sphere electron transfer between Fe²⁺ and the surfactant?Ccobalt(III) complexes, cis-[Co(en)₂(C₁₂H₂₅NH₂)₂]³⁺ and cis-[Co(trien)(C₁₂H₂₅NH₂)₂]³⁺ (en?=?ethylenediamine, trien?=?triethylenetetramine, C₁₂H₂₅NH₂?=?dodecylamine) was studied by UV?CVis absorption spectroscopy. Below the phase transition temperature of DPPC, the rate decreased with increasing concentration of DPPC, while above the phase transition temperature the rate increased with increasing concentration of DPPC. It is concluded that below the phase transition temperature, there is an accumulation of surfactant?Ccobalt(III) complexes at the interior of the vesicle membrane through hydrophobic effects, and above the phase transition temperature the surfactant?Ccobalt(III) complex is released from the interior to the exterior surface of the vesicle. Through isokinetic plots, we have established that the mechanism of the reaction does not alter during the phase transition of DPPC.