甲烷在微波等离子体下直接转化成C2烃

研究了非平衡微波等离子体中影响甲烷脱氢转化的几个因素，如功率、ＣＨ４／Ｈ２比和体系压力。在最佳条件下，甲烷转化率和乙炔的选择性分别达到７７．４６％和７４．０４％。     

滑动弧电极放电等离子体作用甲烷制C2烃的工艺

采用刀片式不锈钢电极放电反应器,以Ar气为稀释气,研究了等离子体作用下甲烷转化制C2烃的工艺条件。考察了CH4流量、高频电源输入电压和电极间距等参数对甲烷转化率、C2烃选择性、收率和反应表观能耗的影响。结果表明,增加CH4流量,表观能耗随之降低;当输入电压和电极间距较小时,甲烷转化率随输入电压和电极间距的增大而增大,但输入电压和电极间距过大时,C2烃收率明显下降,积碳严重。在CH4流量14 mL/min、Ar气流量60 mL/min、高频电源输入电压22 V、电流0.44 A、电极间距4 mm的优化条件下,甲烷最高转化率为43.1%,C2烃收率、选择性和表观能耗分别为40.1%、93.2%和2.41 MJ/mol。C2烃中不饱和烃的体积分数可达95%以上。     

Mn-CaO催化剂上甲烷-二氧化碳共活化制C2烃研究Ⅰ.反应性能的研究

考察了不同组成Mn-Ca0催化剂上甲烷一二氧化碳转化制C2烃反应性能，同时考察了反应温度，CO2分压对反应性能的影响及催化反应性能随时间的变化。     

Conversion of Methane to C2 Hydrocarbons via Cold Plasma Reaction

Direct conversion of methane to C2 hydrocarbons via cold plasma reaction with catalysts has been studied at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Methane can be converted into C2 hydrocarbons in different selectivity depending on the form of the reactor, power of plasma, flow rate of methane, ratio of N2/CH4 and nature of the catalysts. The selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons can reach as high as 98.64%, and the conversion of methane as high as 60% and the yield of C2 hydrocarbons as high as 50% are obtained. Coking can be minimized under the conditions of: proper selection of the catalysts, appropriate high flow rate of inlet methane and suitable ratio of N2 to CH4. The catalyst surface provides active sites for radical recombination.     

低温等离子体应用于甲烷的直接转化

简述了热等离子体裂解甲烷和冷等离子体强化甲烷转化的研究概况，着重从四个方面（反应机理和动力学、反应器的设计、等离子体与催化剂的协同作用、常压冷等离子体）评述了冷等离子体强化甲烷转化的国内外研究进展和发展趋势。     

Ni/CaO-SiO2对流化床反应器中甲烷转化制合成气的催化性能

用浸渍法制备了Ni／SiO2和Ni／CaO—SiO2催化剂．研究了流化床反应器中用CaO改性微球硅胶载体对催化性能的影响,考察了Ni／CaO—SiO2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化与甲烷二氧化碳重整耦合制合成气反应中Ca负载量、反应温度、空速和原料气中的O2／CO2比对活性与选择性以及产物H2／CO比的影响。并用XRD、TEM、H2-TPR和CO2-TPD等测试手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,经过氧化钙改性的微球硅胶能够将“自由态”的镍物种转变为“束缚态”。使镍物种达到高度分散状态。引入10(wt)％Ca助剂所制备的催化剂具有很好的活性和稳定性,因而具有较好的工业应用前景。     

Mn-CaO催化剂上甲烷-二氧化碳共活化制C2烃研究Ⅱ.催化剂表征及反应机理研究

在Mn-CaO催化剂开展了一系列的表征，包括XRD，XPS，CO2-TPD．结合催化剂评价、表征结果，对催化反应机理进行了推测，指出Mn组分与催化剂的活性相关联而Ca组分的主要作用是提供吸附型的CP2（a）^＊，反应过程中形成的Mn^3＋／Mn^2＋离子对在CO2和CH4的活化过程中扮演了重要角色．     

二氧化碳和天然气经过微波等离子体直接转化成C2烃

二氧化碳和天然气经过微波等离子体直接转化成Ｃ２烃陈栋梁雷正兰刘万楹＊⒇张承聪洪品杰戴树珊（中国科学院成都有机化学研究所，成都，６１００４１）（云南大学化学系，昆明，６５００９１）二氧化碳和甲烷都是很稳定的非极性分子，要使其分子活化，发生化学反应，转化...     

正压、低温脉冲微波等离子体裂解天然气直接转化 制C2烃的研究

利用脉冲微波强化、扩展丝光等离子体反应装置,在常压和正压条件下,对低温脉冲微波等离子体裂解甲烷和氢气混合气制C2烃的反应进行了研究。考察了压力、微波功率、脉冲通/断时间以及氢气/甲烷比例、流量等参数对反应的影响。结果表明,在脉冲微波的作用下,常规高压放电形成的在空间呈非连续分布的丝状等离子体被强化和扩展成为连续分布的伞状等离子体,等离子体利用率和活性均得以大幅度提高;利用这种低温等离子体可以获得高的甲烷转化率,而且产物纯净,只有乙烯和乙炔;通过改变压力,还可能调节产物中C2H2/C2H4的物质的量比值,当气体总流量为300mL/min、物质的量比n(H2)/n(CH4)=2:1、压力为0.13MPa、微波峰值功率为120W、脉冲通/断比=400/400ms时,甲烷转化率可达59.2%,C2烃单程收率可达52%,其中乙炔单程收率达42.7%。     

Conversion of natural gas to C2 hydrocarbons via cold plasma technology

The plasma technology served as a tool in unconventional catalysis has been used in natural gas conversion, because the traditional catalytic methane oxidative coupling reaction must be performed at high temperature on account of the stability of methane molecule. The focus of this research is to develop a process of converting methane to C2 hydrocarbons with non-equilibrium plasma technology at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It was found that methane conversion increased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons decreased with the voltage. The optimum input voltage range was 40-80 V corresponding to high yield of C2 hydrocarbons. Methane conversion decreased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons increased with the inlet flow rate of methane. The proper methane flow rate was 20-40 ml/min (corresponding residence time 10-20 s). The experimental results show that methane conversion was 47% and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons was 40% under the proper condition using atmospheric DBD cold plasma technology. It was found that the breakdown voltage of methane VB was determined by the type of electrode and the discharge gap width in this glow discharge reactor. The breakdown voltage of methane VB,min derived from the Paschen law equation was established.     

Non-oxidative dehydro-oligomerization of methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons at low temperatures

The non-oxidative dehydro-oligomerization of methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as aroma tics and C2 hydrocarbons in a low temperature range of 773-973 K with Mo/HZSM-5,Mo-Zr/HZSM-5 and Mo-W/HZSM-5 catalysts is studied.The means for enhancing the activity and stability of the Mo-containing catalysts under the reaction conditions is reported.Quite a stable methane conversion rate of over 10% with a high selectivity to the higher hydrocarbons has been obtained at a temperature of 973 K.Pure methane conversions of about 5.2% and 2.0% have been obtained at 923 and 873 K,respectively.In addition,accompanied by the C2-C3 mixture,tht- methane reaction can be initiated even at a lower temperature and the conversion rate of methane is enhanced by the presence of tne initiator of C2-C3 hydrocarbons.Compared with methane oxidative coupling to ethylene,the novel way for methane transformation is significant and reasonable for its lower reaction temperatures and high selectivity to the desired prod     

Methane conversion in the presence of oxygen under low-temperature radio frequency plasma

Methane conversion in the presence of oxygen under low-temperature radio frequency (RF) plasma was investigated. The experiment results indicated that the following four factors, i.e., discharge voltage, discharge area, O2/CH4 molar ratio and total gas flowrate, affected remarkably the reaction performance. The optimum reaction conditions of methane conversion in the presence of O2 under RF plasma are as follows: discharge voltage 1050 V, discharge area 989.1mm², O2/CH4 molar ratio 1/10 and total gas flowrate 200 ml/min. A methane conversion of 91% could be reached under the optimum conditions. Oxygen is good for the breaking of C--H bonds and also acts as a sort of thinner. According to the low-temperature plasma characteristics, the macroscopic kinetics model of methane conversion in the presence of O2 under radio frequency plasma was studied.     

A kinetic study of methane conversion by a dinitrogen microwave plasma

Conversion of CH₄ with a N₂ microwave plasma (2.45 GHz) is studied. The experiments cover the absorbed microwave power range 300–700 W with 17–62% of methane in the gas mixture, with pressures of 10–40 mbar and flow rates of 140–650 ml· min^–1. The yields of C₂ hydrocarbons and dihydrogen are analyzed by gas chromatography. The distance of methane addition downstream of the plasma plays an important role on the composition and the concentration of the products obtained. This distance mainly determines the energy concentrated in the active species of the plasma when they react with methane. Different behaviors for acetylene formation, on the one hand, and for ethane and ethene formation, on the other hand, have been observed, and this finding allows us to propose a kinetic mechanism for the decay of methane and for the formation of C₂ hydrocarbons.     

Platinum- and CuOx-Decorated TiO2 Photocatalyst for Oxidative Coupling of Methane to C2 Hydrocarbons in a Flow Reactor

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is considered one of the most promising catalytic technologies to upgrade methane. However, C₂ products (C₂H₆/C₂H₄) from conventional methane conversion have not been produced commercially owing to competition from overoxidation and carbon accumulation at high temperatures. Herein, we report the codeposition of Pt nanoparticles and CuO_x clusters on TiO₂ (PC-50) and use of the resulting photocatalyst for OCM in a flow reactor operated at room temperature under atmospheric pressure for the first time. The optimized Cu_0.1Pt_0.5/PC-50 sample showed a highest yield of C₂ product of 6.8 μmol h⁻¹ at a space velocity of 2400 h⁻¹, more than twice the sum of the activity of Pt/PC-50 (1.07 μmol h⁻¹) and Cu/PC-50 (1.9 μmol h⁻¹), it might also be the highest among photocatalytic methane conversions reported so far under atmospheric pressure. A high C₂ selectivity of 60 % is also comparable to that attainable by conventional high-temperature (>943 K) thermal catalysis. It is proposed that Pt functions as an electron acceptor to facilitate charge separation, while holes could transfer to CuO_x to avoid deep dehydrogenation and the overoxidation of C₂ products.     

Methane direct conversion to aromatic hydrocarbons at low reaction temperature

Conversion of pure methane and natural gas with different methane purity to aromatic hydrocarbons at. 773 and 873 K have been investigated. Conversion of methane to aromatics under non-oxidizing conditions can be initiated by higher hydrocarbon mixtures in the feed and, some special coke deposited on Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst at lower reaction temperature. Methane conversion of about 10–20% is obtained at 773 K. The possible reaction mechanism and product phase transformation process for conversion of pure methane and natural gas at lower temperature are proposed. The thermodynamic limitation for methane conversion under non-oxidizing conditions may be circumvented.     

Methane Decomposition and C2 Hydrocarbon Formation under the Condition of DC Discharge Plasma

The infrared emission spectra of methane, H, CH and C2 hydrocarbons in natural gas were measured. The processes of methane decomposition and formation of C2 hydrocarbons were studied. The experiment shows that methane decomposition can be divided into three periods as the reaction proceeds.In the first period, a large number of free radicals were formed. While in the last period, the formation of C2 hydrocarbons and the decrease of free radicals were observed. The time and conditions of methane decomposition and formation of C2 hydrocarbons are different.     

Conversion of natural gas to C_2 hydrocarbons through dielectric-barrier discharge plasma catalysis

The experiments are carried out in the system of continuous flow reactors with dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) for studies on the conversion of natural gas to C2 hydrocarbons through plasma catalysis under the atmosphere pressure and room temperature. The influence of discharge frequency, structure of electrode, discharge voltage, number of electrode, ratio of H2/CH4, flow rate and catalyst on conversion of methane and selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons are investigated. At the same time, the reaction process is investigated. Higher conversion of methane and selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons are achieved and deposited carbons are eliminated by proper choice of parameters. The appropriate operation parameters in dielectric-barrier discharge plasma field are that the supply voltage is 20-40 kV (8.4-40 W), the frequency of power supply is 20 kHz, the structure of (b) electrode is suitable, and the flow of methane is 20-60 ml · min-1. The conversion of methane can reach 45%, the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons i