铒激光脉冲消融泌尿结石和胆结石比较研究

利用光学弱相干显微成像系统对脉冲激光消融硬生物组织后形成的凹坑二维和三维形貌进行了扫描,分析了Erbium∶YAG激光脉冲消融生物硬组织特性.结果表明:相同激光参量条件下,消融胆结石比消融泌尿结石具有更高的消融效率;消融胆结石或消融泌尿结石时,脉冲能量越大,消融效率越高;消融效率提高主要体现在凹坑表面直径更宽、高度更深...     

脉冲CO2激光伴水喷雾的骨组织消融

评估水喷雾条件对脉冲激光辐照骨硬组织的消融速率、消融效率以及组织表面形态学变化的影响。实验样品为新鲜离体牛胫骨组织;光源为脉冲CO2激光(波长10.64μm),脉冲频率60 Hz,能量密度26.5 J/cm2,光束经关节臂传输后聚焦在组织样品表面进行垂直点状照射,光斑尺寸为400μm,辐照时间10 s。激光辐照时,水雾以45°角倾斜向组织表面喷射,喷水速率分别设置为0(无喷水),0.26,0.5,0.6,0.7和0.9 mL/s。辐照后,体式显微镜观察组织样品表面形貌变化,OCT技术测量弹坑深度,扫描电镜观察弹坑微结构变化。结果表明,水喷雾条件对脉冲CO2激光骨硬组织的消融速率,消融效率以及组织表面形态学变化具有重要影响:水喷雾不仅可以起到冷却和降低热损伤的作用,通过优化选择激光辐照参数和喷水速率,可以显著增大消融速率和消融效率,改善靶组织表面的形态结构。     

基于脉冲串飞秒激光的血凝块消蚀效果研究

脉冲串飞秒激光在工业精密加工中展现出低热高效的特性,有望为血栓清除技术提供新型解决方案。以动物血凝块为消蚀样本,将脉冲串飞秒激光与高速振镜相结合来搭建实验平台,对样本表面进行单层扫描消蚀,使用三维超景深显微镜对消蚀坑进行观察和记录,并与相同平均功率下的传统脉冲模式飞秒激光的消蚀结果进行比较。结果表明,相比于传统脉冲模式,脉冲串飞秒激光可以提升消蚀效率并降低消蚀阈值,具有良好的临床研发潜力。     

双色激光脉冲辐照叠加态生成强的38 as孤立脉冲

采用多周期800 nm激光组合1 600 nm红外激光脉冲辐照氦离子He⁺叠加态生成强、短孤立阿秒脉冲. 结果表明,相对于800 nm单色激光辐照基态情形,截止频率由70次谐波大幅度展宽到280次谐波,且获得频宽为108 eV并由单一短量子路径贡献的连续辐射谱,叠加该连续谱210次到280次谐波获得了脉宽为38 as的强、短孤立脉冲,其强度比单色场情形提高了11个数量级. 研究进一步表明,两束激光脉冲的时间延迟从0.05π到－0.05π之间获得的孤立阿秒脉冲是最优化的,且脉冲持续时间 关键词： 组合激光脉冲 相干叠加态 阿秒脉冲     

脉冲光纤激光被动相干偏振合成研究

提出了脉冲激光被动相干偏振合成方案．利用光反馈环形腔结构实现多路激光的自组织被动锁相,利用级联偏振合柬的结构实现多路激光偏振合成,实现多路相干光束同轴输出．开展了4路脉冲激光相干偏振合成实验研究,获得了91．9％的合成效率,可获得时域、空域特性均十分稳定的合成脉冲激光．该方案为获得高功率脉冲光纤激光提供了一条可行的技术途径．     

紫外激光消融有机物的理论和实验研究

本文分析了紫外准分子激光对有机材料的消融过程,用理论模型解释了每个激光脉冲对有机材料的消融量与入射激光能量密度之间的关系.对于有机玻璃.当入射激光能量密度较高时,双光子过程将起主要作用.最后讨论了消融率随有机材料吸收系数之间的关系,对吸收系数较小的材料,消融率随吸收系数改变有一个极大值.     

不同波形脉冲激光的时域误差对相干合成的影响

相干合成技术是实现高功率、高亮度光纤激光系统的重要技术途径.然而, 脉冲激光阵列中常常存在时域误差,这将影响脉冲激光的相干合成效果. 建立了脉冲激光存在时域误差时的相干合成理论模型,并在不同波形(方波、三角波、正弦波) 的脉冲激光存在时域误差时,对相干合成光束在远场的脉冲波形、峰值功率、 光强分布和桶中功率(PIB)等特性进行了数值计算和对比分析.计算结果表明: 方波脉冲激光相干合成光束的脉冲波形受时域误差影响严重,光强分布和PIB随着时域误差 的增大发生线性变化;三角波脉冲激光相干合成光束的脉冲波形和峰值功率受时域误差 影响严重,光强分布和PIB在时域误差较大时随着时域误差的增大发生较为剧烈的变化; 正弦波脉冲激光相干合成光束具有较好的输出特性,在两路正弦波脉冲激光相干合成中, 将两脉冲之间的时延控制在脉冲持续时间的10%以内,就能取得良好的合成效果.     

超短脉冲激光瞄准装置光学系统设计

为了提高超短脉冲激光的瞄准精度,基于自准直原理提出瞄准装置光学系统。以670 nm光纤耦合激光器为光源,设计指示光准直、扩束光学系统,准直光的不平行度达到3.2,设计焦距为350 mm,相对孔径1/5,离轴量50 mm的主激光离轴抛物面镜,其成像质量达到衍射极限,基于准直束光学系统和离轴抛物面镜,设计可适应670 nm和800 nm两种波长的20和100的瞄准和监测成像光学系统。提出一种小孔准直的安装调试方法,以指示光进行实验验证,结果表明:设计的光学系统成像光斑均匀,其物方分辨率达到4.1 m。     

Transmission of 1.6 J Er:YAG laser light by ZnS-coated silver hollow waveguides

A maximum energy of 1.6 J at 5 pps of Er:YAG laser light has been transmitted through a flexible ZnS-coated silver hollow waveguide which has an inner diameter of 800 μm and is 116 cm long. The straight waveguide loss is 0.6 dB m⁻¹ and no significant loss and mechanical changes have been found after an endurance test of 10000 pulse transmissions and bending 400 times with a bending radius of 30 cm.     

Morphological and chemical modifications and plume ejection following UV laser ablation of doped polymers: Dependence on polymer molecular weight

This work investigates the effect of polymer molecular weight (M_W) on the morphological and chemical modifications and on the plume ejection of doped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS) films following irradiation at 248 nm. Micro-bubbles develop in the irradiated films of the low absorbing PMMA-based substrates. The extent and kinetics of the observed morphological changes are respectively larger and last longer in the low M_W polymer, as evidenced by optical microscopy and real-time monitoring of transmission of a CW laser. The changes observed in the Raman spectra upon irradiation indicate that degradation occurs to a higher extent in larger M_W polymers. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) probing of the plume reveals the presence of NapH and PhenH products from, respectively, NapI- and PhenI-doped films and a slower ejection process in the plume of low M_W polymer. For highly absorbing PS, a less dramatic dependence on M_W is observed. Results are discussed in the framework of the bulk photothermal model, according to which ejection requires a critical number of bonds to be broken.     

Diagnostics of Tin Plasma Produced by Visible and IR Nanosecond Laser Ablation

We present the optical emission spectroscopic studies of the Tin (Sn) plasma, produced by the fundamental (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) harmonics of a Q switched Nd: YAG pulsed laser having pulse duration of 5 ns and 10 Hz repetition rate which is capable of delivering 400 mJ at 1064 nm, and 200 mJ at 532 nm using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The laser beam was focused on target material by placing it in air at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally observed line profiles of four neutral tin (Sn I) lines at 231.72, 248.34, 257.15 and 266.12 nm were used to extract the electron temperature (T_e) using the Boltzmann plot method and determined its value 6360 and 5970 K respectively for fundamental and second harmonics of the laser. Whereas, the electron number density (N_e) has been determined from the Stark broadening profile of neutral tin (Sn I) line at 286.33 nm and determined its value 5.85 x 10¹⁶ and 6.80 x 10¹⁶cm^–3 for fundamental and second harmonics of the laser respectively. Both plasma parameters (T_e and N_e) have also been calculated by varying distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

IR Fourier Spectroscopy in Vivo of Human Skin during Its Ablation on Exposure to YAG:Er Laser Radiation and Polarization of the Light Scattered by the Integument

We consider the possibility of monitoring the process of human skin ablation on exposure to pulsed IR laser radiation with the use of the polarization and IR Fourier spectroscopy of disturbed total internal reflection. The laws of the change in the content of water and proteins in the surface layers of skin as a result of cyclic laser effect have been discovered. The interrelation between the degree of polarization of the backward scattered probe radiation with the wavelength corresponding to the maxima of absorption of an oxygenated form of hemoglobin and the index of erythema occurring due to laser action has been established.     

Mathematical modelling of an Nd: YAG laser: peak power and pulse width

In a previous paper, the author presented an empirically derived mathematical model of a pulse pumped laser which allowed calculation of the output energy from the laser—from the mirrors-only resonator to the fully assembled Q-switched state. In this paper the model is developed further by deriving an expression for the peak output power. New coupling and loss time constant are stated. The validity of the model is demonstrated by the ability of calculate the laser parameters from a measured pulse shape, knowing the rod dimensions and the pump energy at which the pulse was measured.     

Formation of a √3 × √3 surface on Si/Ge(1 1 1) studied by STM and LEED

We have performed a detailed study of the formation and the atomic structure of a √3 × √3 surface on Si/Ge(1 1 1) using both scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Both experimental methods confirm the presence of a √3 × √3 periodicity but unlike the Sn/Ge(1 1 1) and the Sn/Si(1 1 1) surfaces, the Si/Ge(1 1 1) surface is not well ordered. There is no long range order on the surface and the √3 × √3 reconstruction is made up of double rows of silicon atoms separated by disordered areas composed of germanium atoms.     

Unusual Ln substitutional defects: The local chemical environment of Eu and Er in nanocrystalline Nb2O5 by Ln-K edge EXAFS

The local chemical environment of the trivalent lanthanide cations in Nb₂O₅ nanopowders doped with 1 mol% of Eu³⁺ and Er³⁺, prepared via a Pechini approach, has been studied by means of EXAFS at the Ln-K edge. It can be demonstrated that the lanthanide ions enter the Nb₂O₅ structure as substitutional defects with respect to Nb, giving rise to a very large amount of disorder: both Eu³⁺ and Er³⁺ ions substitute Nb in the nine-fold coordinated site, with clustering of oxygen vacancies around the substitutional defects. Valence bond calculations have been used to validate the Ln-O distances obtained by the EXAFS fitting. The Er³⁺-doped nanocrystalline Nb₂O₅ sample shows efficient luminescence in the near infrared region around 1.5 μm. The emission and excitation spectra are affected by significant inhomogeneous broadening, in agreement with the presence of strong disorder around the dopant ions in nanosized Nb₂O₅.     

Analytical Assessments of Gallstones and Urinary Stones: A Comprehensive Review of the Development from Laser to LIBS

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique capable of fast multi-elemental analysis of various kinds of materials (solid, liquids, and gases) and its applications are growing rapidly and continue to extend to include a broad variety of biological materials. Its application is suited particularly for urinary stones and gallstones bulk analysis and microanalysis because investigation of the spatial distribution of matrix and trace elements can help to explain their emergence and growth. Therefore, we review the application of LIBS for the analysis of different kinds of gallstones and urinary stones. In brief, we also describe the history, fundamentals, advantages, and disadvantages of LIBS and its potential for spectrochemical analysis of gallstones and kidney stones. We also emphasize the applications of different kinds of lasers in urology, particularly the laser ablation of gallstones and urinary stones and its recent progress. We also summarize and compare the analytical figures of merits of analytical techniques that are commonly used to characterize and/or analyze stones.     

Initial oxidation of Ni(1 1 1) observed by electron emission microscopy: PEEM and MEEM

The initial oxidation of Ni(1 1 1) in the temperature range of 550-700 K has been monitored by photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) and metastable-atom electron emission microscopy (MEEM). The PEEM and MEEM images show uniform patterns for the chemisorbed overlayer, reflecting the electronic homogeneity as seen at the μm scale. During the nucleation and lateral growth of oxide, however, the μm-scale pattern due to the formation of oxide domains appears and its evolution depends strongly on the substrate temperature and dose pressure of gaseous O₂. Our data indicate that the high-temperature oxidation is regarded as a successive multi-nucleation process in a reaction-diffusion field.