差分吸收光谱CT诊断技术

提出了浓度场测量的差分吸收光谱层析技术,设计出一种由光源及控制系统、光学扫描测量系统和数据采集及处理系统三部分组成的典型差分吸收光谱层析诊断系统.采用改进的联合代数重建算法进行层析图像重建,数值模拟结果表明:在0°～180°视场范围内,在4个不同的投影方向获取投影数据的条件下,能有效地重建出待测场分布,其最大误差不大于5%,平均误差不大于1%.     

浓度场测量的差分吸收光谱CT技术

提出了一种新的用于浓度场测量的差分吸收光谱CT技术。利用差分吸收原理进行浓度场多方位积分测量,采用少数投影最大熵重建算法进行层析图像重建。数值模拟结果表明,在0°～180°视场范围内,在4个不同的投影视角方向获取投影数据的条件下,能有效地重建出待测场分布。该技术具有较高的重建精度和良好的抗噪声性能。     

基于哈特曼波前探测层析重建折射率场

介绍了哈特曼层析测量系统的原理,设计静态测试实验,对实际圆对称折射率场分布进行了层析重建.系统由哈特曼采集折射率场的投影数据,采用代数重建算法进行层析重建,取得了满意的重建结果.     

网格基任向偏导实现及层析应用

将光线偏折方程中的任向偏导转化为数值差分形式,并应用于层析线性运算.网格化待测场,将微分待测场的每一正方形网格及相应折射率近似为曲面底的正圆锥体,圆锥体顶端的折射率值对应该网格的折射率,在底面的投影对应网格的中心.假设紧邻三网格中心间的折射率分布共平面,在一个网格宽度内将偏导转化成数值差分形式.结果发现：基于上述近似和假设,可以将任意探测光线相关的偏导转化为数值差分形式,将非线性偏导方程转化为线性差分方程,建立层析方程.于是,偏折角可以作为投影直接重建.     

多轴差分吸收光谱断层扫描重建烟羽空间分布

为了实现烟羽二维空间分布的精确重建, 建立了被动多轴差分吸收光谱断层扫描系统,实现了多台被动多轴差分吸收光谱系统对废气烟羽空间分布的测量。首先,介绍了多轴差分吸收光谱系统及其反演气体浓度的机理。接着,使用代数迭代算法对不同的重建模型,采用不同的扫描光路进行了重建模拟,并设计了重建程序。然后,对数值模拟仿真结果进行了分析比较。最后,搭建了多轴差分吸收光扫描系统平台,进行了外场试验。数值模拟的结果显示：MAX-DOAS层析技术能精确的重建出烟羽模型的二维空间分布,四光源光路的重建误差约是双光源光路重建误差的三分之一,四光源重建时间约是双光源重建时间的四分之一,且双峰模型的重建误差大于单峰模型的重建误差。外场试验的结果显示：重建图像的积分数据与多轴差分吸收光谱测得的投影数据是一致的,说明重建出的烟羽空间分布符合实际情况。研究表明,数值模拟的结果与外场试验的结果具有一致性。     

信息光学 光学信息处理、图像识别

O4382006010288基于哈特曼波前探测层析重建三维温度场=Tomographicreconstruction of3-Dtemperature field based on Hart mannwavefront sensing[刊,中]/戴云(中科院光电所.四川,成都(610209)),张雨东…∥中国激光.—2005,32(10).—1406-1410基于哈特曼波前探测的流场层析测量技术结合了光学波前探测技术和计算机层析重建技术。系统由哈特曼传感器探测平行光束穿过流场后的投影波前,提取流场在多方向上的投影数据,采用计算机层析技术重建流场物理量的空间分布。为了验证系统的可行性和标定系统重建精度,对静态圆对称折射率场进行层析重…     

一种少投影光学层析新算法及其应用

研究少投影数情况下等离子体温度场重建问题。结合光学层析重建算法及等离子体光谱诊断中的谱线绝对强度法进行自由电弧等离子体温度场重建实验。理论上，详细讨论了一种基于最大熵准则及最优化原理的光学层析图像重建新算法。通过计算机数值模拟，考察了该算法对非对称温度场分布的重建效果。详细分析了投影噪声、投影方向数、场分布性质对重建精度的影响，并与代数迭代重建算法结果进行对比．结果表明，该算法以两个正交方向投影数据重建单峰余弦模拟场平均误差仅为0.3％，而代数迭代重建算法为3．81％；该算法以四个均匀角度间隔投影数据重建三峰随机高斯模拟场平均误差为1．77％，而代数迭代重建算法为2．02％。实验中，运用该算法结合谱线绝对强度法重建了自由电弧等离子体的温度分布。     

基于三投影方向的层析重建分析

针对传统的层析方法中,投影方向多、系统复杂等特点,提出了基于三个投影方向的层析重建方法.论文选取适用于少投影方向的代数迭代重建算法,采用参量修正方法,能较好的提高重建准确度和抑制椒盐噪音.同时对影响重建图像质量和速度的迭代次数、不同原图像结构对重建图像质量的影响进行了分析,给出了相应分析模拟结果.结果表明,迭代300次后,重建结果基本稳定.同时对于具有轴对称结构物体,三个方向投影数据能够较好地实现三维层析重建.分析结果为后期开展的基于单幅层析全息图的三维层析重建实验研究提供了理论依据.     

基于三投影方向的层析重建分析

针对传统的层析方法中,投影方向多、系统复杂等特点,提出了基于三个投影方向的层析重建方法.论文选取适用于少投影方向的代数迭代重建算法,采用参量修正方法,能较好的提高重建准确度和抑制椒盐噪音.同时对影响重建图像质量和速度的迭代次数、不同原图像结构对重建图像质量的影响进行了分析,给出了相应分析模拟结果.结果表明,迭代300次后,重建结果基本稳定.同时对于具有轴对称结构物体,三个方向投影数据能够较好地实现三维层析重建.分析结果为后期开展的基于单幅层析全息图的三维层析重建实验研究提供了理论依据.     

基于改进的多轴差分吸收光谱层析技术的烟羽浓度峰重建

建立了被动多轴差分吸收光谱层析系统,实现烟羽气体的时空浓度分布测量,分别采用传统的同步迭代重建算法(SIRT)和改进的SIRT对测量数据进行了重建分析,克服了一些实际测试中不能获 取大量投影数据或投影分布不均匀、存在噪声的问题,精确地重建出大气痕量气体的二维空间分布．在不同的模型及评价指标下,通过数值模拟对两种重建算法的效果进行比较,改变改进的SIRT算法中的松弛因子,在5500次的迭代过程中,指标d从0.435降到了0.044,指标r从0.376降到了0.044,改进的SIRT算法具有更好的重建效果．外场重建试验中成功重建了大气痕量气体的二维空间．     

贝塞尔高斯涡旋光束在大气湍流中的传输特性

为了探测更高轨道的空间目标,研制了一台通光口径为Ф750 mm的望远镜.该望远镜为主焦点光学系统,由一片二次非球面反射元件和四片透射元件组成,具有大视场(4°),大相对孔径(1∶1.32)和宽光谱(500~800 nm)的特点.本文以该望远镜的研制为基础,介绍了其光学系统各个元件的单独检测和系统装调完成后的整体检测方法和过程.采用样板法对系统中的球面透射元件进行了单独检测,采用透射无像差补偿器法对二次非球面反射镜进行了单独检测,采用反射无像差补偿器法对组合起来的透射校正镜组进行了检测,并且对系统装调对准之后的光学系统进行室内平行光管和室外对星观测两种方法进行检测.测量结果均满足设计要求,其中球面透镜的面形误差小于0.1个光圈,反射元件和透射元件非球面表面的面形误差均优于λ/30(λ=632.8 nm),透射校正镜组的波像差优于λ/30(λ=632.8nm).光学系统整体检测结果表明,室内和室外检测结果一致,其像面的80% 能量集中度直径在4°的全视场范围内均小于2个像元,达到了设计的成像要求.     

基于光谱密度的差分吸收光谱法气体测量系统的校准研究

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)是基于朗伯比尔定律的光谱法测量气体的重要方法,按此原理建立的测量系统是测量痕量气体的主要方法。用于测量痕量气体的DOAS系统的关键是其检出限的校准,传统的方法是使用标准气体进行校准。但是由于标准气体自身的量值确定问题,在ppb甚至ppt级的不确定度大于10%,而一般的ppt级的DOAS测量系统本身的不确定度也会高于标准气体,导致传统方法失效。提出一种基于光谱密度的DOAS系统校准方法,利用朗伯比尔定律将DOAS系统的检出限和光谱密度建立关系。由于光谱密度作为光学量值可以测量到10-6甚至更高,所以通过该方法可以实现DOAS系统在ppb乃至ppt级的校准。本方法需要根据待校准的测量系统光学结构的基本参数计算其总的标准光学密度值,然后把标准光学密度片放入测量系统光程中,测得其光学密度值,根据前后两次光学密度计算测量系统的测量偏差,进而分析计算测量系统的标准不确定度和标定的扩展不确定度,所得到的标定的扩展不确定度即为测量系统的检出限。该方法完全基于光学测量,不需引入标准气体评估,基于光学密度的精密测量和测量系统光学结构的装调误差,实现测量系统在较小不确定度水平上的标定,提高检出限标定的精度。本方法在开放光程式的DOAS系统上进行了实验验证。     

Measurement of linear birefringence using a rotating-wave-plate Stokes polarimeter

In this study, a compact polarimeter is developed to measure the linear birefringence property of optical materials. The principal axis angle and the retardance are obtained by a simple signal-processing algorithm, which is derived via Stokes parameters extractions when using an incident light linearly polarized at 45°. There exists an absolute error of 0.0296° on average in the principal axis angle measurement and a relative error of 2.54% in the retardance measurement of a quarter-wave-plate sample with its principal axis ranging from −40° to 40°. The standard deviations for the principal axis angle and retardance measurements are determined to be 0.015° and 0.018°, respectively, while one standard deviation to the average value of the principal axis angle and retardance, respectively, are just 0.066% and 0.020% with high repeatability, and corresponding dynamic ranges of −45° to 45° and −180° to 180°, respectively. Consequently, the developed polarimeter has a potential in linear birefringence measurement, especially in the retardance measurement.     

Study of reflection error in closed-loop polarization-maintained interferometric fiber optic gyroscope

To analyze quantitatively and systematically the reflection error in optical path of closed-loop polarization-maintained (PM) fiber optical gyroscope (FOG), the optical model is established and analyzed. Based on the optical model and the principle of the coherence detection in signal processing, the source of the reflection error is disclosed from the point of wave trains, and its effect on FOG performance is analyzed in detail, including variation as the step wave on modulator and as the environment temperature. In addition, the measures are promoted to suppress the reflection error, and the simulation result demonstrates that the peak-to-peak value of the reflection error can be suppressed from about 0.8°/h to less than 6×10⁻³°/h through matching the length of birefringent pigtails, which is small enough to meet the requirement of FOG with high performance.     

反射式光学电压互感器光路建模及偏振误差分析

光路系统的偏振误差极大地制约着准互易反射式光学电压互感器的准确度.借助琼斯矩阵,建立了分立光学器件及光纤熔接点的传输模型,推导出完整的电压互感器光路系统的数学模型.以此模型为基础,对电压互感器中的偏振误差进行了仿真分析.结果表明：光源偏振度、起偏器消光比及起偏器与相位调制器的对轴角度主要影响系统的检测灵敏度|法拉第准直旋光器的旋光角度、法拉第准直旋光器与BGO晶体的对轴角度误差是主要的偏振误差源,影响系统的测量准确度及稳定性|根据电子式电压互感器IEC60044-7 0.2S级标准,法拉第旋光角度误差应该小于1.6°,旋光器与BGO晶体对轴角度误差小于1.85°.该研究对准互易反射式光学电压互感器光路设计和误差抑制具有一定的参考价值和指导意义.     

An instrument for measuring low optical rotation angle

This paper develops a linear heterodyne interferometer based on phase-locked extraction for measuring low optical rotation angle. The validity of the proposed design is demonstrated by measuring a half-wave plate. The average relative error in the measured rotation angle of the half-wave plate is determined as just 0.74%. When applied to the measurement of glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.2 g/dl, the average relative error in the measured rotation angle of glucose solutions is determined to be 1.46%. The correlation coefficient between the measured rotation angle and the glucose concentration is determined to be 0.999991, while the standard deviation is just 0.00051°. The current system is capable of measuring glucose concentration as low as 0.01 g/dl with an error of 6.67% in the rotation angle measurement. Overall, the experimental results demonstrate the ability of the proposed system to obtain highly accurate measurement of the optical rotation angle.     

Reflector-based phase calibration of ultrasound transducers

Recently, the measurement of phase transfer functions (PTFs) of piezoelectric transducers has received more attention. These PTFs are useful for e.g. coding and interference based imaging methods, and ultrasound contrast microbubble research. Several optical and acoustic methods to measure a transducer’s PTF have been reported in literature. The optical methods require a setup to which not all ultrasound laboratories have access to. The acoustic methods require accurate distance and acoustic wave speed measurements. A small error in these leads to a large error in phase, e.g. an accuracy of 0.1% on an axial distance of 10 cm leads to an uncertainty in the PTF measurement of ±97° at 4 MHz. In this paper we present an acoustic pulse-echo method to measure the PTF of a transducer, which is based on linear wave propagation and only requires an estimate of the wave travel distance and the acoustic wave speed. In our method the transducer is excited by a monofrequency sine burst with a rectangular envelope. The transducer initially vibrates at resonance (transient regime) prior to the forcing frequency response (steady state regime). The PTF value of the system is the difference between the phases deduced from the transient and the steady state regimes. Good agreement, to within 7°, was obtained between KLM simulations and measurements on two transducers in a 1-8 MHz frequency range. The reproducibility of the method was ±10°, with a systematic error of 2° at 1 MHz increasing to 16° at 8 MHz. This work demonstrates that the PTF of a transducer can be measured in a simple laboratory setting.     

基于可调谐激光吸收光谱技术的柴油机排放NO浓度瞬态测量

NO_x是柴油机排放的主要污染物质,它对人体和环境的危害极大,其中NO含量又占NO_x总量的90％以上,因此合理准确的检测柴油机排放物中NO的含量对NO_x含量的检测尤为关键。现有的测试方法由于采用采样分析法,不能及时反映真实情况,光学检测方法作为一种新型的测试技术,在很多领域都有应用。结合光学检测方法对稳态和瞬态过程下的NO浓度用TLAS技术开展研究,通过模拟NO浓度的变化情况,验证这种方法在柴油机上应用的可行性,选择一台中心波长为5 263 nm的带间级联激光器用于检测,为获得不同浓度的混合气体设计一套配气混合系统,用高纯度的ＮＯ作为被测气体,N₂作为背景气体,配比不同浓度的测试样气,在稳态测量时,分别配比浓度为500,1 000,2 000 ppm的样气进行试验,得到相对误差小于1%,最大绝对误差为11.5 ppm。在瞬态测量中,分别对浓度增加与减少过程进行试验,实时测量气室内的浓度变化情况,在1 ms时间分辨率的情况下可实现5.2%的最大相对误差。通过设计的系统,可以实现NO浓度的瞬态测量,能将此方法应用到柴油机上,这种方法有利于研究柴油机的排放物含量。     

3-D surface profilometry using simultaneous phase-shifting interferometry

Urgent needs for high-speed, non-contact and on-line measurement with high accuracy and repeatability are of great interest for automatic optical inspection (AOI) industries. Therefore, optical phase-shifting interferometry for precision 3-D surface profilometry has become an important metrological method due to its non-contact and high measurement accuracy. Traditional phase-shifting interferometry is very sensitive to vibrations because image acquisition in various phase-shifting sequences could easily introduce measurement errors from environmental influences, such as air disturbance and system structure vibrations. In this paper, we introduce a new simultaneous phase-shifting interferometer for 3-D surface profilometry which employs a single glass plate to generate simultaneous phase-shifted interferograms. Phase reconstruction is performed by using a developed phase-shifting algorithm which uses a three-step phase-shifting method with phase differences of 90°, 180°, and 270° for three interferograms. To verify measurement accuracy and repeatability, the system was employed to measure surface profiles of surface of a flat mirror and set of Mitutoyo gauge blocks. The experiment result shows that the method is proven to be capable of performing one-shot interferometric measurement and minimizing influences from environmental disturbances with measurement repeatability down to 10 nm or less.     

基于影像-位置序图的光学测姿方法

针对空中飞行目标姿态测量问题,提出一种新的光学测姿实现方法,对光学多站测姿实施复杂、单站测姿成像要求高等问题进行改进。该方法充分利用了目标飞行连续影像信息和相应的外弹道位置数据,首先通过目标位置数据确定目标轴线向量起点,根据轴线向量终点的约束方程确定向量终点;然后通过偏航角、俯仰角与轴线向量起点、终点的关系,解算目标姿态角;最后通过姿态连续变化的先验信息,确定解算结果的唯一值。仿真计算和精度分析表明,可实现测姿误差总体小于1,表明提出的方法兼顾了便捷性和测量精度,具有较高工程应用价值。