Properties of solutions and films of blends of water-soluble cellulose ethers with Zosterin

Viscosity characteristics of dilute and moderately concentrated solutions of blends of methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose with Zosterin were studied. Composite films were prepared from solutions of the polymer blends; their IR spectra and physicomechanical and thermomechanical properties were studied. The region of thermodynamic compatibility of cellulose ethers with Zosterin was determined by solvent vapor sorption.     

Synthesis of cyanoethyl ethers of cellulose from flax fiber production waste

Conditions of preparation of cellulose cyanoethyl ethers with different degrees of substitution, based flax fiber production waste were examined. The chemical structure of the resulting cellulose ethers and variation of the structure of the cellulose materials during cyanoethylation were examined by IR-Fourier spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The degree of substitution of cellulose ethers was examined in relation to cyanoethylation conditions and chemical composition of the initial cellulose materials.     

Variation of the reactivity of flax fiber cellulose in the course of flax ripening

Carboxymethyl cellulose ethers were prepared from flax fibers of various degrees of ripeness. The influence exerted by the degree of ripeness of flax fibers on their reactivity in carboxymethylation was examined. The rheological properties of aqueous solutions of the synthesized carboxymethyl cellulose were studied.     

Carboxymethyl Cellulose Amides and Their Properties

Single-stage synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose amides was studied. The influence exerted by introduction of amide groups with bulky alkyl radicals on the thermodynamic affinity of mixed cellulose ethers for a solvent and their solubility in water was evaluated.     

Properties of solutions and films of blends of water-soluble cellulose ethers with poviargol

Rheological properties of moderately concentrated aqueous solutions of blends of methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose with Poviargol antiseptic (nanodispersed silver stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone) were studied. Composite films were prepared from solutions of the polymer blends, and the physicomechanical and thermomechanical properties of the films were examined. The region of thermodynamic compatibility of cellulose ethers with Poviargol was determined by the method based on sorption of solvent vapor.     

Phase transitions,structures, and rheological properties of hydroxypropyl cellulose–ethylene glycol and ethyl cellulose–dimethylformamide systems in the presence and in the absence of a magnetic field

Phase transitions, structures, and rheological properties of hydroxypropyl cellulose–ethylene glycol and ethyl cellulose–dimethylformamide systems in the presence and in the absence of a magnetic field have been studied. The application of the magnetic-field results in increases in viscosity and supramolecular particle size in solutions of cellulose ethers. Concentration dependences of viscosity and particle size are described by curves with maxima.     

Composite Fibers Based on Chitin

Composite fibers containing chitin and cellulose ethers (methyl, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxypropyl cellulose) and also chitin and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared. The effect of the ratio of system components and also the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the deformation-strength characteristics of the composite fibers and their supramolecular organization was studied.     

Application of NIR reflectance spectroscopy for the identification of pharmaceutical excipients

For manufacturing of medicaments, all ingredients must be reliably identified. Wet chemistry methods for identification of cellulose ethers, used by the Pharmacopoea Europea, is time consuming and expensive. To distinguish microcristalline and powdered cellulose, only unspecific sedimentation properties are used. However, applications as well as technological and pharmacokinetic properties of cellulose and various cellulose ethers are different.

NIR reflectance spectroscopy speeds up the identification of excipients. So this technique causes fewer delay in manufacturing processes. The discrimination of powdered and microcristalline celluloses as well as cellulose and cellulose ethers is made possible by factor analysis and soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCA). The classification was improved by spectral pretreatment multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), derivation and wavelength selection. The discrimination of powdered and microcristalline celluloses is statistically highly significant, so the identification can be done reliably. Cellulose ethers can be quickly identified by NIR spectroscopy, although a large number of samples of different manufacturers and physical properties, for example viscosity, were used. The only exception is the discrimination of methylcellulose and cellulose ethers containing methyl and hydroxyalkyl substituents, which show identical spectra. But even for those excipients, the wet chemistry expenses can be reduced to one test. The developed strategy for data evaluation is quite general in nature, hence it can be applied to other pharmaceutical powders, excipients and active components as well.     

Liquid crystal phase transitions and rheological properties of cellulose ethers

The liquid crystal phase transitions of cellulose ethers and their blends under static conditions and in a shear field were studied by methods of cloud points, polarization microscopy, and rheology, and also with a polarization-photoelectric installation.     

Preparation of mixed cellulose ethers by the reaction of short flax fibers and cotton linter with monochloroacetamide

The conditions of preparation of mixed cellulose ethers containing carboxy and amino groups by the reaction of samples of short flax fiber and cotton linter with monochloroacetamide were examined. The influence of the amino groups of the mixed cellulose ethers on the rheological properties of their aqueous solutions was elucidated.     

Re-characterization of the surface properties of non-ionic cellulose ethers by means of column wicking technique

In addition to recently Luner and Oh used method for characterizing of the surface free energy for cellulose ether films, this paper shows the same values however using the column wicking technique. Since re-characterized values are found larger than that Luner and Oh reported, it is suggested that the values reported by Luner and Oh may represent only for degraded samples with respect to the preparation process these authors used. In this paper, the surface free energy for cellulose ethers has been found mainly contributed by the Lifshitz–van der Waals component, e.g. of about 99%, than that of the cellulose, usually small than 97%. Whereas the Lewis acid and Lewis base components for cellulose ethers have been found decreased for the former and increased for the latter, respectively, comparing to cellulose. Additionally, it is also found that the surface free energy fro cellulose ethers seems to be decreased with the increase of the viscosity, but it seems to be greater than that of cellulose as the same as Luner and Oh found.     

X-ray and neutron reflectometry investigation of Langmuir-Blodgett films of cellulose ethers

Langmuir-Blodgett films of a series of cellulose ethers are investigated by X-ray and neutron reflectometry. Two types of samples are considered: simple alkyl ethers of cellulose and derivatives obtained by the alkylation of (2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose (HPC). All of the cellulose ethers form stable monolayers at the air-water interface. Significant differences are, however, found in the surface pressure-area compression isotherms. Ethers prepared from HPC typically exhibit larger limiting molecular areas and higher surface pressures than the corresponding simple cellulose ethers. The ease of monolayer transfer to hydrophobic silicon substrates differs greatly from one type of molecule to another. Successful transfer conditions are found only for ethers that form stable monolayers at sufficiently high surface pressures. Surprisingly, deuterated HPC ethers, prepared for neutron reflectivity measurements, exhibit monolayer properties significantly different from those of their hydrogenated analogues. Although essentially identical limiting molecular areas are found, the surface pressure corresponding to a characteristic plateau transition in the compression isotherm is found to decrease by about 8-10 mN m(-1) upon side chain deuteration. X-ray reflectivity results show a linear increase of film thickness with the number of deposited layers, indicating a regular and reproducible transfer. Observed average layer spacings are, however, significantly smaller than the calculated length of fully extended side chains. Neutron reflectivity curves recorded for composite LB films composed of both deuterated and hydrogenated polymers exhibit regular Keissig fringes, but no Bragg peak. This result indicates that these LB films do not possess an internal periodic structure and the initial layer-by-layer organization is lost by large interlayer diffusion.     

Enthalpies of interaction between cellobiose and the derivatives of cellulose in aqueous solutions

The enthalpy of interaction between cellobiose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, and 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose in water is determined. The exothermal nature of the interaction between cellulose and cellulose ethers is established. The strongest intermolecular interaction is found between cellobiose and 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose. The results are discussed in the context of the polysaccharide molecular structure.     

Network polymers based on tetrazolylethyl cellulose ether

Specific features of synthesis of network polymers based on tetrazolylethyl cellulose ethers by alkylation of tetrazole rings in the structure of the cellulose derivative with di- and polyfunctional oligomeric and polymeric oxiranecontaining compounds were studied. The influence exerted by the structure of the cross-linking agents on the time parameters of the network structure formation, degree of the polymer cross-linking, ability of the network polymers obtained to absorb various liquids, and pH and temperature sensitivity of the hydrogels based on cross-linked tetrazolylated cellulose was considered.

     

Effect of Component Nature on Liquid-Crystalline Transitions in Solutions of Cellulose Ethers

The experimental data on phase liquid-crystalline transitions in solutions of cellulose ethers are summarized. The effect of polymer molecular mass, the rise of which leads to the shift of boundary curves to the regions of higher temperatures and lower polymer concentrations, is considered. The replacement of the hydroxypropyl radical in cellulose ether units by the ethyl or hydroxyethyl radical leads to a decrease in the concentration of the LC phase. It is shown that the higher the polarity of solvent molecules, the more negative the Gibbs energy of mixing and the higher the second virial coefficients, i.e., the better the solubility of cellulose ethers.     

羟丙基甲基纤维素与魔芋葡甘聚糖复配体系相互作用的研究

采用黏度测试、振荡测试以及动态力学分析方法,以结构典型的羟烷基烷基纤维素醚———羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)与魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)混合体系为研究对象,通过对两种天然多糖混合水溶液表观黏度、流变性及溶液动态力学参数的变化,分析了结构差异性天然多糖大分子间相互作用的机理并建立分子模型.实验表明,HPMC-KGM复配后,KGM分子链上未被取代的甘露糖单元与HPMC分子链上憎水性基团通过疏水作用形成弱交联的疏水缔合区域,而形成以HPMC分子为骨架并与KGM分子相联结的结构.HPMC与KGM按质量比3∶1到1∶1比例范围内复配效应最为明显.通过疏水缔合作用,缓解KGM分子在高温条件下的降解,还对HPMC的热凝胶化作用起到延缓效果.     

Zur Analyse von Zellulosemischäthern

Zusammenfassung Die Ätherspaltung mit Bromwasserstoff in Eisessig ermöglicht eine einfache gas-chromatographische Bestimmung des Alkoxy- sowie insbesondere des Hydroxyalkoxygehaltes bei der Charakterisierung von Zellulosemischäthern.

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Analysis of cellulose mixed ethers

Summary The cleavage of cellulose mixed ethers containing methyl, ethyl and hydroxyethylgroups can easily be achieved using HBr in HAC. GLC determination of alkylbromides formed in this reaction provides a simple method of characterizing these cellulose ethers.

     

Investigation of the cellulose ethers effect on the Portland cement hydration by thermal analysis

Cellulose ethers (CE) are introduced in almost all cement-based dry mortars in order to retain water in mortar mass avoiding losing it too quickly by substrate absorption or water evaporation. In this way the workability of the fresh material, the adherence to the substrate and internal-strength characteristics of mortar, render or tile adhesive are improved. One of the side effects of cellulose ethers is the Portland cement hydration delaying. The influence of six commercial cellulose ethers, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose (HEMC) type, on the hydration of Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R, was followed by thermal analysis (TG and DTA curves). Three of these cellulose ethers are unmodified, and have different viscosities, while three of them have the same viscosity but differ in the degree of modification (unmodified, one with medium modification and one with high modification). The interest of dry mortars producers for the effects of these cellulose ethers, is generated by the wide offer available on the market and by the absence of systematic data on the effect of different viscosities and degrees of modification on dry mortars properties. In order to quantify the effect of the CE on the cement hydration, the surface area of the endothermic effect corresponding to the dehydration of portlandite (Ca(OH)₂), formed after 1, 3, and 7 days of hydration, was defined. It was noted that the proportion of Ca(OH)₂ in samples containing CE after 1 day was 30–40 % lower than in reference sample. After 3 and 7 days of hydration the proportion of Ca(OH)₂ in samples containing CE approaches that of reference sample (10–20 % less). For the same period of hydration, the different viscosity, and different degree of modification of cellulose ethers cause variations in narrow limits of the proportion of Ca(OH)₂, and the degree of cement hydration, respectively.     

The Cross - linking reaction of HEC

Cellulose ethers are important components for light industries such as food and papermaking industries. Its modification research is a frontline science to widen their uses and realize their industrialization. The target of modification is to make high production value, low input and meet the needs better in industries. O-(2-hydroxyethl) cellulose (HEC) is one of the best-known cellulose ether derivatives. It is mainly used as thickeners, dispersants, adhesives, extenders, and films because of its water solubility and gel-forming properties. The present research,by means of cross-linking, we study the influence on HEC about rheological behavior.This will provide a feasible scheme for cellulose ethers modification.     

Thermochemical Analysis of Cyanoethyl Ethers of Cellulose Blended with Polyacrylonitrile

Thermochemical reactions of cyanoethyl ethers of cellulose with polyacrylonitrile in the temperature range of its cyclization were studied.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2005, pp. 652–654.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Sazanov, Kutsenko, Novoselova.