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针对不同体积分布指数p的W/Cu连续功能梯度材料的偏滤器第一壁结构,采用有限元软件计算了8MW.m?2稳态运行热加载以及等离子体破裂条件下1GW.m?2热流冲击下的力学响应。相同稳态加载条件下,W/Cu连续功能梯度材料的最优分布指数与分层梯度材料存在较大差异,其最优等效应力比分层梯度材料要小26%,表现出更优异的性能。在热冲击响应过程中,连续梯度W/Cu材料塑性损伤随p值不同也存在较大变化,其最优p值与其稳态运行时热应力最优p值存在一定差异,从第一壁应用条件考虑,应综合选取,最佳p值在1.2附近。综合来看,连续梯度W/Cu材料具有更连续变化的热物理属性及力学性能,在聚变堆第一壁结构设计中具有更大的应用潜力。     

聚变堆第一壁连续W/Cu 梯度材料的热工性能优化

针对不同体积分布指数p的W/Cu连续功能梯度材料的偏滤器第一壁结构,采用有限元软件计算了 8MW•m⁻²稳态运行热加载以及等离子体破裂条件下1GW•m⁻²热流冲击下的力学响应。相同稳态加载条件下,W/Cu 连续功能梯度材料的最优分布指数与分层梯度材料存在较大差异,其最优等效应力比分层梯度材料要小26%,表现出更优异的性能。在热冲击响应过程中,连续梯度W/Cu材料塑性损伤随p值不同也存在较大变化,其最优p值与其稳态运行时热应力最优p值存在一定差异,从第一壁应用条件考虑,应综合选取,最佳p值在1.2附近。综合来看,连续梯度W/Cu材料具有更连续变化的热物理属性及力学性能,在聚变堆第一壁结构设计中具有更大的应用潜力。     

ITER第一壁实验件的铍-铜连接界面分析

在ITER第一壁实验件的研究中,采用热等静压扩散连接技术对Be与Cu Cr Zr合金进行连接实验,对完成扩散连接的部分连接件采用退火处理。对所有连接件进行超声波无损探伤后,检测到未退火的连接件Be/Cu连接界面存在缺陷。为分析扩散界面缺陷产生原因,从连接件的无缺陷区取样并进行界面微观分析。通过观察微观形貌和分析界面扩散层合金元素的变化,发现退火处理过的Be-Cu扩散界面的Cu-Ti扩散层和未扩散的Ti层厚度增加,中间层中Be与Cu元素形成脆性相的几率降低,整个扩散层厚度变大,扩散范围加大。实验表明退火工艺能改变Be/Cu热等静压扩散层连接结构组成,扩大扩散连接范围。     

ITER第一壁实验件的铍-铜连接界面分析

在ITER第一壁实验件的研究中,采用热等静压扩散连接技术对Be与CuCrZr合金进行连接实验,对完成扩散连接的部分连接件采用退火处理。对所有连接件进行超声波无损探伤后,检测到未退火的连接件Be/Cu连接界面存在缺陷。为分析扩散界面缺陷产生原因,从连接件的无缺陷区取样并进行界面微观分析。通过观察微观形貌和分析界面扩散层合金元素的变化,发现退火处理过的Be-Cu扩散界面的Cu-Ti扩散层和未扩散的Ti层厚度增加,中间层中Be与Cu元素形成脆性相的几率降低,整个扩散层厚度变大,扩散范围加大。实验表明退火工艺能改变Be/Cu热等静压扩散层连接结构组成,扩大扩散连接范围。     

ITER第一壁模块Be/Cu连接失效分析

为了分析ITER第一壁模块试制过程中Be/Cu界面经热等静压扩散连接后出现的不可接受的大尺寸缺陷,对Be/Cu连接失效的模块进行了破坏性试验。首先采用线切割对模块进行解剖,并对连接界面缺陷区域及非缺陷区域通过金相观察、SEM观察及能谱分析进行对比,初步确定了界面连接的失效机理。     

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为了分析ITER第一壁模块试制过程中Be/Cu界面经热等静压扩散连接后出现的不可接受的大尺寸缺陷,对Be/Cu连接失效的模块进行了破坏性试验.首先采用线切割对模块进行解剖,并对连接界面缺陷区域及非缺陷区域通过金相观察、SEM观察及能谱分析进行对比,初步确定了界面连接的失效机理.     

ITER第一壁模块Be/Cu连接界面的热疲劳损伤分析

采用热等静压扩散连接技术并通过添加Ti/Cu中间过渡层实现了Be与CuCrZr合金之间的可靠连接,所制作的ITER第一壁小模块已通过高热负荷疲劳试验。对试验后的小模块进行了超声波无损探伤,发现界面多处存在大尺寸缺陷。介绍了高热负荷疲劳试验后模块的破坏性检测与分析,结合对缺陷界面的金相观察、SEM观察及EDS分析方法,确定了缺陷形成的主要原因。     

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采用热等静压扩散连接技术并通过添加Ti/Cu中间过渡层实现了Be与CuCrZr合金之间的可靠连接,所制作的ITER第一壁小模块已通过高热负荷疲劳试验.对试验后的小模块进行了超声波无损探伤,发现界面多处存在大尺寸缺陷.介绍了高热负荷疲劳试验后模块的破坏性检测与分析,结合对缺陷界面的金相观察、SEM观察及EDS分析方法,确定了缺陷形成的主要原因.     

氦对铜钨纳米多层膜界面稳定性的影响

采用射频磁控溅射方法,分别在纯Ar和Ar, He混合气氛下制备了多个不同调制周期的Cu/W纳米多层膜. 利用增强质子背散射(EPBS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)分别对Cu/W多层膜中He含量、 截面形貌和相结构进行了分析.结果表明:多层膜的界面稳定性是耐氦损伤的前提和保证. 在适当的调制周期下,纳米多层膜能有抑制氦泡成核及长大的能力.     

高效太阳能转换的材料创新

多尺度材料的装配和集成对新一代太阳能电池器件的运行至关重要,需要基础科学的设计和阐述。关键是要了解和利用定制材料的内在特性,以及材料组件之间的相互作用,从而实现所需要的功能。主要介绍了通过溶液过程连接和组装各种纳米结构方面的最新成果。这些材料已经被用作高效太阳能转换装置的高效光吸收层、载流子传输层、界面层和表面反应促进剂,特别是在钙钛矿太阳能电池和光电化学电池中。并讨论了这些结果对新型太阳能装置的未来发展的影响。     

Finite element simulation of stress distribution and development in 8YSZ and double-ceramic-layer La2Zr2O7/8YSZ thermal barrier coatings during thermal shock

In this paper, the thermal stress of the double-ceramic-layer (DCL) La₂Zr₂O₇/8YSZ thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) during thermal shock has been calculated. The residual stress of the coating after being sprayed has been regarded as the initial condition of the first thermal cycle. The characteristic of the stress development during the thermal cycle has been discussed, and the influence of the defects on the failure mode during the thermal cycle has also been discussed systematically. Finite element simulation results show that there exist higher radial thermal shock stresses on the ceramic layer surface of these two coatings. There also exist higher thermal stress gradient at the interface between the ceramic layer and the metallic layer. Higher thermal stress in 8YSZ/NiCoCrAlY coating lead to the decrease of thermal shock property as compared to that of LZ/8YSZ/NiCoCrAlY coating. The addition of LZ ceramic layer can increase the insulation temperature, impede the oxygen transferring to the bond coating and can also reduce the thermal stress. Considering from the aspects of thermal insulation ability and the thermal shock resistance ability, DCL type LZ/8YSZ TBCs is a more promising coating material compared with the single-ceramic-layer (SCL) type 8YSZ TBCs for the application.     

Microstructures and strengthening mechanisms of Cu/Ni/W nanolayered composites

Cu/Ni/W nanolayered composites with individual layer thickness ranging from 5?nm to 300?nm were prepared by a magnetron sputtering system. Microstructures and strength of the nanolayered composites were investigated by using the nanoindentation method combined with theoretical analysis. Microstructure characterization revealed that the Cu/Ni/W composite consists of a typical Cu/Ni coherent interface and Cu/W and Ni/W incoherent interfaces. Cu/Ni/W composites have an ultrahigh strength and a large strengthening ability compared with bi-constituent Cu–X (X?=?Ni, W, Au, Ag, Cr, Nb, etc.) nanolayered composites. Summarizing the present results and those reported in the literature, we systematically analyze the origin of the ultrahigh strength and its length scale dependence by taking into account the constituent layer properties, layer scales and heterogeneous layer/layer interface characteristics, including lattice and modulus mismatch as well as interface structure.     

ITER第一壁铍铜连接部件在高热负荷作用下的热性能分析

对ITER屏蔽包层第一壁板铍铜连接件在高热负荷作用下的传热性能进行了分析,模拟了第一壁铍铜连接手指部件的热应力和热应变,得到其对应的热疲劳寿命.计算结果表明,在局部4.7MW?m-2高热负荷作用和ITER水冷条件下,现有设计方案中的铍铜连接件的热性能和热疲劳性能均满足设计要求.     

连续梯度的功能层对燃料电池在初始还原过程中曲率及残余应力的影响

连续梯度的电极由于其相对于多层梯度电极能更加有效地缓解电极和电解质的热失配及改善界面黏接而受到特别的关注. 本文通过建立含连续梯度的阳极功能层的阳极支撑固体氧化物燃料电池的力学模型, 研究了连续梯度的阳极功能层对阳极支撑固体氧化物燃料电池半电池在初始还原过程中曲率及残余应力的影响. 结果表明电池的曲率在初始还原过程中随还原程度的增大而逐渐增大. 连续梯度的阳极功能层的引入不能同时改善电池的曲率和残余应力, 即连续梯度的阳极功能层在缓解应力的同时会导致曲率的增大, 反之亦然. 含有连续梯度的阳极功能层的电池在部分还原状态下, 梯度层/阳极支撑界面处具有最大的拉应力容易导致电池受损, 实际中应保证电池被完全还原.     

Performance improvement in CdTe solar cells by modifying the CdS/CdTe interface with a Cd treatment

The performance of n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells is often degraded under light soaking or thermal stress, even though the technology of CdTe solar cells is close to a commercial level. The Cu diffusion from a Cu back contact to a CdS window layer might degrade the cell's performance. To prevent the Cu diffusion, a very-thin intrinsic CdTe layer was introduced at the n-CdS/p-CdTe interface by depositing a very-thin Cd metal layer on the CdS film and converting the Cd metal into intrinsic CdTe during p-CdTe deposition at high temperature. By the Cd treatment on CdS surface, pinholes or voids were eliminated at the CdS/CdTe and the intermixing of Te and S at the interface was much suppressed. The depletion width was much increased and the intensity of LTPL peak was increased. The analysis suggested that an intrinsic CdTe interlayer was formed and the surface recombination rate was suppressed by the intrinsic interlayer. As a result, the short circuit current of the CdTe solar cell was significantly increased due the increased current gain in the blue wavelength region. The thermal stability of the CdTe solar cell was also greatly improved and the Cu diffusion was retarded by the intrinsic CdTe interlayer at the n-CdS/p-CdTe.     

Thermal stresses around a circular inclusion with functionally graded interphase in a finite matrix

Based on the theory of the complex variable functions, the analysis of non-axisymmetric thermal stresses in a finite matrix containing a circular inclusion with functionally graded interphase is presented by means of the least square boundary collocation technique. The distribution of thermal stress for the functionally graded interphase layer with arbitrary radial material parameters is derived by using the method of piece-wise homogeneous layers when the finite matrix is subjected to uniform heat flow. The effects of matrix size, interphase thickness and compositional gradient on the interfacial thermal stress are discussed in detail. Numerical results show that the magnitude and distribution of interfacial thermal stress in the inclusion and matrix can be designed properly by controlling these parameters.     

基于拉曼热测量技术的铜基复合物法兰GaN基晶体管的热阻分析

采用拉曼热测量技术结合有限元热仿真模型,分析比较新型铜/石墨复合物法兰封装与传统铜钼法兰封装的GaN器件的结温与热阻,发现前者的整体热阻比铜钼法兰器件的整体热阻低18.7%,器件内部各层材料的温度分布显示铜/石墨复合物法兰在器件中的热阻占比相比铜钼法兰在器件中的热阻占比低13%,这证明使用高热导率铜/石墨复合物法兰封装提高GaN器件热扩散性能的有效性.通过对两种GaN器件热阻占比的测量与分析,发现除了封装法兰以外,热阻占比最高的是GaN外延与衬底材料之间的界面热阻,降低界面热阻是进一步提高器件热性能的关键.同时,详细阐述了使用拉曼光热技术测量GaN器件结温和热阻的原理和过程,展示了拉曼光热技术作为一种GaN器件热特性表征方法的有效性.     

W/Fe/CuCrZr热等静压模块组织及性能分析

为实现面向等离子体材料钨(W)和热沉材料铜铬镐(CuCrZr)合金的可靠连接,对纯铁(Fe)作为W/CuCrZr合金热等静压连接中间层的可行性进行了探索性研究.在850℃/150MPa/135min的热等静压参数下制作了W/Fe/CuCrZr合金的实验模块,分别对连接界面进行了焊接界面、微观形貌、组织成分及剪切力学性能...