Optimizing the integrated pulsed amperometric multicycle step waveform for the determination of tetracyclines

A method of modified integrated pulsed amperometric detection with multicycle step waveform (Multi-IPAD) following high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied for the determination of tetracyclines (TCs) including dimethyltetracycline (DMTC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and tetracycline (TC). The key advantages of the Multi-IPAD are the abilities to enhance sensitivity and reproducibility and the ability to keep working electrode clean through the use of a high-frequent waveform alteration in integration step and the use of a cleaning potential, which is quite different from conventional three-step potential waveform. The analyses were carried out using the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water mixture solution (10:90, v/v) containing 1% perchloric acid on a C(18) column at a flow rate of 0.21 mL/min. The IPAD waveform parameters were optimized to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and successfully applied for the sensitive detection of TCs. The detection limits (S/N=3, 20 microL injected) were 0.07 mg/L for DMTC, 0.08 mg/L for OTC and 0.05 mg/L for TC. The peak height relative standard deviations (RSDs) of every compound for replicate injection (n=15) determined were below 4.6%.     

Determination of tetracyclines in food samples by molecularly imprinted monolithic column coupling with high performance liquid chromatography

A novel solid phase extraction (SPE) method for determination of tetracyclines (TCs) in milk and honey samples by molecularly imprinted monolithic column was developed. Using tetracycline (TC) as the template, methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, methanol as the solvent, cyclohexanol and dodecanol as the mixed porogenic solvents, a TC imprinted monolithic column was prepared by in situ molecular imprinting technique for the first time, and the optimal synthesis conditions and the selectivity of TC imprinted monolithic column were investigated. The interfering substances in food samples and TCs can be separated successfully on imprinted column. Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) coupling with C18 column was used to determinate the TCs in milk and honey. The recoveries of this method for six tetracyclines antibiotics such as tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), minocycline (MINO), chlortetracycline (CTC), metacycline (MTC) and doxycycline (DTC) were investigated, and high recoveries of 73.3-90.6% from milk samples and 62.6-82.3% from honey samples were obtained. A method for determination of TCs at low concentration level in milk and honey samples was successfully developed by using the monolithic column as the precolumn for solid phase extraction of six TCs compounds.     

Determination of tetracyclines in ovine milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with a coulometric electrode array system

A method has been developed to analyze residual tetracyclines (TCs) (oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), methacycline (MTC), doxycycline (DC)) in ovine milk, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a coulometric electrode array system. The samples were pretreated, using liquid-liquid extraction based on hexane. The chromatography was performed, using a C18 column (150 mm x 4 mm i.d. and 5 microm) with a mobile phase: sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate (pH 2.2, 0.05 M)-acetonitrile (78:22, v/v). The flow rate of mobile phase was kept constantly at 1ml/min. The residues were monitored by an ESA electrochemical detector. Potentials of four electrodes in series were set at 400, 660, 680 and 700 mV, respectively. The first electrode was set to remove those interfering substances that may co-elute with TCs and the other three electrodes were used for quantification. The maximal potential of our detection was 700 mV. Calibration curve showed good linearity and the detection limit of TCs was 12.5, 20, 25, 10 and 25 ng/ml, respectively. Optimization of the pH of the mobile phase, the proportion of acetonitrile and the pH of the pretreatment were also performed. Recoveries of TCs from spiked samples were more than 88% and the relative standard deviations were less than 4.3%. This method was reliable, sensitive, economical and suited for routine monitoring of TC residues in ovine dairy milk.     

固相萃取-亲水作用色谱法测定废水中四环素类抗生素

建立了固相萃取(SPE)-亲水作用色谱法(HILIC)测定废水中金霉素(CTC)、强力霉素(DC)、四环素(TC)和土霉素(OTC) 4种四环素类抗生素(TCs)残留的新方法.水样经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化富集后, 采用以氨基色谱柱及高极性有机溶剂-水相缓冲溶液为流动相的亲水作用色谱法(HILIC)进行分析. 对流动相中缓冲溶液的类型和pH值、离子强度、 有机溶剂的浓度以及流速进行了优化, 确定了以V(乙腈)∶V(6.7 mmol/L柠檬酸铵缓冲溶液, pH 4.0)=85∶ 15混合液为流动相的最佳条件.本方法具有良好的线性关系(r> 0.999)和重现性(峰面积RSD<1.0%), 最低检出限(S/N=3)为12～30 μg/L, 4种四环素类药物添加水平在0.5～10 μg/L范围内的标准加入回收率为 90.6%～106.5%; 相对标准偏差为 2.5%～6.2%.本方法简便、准确、流动相离子强度低,适合于与质谱联用,用于屠宰场污水及医院污水等实际样品检测,结果满意.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肌肉组织中的四环素类药物残留

建立了一种专属、灵敏的方法,用于同时检测鸡肌肉组织中土霉素、四环素和金霉素的残留。首先对鸡肌肉组织中的四环素类药物进行提取,再经C18固相萃取柱净化,采用电喷雾离子源,以正离子检测方式进行质谱分析。实验结果表明,在25～500 μg/L这一质量浓度范围内上述3种四环素类药物均呈线性,其相关系数r＞0.99。在低、中、高3个质量浓度添加水平,3种四环素类药物的平均回收率为72.4%～94.9%,相对标准偏差小于11%。3种四环素类药物的检测限均可达到10 μg/kg。其方法学考察符合农牧发［2003］1号文件的有关规定。     

高效液相色谱化学发光法检测牛奶中残留四环素类化合物的研究

基于四环素类抗生素药物中的四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)和多西环素(DC)能够强烈增敏通过恒电流电解方法在线电生BrO^－和鲁米诺之间产生的化学发光, 提出了一种高效液相色谱(HPLC)化学发光(CL)法检测4种四环素类抗生素药物的新方法. 以Nucleosil RP-C₁₈ (250 mm×4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm, pore size, 100 Å)为色谱柱, 0.05 mol• L^－1磷酸二氢钾(pH 2.5)-乙腈(30∶70, V∶V)为流动相, 流速1.2 mL/min, 柱温25 ℃, 同时分离检测四种抗生素的总时间为11 min. 研究并优化了流动相、电生试剂化学发光检测的条件. 四种抗生素的检出限为0.002～0.008 μg•mL^－1 (3σ), 对0.01 μg•mL^－1的四种抗生素测定的相对标准偏差为2.0%～3.6% (n＝11). 该方法已成功应用于牛奶中残留四环素类抗生素含量的分析.     

Isolation of tetracyclines in milk using a solid-phase extracting column and water eluent

An isolating method using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) ISOLUTE® C8 endcapped syringe-column for routine monitoring of residual tetracyclines (TCs) (oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and doxycycline (DC)) in cow's milk is presented. In the simplest and most environmentally harmless method, milk samples could be applied directly to the SPE column, following which all TCs were eluted with water. No organic solvents were used at all. The purified sample was injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photo-diode array detector (PDAD). For the HPLC determination/identification, a LiChrospher® 100 RP-8 endcapped column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile −7% (v v⁻¹) acetic acid solution (in water) (35:65, v v⁻¹) with a PDAD was used. The total time required for the analysis of one sample was <40 min. Average recoveries (spiked 0.1-1.0 μg ml⁻¹ each drug) and their standard deviations were >80 and <5%, respectively.     

四环素类抗生素-钨酸钠-乙基紫体系的共振瑞利散射光谱及其分析应用

在pH为9.0的Clark-Lubs缓冲溶液中, 强力霉素、土霉素、四环素和金霉素等四环素类抗生素与钨酸钠反应形成1∶1的阴离子螯合物, 它仅能引起吸收光谱的变化, 不能引起共振瑞利散射(RRS)的增强, 但是当该螯合物进一步与乙基紫反应形成三元离子缔合物时, RRS显著增强并产生新的RRS光谱, 它们具有相似的光谱特征, 最大RRS波长均位于328 nm处. 4种抗生素的线性范围和检出限分别为0.047～4.8 μg•mL^－1和14.1 ng•mL^－1(强力霉素); 0.078～5.0 μg•mL^－1和23.5 ng•mL^－1(土霉素); 0.081～5.7 μg•mL^－1和24.4 ng•mL^－1(四环素); 0.122～7.7 μg•mL^－1和36.6 ng•mL^－1(金霉素). 考察了三元离子缔合配合物的组成, 讨论了配合物的结构和反应机理, 并发展了一种高灵敏、简便快速测定四环素类抗生素的新方法.     

Simultaneous multiresidue determination of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in catfish muscle using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Efficient methods are needed for analysis of veterinary drug residues in food. A number of methods are available for single analytes. Multiresidue methods are now increasingly available. It is still rare, however, to find methods not involving mass spectrometry which allow for analysis of more than one class of drug residue. An efficient multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones (FQs) and tetracyclines (TCs) in catfish muscle has now been developed. This method involves an extraction of the analytes with a mixture of acetonitrile and citrate buffer containing magnesium chloride. After centrifugation and evaporation of the supernatants, the residues are determined using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. With this method, five fluoroquinolones and three tetracyclines were determined in fortified catfish muscle at levels of 20, 50, and 100 ng g(-1). Average recoveries for ciprofloxacin (CIP), sarafloxacin (SAR), danofloxacin (DANO), enrofloxacin (ENRO), difloxacin (DIF), oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) were in the range of 60-92% with good relative standard deviations. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.15 to 1.5 ng g(-1). Utilization of the method to successfully analyze catfish muscle samples incurred with enrofloxacin and with oxytetracycline is described.     

Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection for the analysis of tetracycline residues in honey

The separation of tetracyclines (TCs) using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) is proposed. The use of an amide-based stationary phase prevents the interaction of tetracyclines with the residual silanol groups and thus avoids the appearance of tailed peaks. Detection was based on using an UV spectrophotometer and gradient elution with acetonitrile-oxalic acid as mobile phase permitted good separation of all the peaks. Specificity was demonstrated by the retention characteristics, UV spectra and peak purity index. Linearity, precision, recovery and sensitivity were satisfactory. The procedure was applied to the analysis of tetracycline residues (tetracycline, oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DC), minocycline (MINO) and methacycline (MTC)) in honey of different types. Extraction involved using a mild acidic solvent containing EDTA to release protein-bound or sugar-bound tetracyclines. For the clean-up step, solid phase extraction using phenyl cartridges was applied. Detection limits in the honey using the proposed procedure are between 15 and 30 ng g(-1), depending on the tetracycline.     

Improved nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for tetracyclines at subparts per billion level

A NACE method with laser-induced fluorescence detection was modified for sensitive detection of 4 tetracyclines (TCs) in biological samples and feeds. The changes in injection mode, injection times, id of capillary, excitation wavelength, and the use of surfactant and sample stacking technique all contributed to improved LODs of TCs to sub-ng/mL level. With the optimized conditions, the instrumental LODs could reach 1.33 ng/mL for chlorotetracycline (CTC) and 13.3 ng/mL for TC, oxytetracycline (OTC), and doxycycline (DC), an improvement of 10-100-fold over past studies. A simple SPE procedure was further developed for the extraction and concentration of TCs in plasma, urine, feed, and milk. Taken together, the instrumental LOD and feasible SPE concentration factors the overall LODs for CTC could reach 65 pg/mL in feed and milk and 260 pg/mL in plasma and urine. Detection limits for TC, OTC, and DC at sub-ng/mL level were also achieved. The modified CE-LIF method was found to be less complicated and more sensitive than the best current methods using UV or LIF detection, and has been applied successfully to assess oral absorption of DC in swine and chickens and to confirm suspected TC-positive bovine serum samples.     

反相高效液相法测定四环素类抗生素

 利用高效液相法 ,在C18柱上以甲醇 乙腈 0 0 1mol/L草酸溶液 (pH 2 0 ) (体积比为 11∶2 2∶6 7)为流动相 ,采用 2 6 7nm紫外光进行检测 ,在 2 2min内将 7种四环素类抗生素全部洗脱并达到基线分离。探讨了流动相的pH值、草酸的浓度、流动相中有机相的比例以及检测波长等因素对分离度和灵敏度的影响。采用标准加入法定量 ,对两种实际样品进行了分析。结果表明 :该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、定量准确。     

Improvement of chemical analysis of antibiotics. X. Determination of eight tetracyclines using thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography

Analytical methods for eight tetracyclines (TCs) were established using silica gel high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP-TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Good separations of eight TCs were obtained using chloroform-methanol-5% disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution (65:20:5) (lower layer) and methanol acetonitrile 0.5 M oxalic acid solution (1:1:4) (pH 3.0) on silica gel HPTLC and C8 TLC plates, respectively. A combination of HPTLC and RP-TLC made possible the identification of the eight TCs. Each calibration graph was linear between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram using UV densitometry except for rolitetracycline. For detection reagents, the diazonium salts including Fast Violet B gave variously coloured spots with the eight TCs and good sensitivities were obtained except with minocycline. In HPLC, the simultaneous analysis of the eight TCs on a C8 column was possible using methanol-acetonitrile-0.01 M oxalic acid solution (1:1.5:7) adjusted to pH 3.0 as the mobile phase. A linear relationship was obtained between 1.0 and 10 ng using the usual sample preparation except for rolitetracycline. The direct determination of rolitetracycline was possible using tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulphoxide and the mobile phase as solvents for preparation of the sample. For the determination of residual rolitetracycline, it was effective to measure the amount of rolitetracycline as tetracycline by HPLC, HPTLC and RP-TLC after conversion of rolitetracycline to tetracycline by incubating for 5 min in methanol at 50 degrees C.     

Determination of tetracyclines residues in honey by on-line solid-phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography

An automated system using on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for the determination of tetracyclines (TCs), such as tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC), metacycline (MC), and doxycycline (DC) in honey. One milliliter diluted honey sample was injected into a conditioned C18 SPE column and the matrix was washed out with water for 3 min. By rotation of the switching valve, TCs were eluted and transferred to the analytical column by the chromatographic mobile phase. Chromatographic conditions were optimized. TCs were separated in less than 8 min with a gradient elution using a mixture of 0.8% formic acid and acetonitrile. The UV detection was performed at 365 nm. The conditions for on-line SPE, including solvent and total time for loading sample and washing matrix were also optimized. Time for extraction and separation decreased greatly. For the five kinds of TCs, the limits of detection (LODs) at a signal-to-noise of 3 ranged from 5 to 12 ng g⁻¹. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for the determination of TCs ranged from 3.4 to 7.1% within a day and ranged from 3.2 to 8.9% in 3 days, respectively.     

Development and validation of an HPLC confirmatory method for the determination of seven tetracycline antibiotics residues in milk according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC

An HPLC method with diode-array detection, at 355 nm, was developed and validated for the determination of seven tetracyclines (TCs) in milk: minocycline (MNC), TC, oxytetracycline (OTC), methacycline (MTC), demeclocycline (DMC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and doxycycline (DC). Oxalate buffer (pH 4) was used with 20% TCA as a deproteinization agent for the extraction of analytes from milk followed by SPE. The separation was achieved on an Inertsil ODS-3, 5 microm, 250 x 4 mm(2 )analytical column at ambient temperature. The mobile phase, a mixture of A: 0.01 M oxalic acid and B: CH(3)CN, was delivered using a gradient program. The procedure was validated according to the European Union decision 2002/657/EC determining selectivity, stability, decision limit, detection capability, accuracy, and precision. Mean recoveries of TCs from spiked milk samples (50, 100, and 200 ng/g) were 93.8-100.9% for MNC, 96.8-103.7% for OTC, 96.3-101.8% for TC, 99.4-107.2% for DMC, 99.4-102.9% for CTC, 96.3-102.7% for MTC, and 94.6-102.1% for DC. All RSD values were lower than 8.5%. The decision limits CC(a) calculated by spiking 20 blank milk samples at MRL (100 microg/kg) ranged from 101.25 to 105.84 microg/kg, while detection capability CC(b )from 103.94 to 108.88 microg/kg.     

Determination of Tetracyclines in Honey Using Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Absorbance Detection and Residue Confirmation by Mass Spectrometry

A determination method has been optimized and validated for the simultaneous analysis of tetracycline （TC）, oxytetracycline （OTC）, chlortetracycline （CTC） and doxycycline （DC） in honey. Tetracyclines （TCs） were removed from honey samples by chelation with metal ions bound to small Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow columns and eluted with Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine pH 4.0 buffers. Extracts were further cleaned up by Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction （SPE）, while other solid-phase extraction cartridges were compared. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a polar end-capped C 18 column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of oxalic acid, acetonitrile and methanol. LC with ultraviolet absorbance at 355 nm resulted in the quantitation of all four tetracycline residues from honey samples fortified at 15, 50, and 100 ng/g, with liner ranges for tetracyclines of 0.05 to 2 μg/mL. Mean recoveries for tetracyclines were greater than 50% with R.S.D. values less than 10% （n= 18）. Detection limits of 5, 5, 10, 10 ng/g for oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline, respectively and quantitation limits of 15 ng/g for all the four tetracyclines were determined. Direct confirmation of the four residues in honey （2-50 ng/g） was realized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC/MS/MS）. The linear ranges of tetracyclines determined by LC/MS/MS were between 5 to 300 ng/mL, with the linear correlation coefficient r〉 0.995. The limits of detection of 1 to 2 ng/g were obtained for the analysis of the TCs in honey.     

A molecularly imprinted photonic polymer sensor with high selectivity for tetracyclines analysis in food

A molecularly imprinted photonic polymer (MIPP) sensor for respective detection of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline is developed based on the combination of a colloidal crystal templating method and a molecular imprinting technique. Colloidal crystal templates are prepared from monodisperse polystyrene colloids. The molecularly imprinted polymer, which is embodied in the colloidal crystal templates, is synthesized with acrylic acid and acrylamide as monomers, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide as a cross-linker and tetracyclines (TCs) as imprinting template molecules. After removal of the colloidal crystal template and the molecularly imprinted template, the resulted MIPP consists of a three-dimensional, highly ordered and interconnected macroporous array with a thin hydrogel wall, where nanocavities complementary to analytes in shape and binding sites are distributed. The response of MIPP to TCs stimulants in aqueous solution is detected through a readable Bragg diffraction red-shift, which is due to the lattice change of MIPP structures responding to their rebinding to the target TCs molecules. A linear relationship was found between the Δλ and the concentration of TCs in the range from 0.04 μM to 0.24 μM. With this sensory system, direct and selective detection of TCs has been achieved without using label techniques and expensive instruments. The developed method has been applied successfully to detect tetracycline in milk and honey samples.     

Disposable amperometric magneto-immunosensor for direct detection of tetracyclines antibiotics residues in milk

The preparation and performance of a disposable amperometric magneto-immunosensor, involving the use of a selective capture antibody immobilized on the surface of protein G-functionalized magnetic beads (ProtG-MBs) and screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), for the specific detection and quantification of tetracyclines (TCs) residues in milk is reported. A direct competitive immunoassay using a tracer with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the enzymatic labeling was performed. The amperometric response measured at −0.2 V vs. the silver pseudo-reference electrode of the SPCE upon the addition of H₂O₂ in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) as redox mediator was used as transduction signal. The developed methodology showed very low limits of detection (in the low ppb level) for 4 tetracycline antibiotics tested in untreated milk samples, and a good selectivity against other antibiotic residues frequently detected in milk and dairy products. The usefulness of the magneto-immunosensor was demonstrated by analyzing UHT whole milk samples spiked with 44 ng mL⁻¹ tetracycline (TC) as well as a reference milk containing a certified oxytetracycline (OTC) content. These features, together with the short analysis time (30 min), the simplicity, and easy automation and miniaturization of the required instrumentation make the developed methodology a promising alternative in the development of devices for on-site analysis.     

Specific detection of oxytetracycline using DNA aptamer-immobilized interdigitated array electrode chip

An electrochemical sensing system for oxytetracycline (OTC) detection was developed using ssDNA aptamer immobilized on gold interdigitated array (IDA) electrode chip. A highly specific ssDNA aptamer that bind to OTC with high affinity was employed to discriminate other tetracyclines (TCs), such as doxycycline (DOX) and tetracycline (TET). The immobilized thiol-modified aptamer on gold electrode chip served as a biorecognition element for the target molecules and the electrochemical signals generated from interactions between the aptamers and the target molecules was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The current decrease due to the interference of bound OTC, DOX or TET was analyzed with the electron flow produced by a redox reaction between ferro- and ferricyanide. The specificity of developed EC-biosensor for OTC was highly distinguishable from the structurally similar antibiotics (DOX and TET). The dynamic range was determined to be 1-100 nM of OTC concentration in semi-logarithmic coordinates.     

Determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline in milk by liquid chromatography with postcolumn derivatization and fluorescence detection

A multiresidue method for isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) in milk is presented. The sensitivity of the method is adequate to meet the needs of regulatory agencies. The European Community established 100 micrograms/kg as the maximum residue limit (MRL) in milk for TC, CTC, and OTC. Recoveries exceeded 80% for all tetracyclines at all levels, with good precision. Correlation coefficients of standards curves for individual tetracyclines isolated from fortified samples ranged from 0.991 for CTC to 0.998 for OTC. Other antibiotics that might interfere with analysis did not interfere with elution times of OTC, TC, and CTC. The procedure is rapid, precise, and quantitative and requires minimal preparation and minimal use of organic solvents. It can be applied to routine surveillance programs. We can prepare 10 samples for analysis in about 1.45 h.