高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法测定烤烟中的水溶性葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖

用高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法（HPAEC-PAD）测定了烤烟中的水溶性葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖。采用水浸取及膜过滤法处理烤烟样品,以Dionex CarboPac PA-1阴离子交换柱为色谱柱,0.2 mol/L NaOH水溶液为淋洗液进行分离测定。葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量与其峰面积的线性关系良好,回收率均在97%以上。方法简便易行,灵敏度高,重现性良好,可以实现对烟草中单糖的快速分离和测定。     

高效阴离子交换色谱法检测大豆粕和大豆低聚糖浆中糖组分含量

建立了高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法(HPAEC-PAD)测定大豆粕、大豆低聚糖浆样品中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、蜜二糖、半乳糖、棉籽糖和水苏糖7种糖的方法.选用Dionex CarboPac PA20阴离子交换柱,以0.25 mol/L NaOH和水为淋洗液进行梯度洗脱,考察了色谱柱温度和NaOH浓度对各种糖分离的影响,确定最佳柱温为20℃,7种糖可以在30 min内实现基线分离.7种糖的检出限(S/N=3)为2～9 μg/L,具有较宽的线性范围(0.1～80.0 mg/L).大豆粕样品测定的相对标准偏差在2.67％～4.25％之间,7种糖的加标回收率在91％～108％之间.该方法简便易行,灵敏度高,重现性良好,适用于大豆粕和大豆低聚糖浆样品中的糖组分的分析.     

高效阴离子交换色谱法检测酱油中的单糖及双糖

建立了高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法(HPAEC-PAD)测定酱油中阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、木糖、甘露糖和果糖的方法.采用70％乙醇作为蛋白沉淀剂处理酱油样品,以Dionex CarboPac PA20阴离子交换柱为色谱柱,0.25 mol/L NaOH-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,考察了色谱柱温度和NaOH浓度对各种糖分离的影响,确定最佳柱温为20℃,NaOH浓度为5.0 mmol/L,7种糖可在20 min内实现基线分离.7种糖的检出限(25 μL进样,S/N=3)为2.0～8.0 μg/L,线性范围为0.1～80 mg/L,r2大于0.999.酱油样品测定的相对标准偏差为1.4％～4.0％,加标回收率为92％～104％.该方法简便易行,灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于酱油样品中糖组分的分析.     

离子色谱-柱切换技术同步测定饮料中的三氯蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖

建立了一种离子色谱-柱切换-安培检测技术同步测定饮料中三氯蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的方法。以CarboPac PA10阴离子交换保护柱和分析柱进行分离,用水和250 mmol/L NaOH梯度淋洗,脉冲安培检测。弱保留糖类在25 mmol/L NaOH流动相淋洗下分离检测,通过柱切换将保护柱切换至分析柱后,同时切换至250 mmol/L NaOH淋洗,三氯蔗糖仅通过较短的保护柱分离,4种糖类能够得到同步检测。4种糖类在0.01~20 mg/L范围内有良好的线性关系和较低的检出限,重复性好,样品测定的回收率分别为90.38%~102.88%（三氯蔗糖）、95.56%~102.75%（葡萄糖）、101.66%~114.33%（果糖）和105.03%~106.49%（蔗糖）。该方法可广泛应用于食品中强保留物质的测定。     

高效阴离子交换色谱-电化学法测定酱油中的氨基酸

采用高效阴离子交换色谱-电化学检测器分离并测定了18种常见氨基酸. 实验首先对酱油样品进行了简单前处理, 然后以一定浓度的NaOH和NaAc溶液为淋洗液, 选择合适的梯度淋洗条件, 使18种氨基酸在阴离子交换色谱柱上实现良好地分离, 并用脉冲安培检测器进行了测定. 氨基酸的检出限为1.7～20.0 μg/L, 样品加标回收率在85%～108%范围内. 方法灵敏度高, 操作简单, 重现性好, 不需要繁琐的柱前或柱后衍生操作. 已应用到生抽和老抽酱油调味料产品中氨基酸的测定.     

高效阴离子交换色谱分离-积分脉冲安培检测法同时测定烟草薄片中的糖和保润成分

建立了阴离子交换色谱分离-积分脉冲安培检测分离测定烟草薄片中糖和保润成分的方法,研究了4种糖成分(葡萄糖、半乳糖、果糖和蔗糖)和5种保润成分(丙二醇、丙三醇、木糖醇、山梨醇和甘露醇)在色谱中的保留行为。以480 mmol/L NaOH淋洗液等度淋洗,Carbopac MA1阴离子交换色谱柱进行分离,积分脉冲安培检测器检测,在所考察浓度范围内,9种化合物在测试条件下线性关系良好,线性相关系数大于0.996,检出限为12.6~39.9μg/L(以3倍信噪比计算),5次平行进样,相对标准偏差为1.1%~3.3%,标准加标回收率在95.4%~104.8%之间。     

阴离子交换色谱-积分脉冲安培检测法分离测定烟草料液中的山梨醇和糖

采用阴离子交换色谱-积分脉冲安培检测法分离测定了烟草料液中山梨醇、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖,研究了山梨醇和糖在阴离子交换色谱中的保留行为。采用优化的水和氢氧化钠二元梯度淋洗条件,CarboPac PA10阴离子交换色谱柱进行分离,积分脉冲安培检测器检测一次进样测定烟草料液样品中的山梨醇、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖。各组分在测试条件下线性关系良好,线性范围为0.005～20 mg/L,检测限为0.2～1.0 μg/L,加标回收率为95.1%~102.4%,相对标准偏差为1.2%～1.9%。     

高效阴离子交换色谱积分脉冲安培检测法分析注射液中的氨基酸

建立了高效阴离子交换色谱积分脉冲安培检测器同时分离并测定注射液中18种常见氨基酸、氨基己酸和牛磺酸含量的方法. 注射液用20 mg/L的NaN3溶液稀释1000倍, 经0.22 μm尼龙膜过滤后直接进样分析. 以一定浓度的NaOH和NaAc溶液为淋洗液, 选择合适的梯度淋洗条件, 20种氨基酸在AminoPac PA10阴离子交换色谱柱上在30min内很好地分离, 并用脉冲安培检测器进行了测定. 氨基酸的检出限在0.14～3.81 pmol (25 μL进样, 峰面积定量).     

高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培法检测小鼠尿液中的甘露醇、单糖和乳果糖

采用高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法(HPAEC-PAD)建立了小鼠尿液中甘露醇、单糖(包括半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和果糖)和乳果糖的分析方法。样品经离心沉淀除去蛋白并过分子膜,以CarboPacTM PA1阴离子交换柱为分离柱,采用NaOH梯度淋洗,脉冲安培四电位检测。结果表明,甘露醇、半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、果糖和乳果糖在0.1～5.0 mg/L内线性良好,线性相关系数r2为0.988～0.999,样品加标回收率为95.5%～104.2%,检出限为0.0013～0.0048 mg/L。此法准确、快速、简便,能同时对6种糖类化合物进行分析,可以跟踪检测整个糖类代谢过程中甘露醇、单糖和乳果糖之间的代谢关系。     

缬氨酸产品中微量氨基酸杂质的高效阴离子交换色谱-积分脉冲安培测定

在优化实验条件下,建立了高效阴离子交换色谱-积分脉冲安培检测法分离测定缬氨酸产品中微量氨基酸杂质的方法。研究了氨基酸的阴离子交换色谱分离和积分脉冲安培检测。采用优化的水、0.25 mol/LNaOH、1.0 mol/L NaAc三元梯度淋洗条件及35℃柱温实现了19种氨基酸的分离。在最佳条件下,氨基酸的检出限(S/N=3)为3.1~67.1 nmol/L,线性范围约为3个数量级。样品加标回收率为90%~96%。方法可以推广至其它氨基酸产品中微量氨基酸杂质的测定。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.