横向静磁场对电磁悬浮液滴稳定性的影响

在利用电磁悬浮技术实现液滴悬浮的过程中,液滴内部往往存在剧烈对流、外部伴随快速旋转和质心的水平位移等不稳定因素;因此,实现液滴的稳定悬浮是完善电磁悬浮技术的关键.本文采用实验观测的方法,通过U形静磁场组件对液滴所在空间施加横向静磁场,利用高速相机记录了不同磁场强度下纯铜熔融液滴的振荡变形过程;分析了横向静磁场对悬浮铜液滴振荡频率、振幅以及旋转的影响.实验发现:对于熔融前的固态铜颗粒,若静磁场强度超过0.3 T,铜颗粒几乎以静止状态悬浮.熔融后,当施加0.15 T的静磁场,与未加静磁场时相比,液滴俯视图轮廓线拟合出的椭圆分别与x轴和y轴的交点坐标之差R-、椭圆面积A和椭圆长轴长度Dmax的振幅分别减小了25%,76%和60%;随着磁场强度的继续增加,振幅和频率继续减小,但在静磁场强度为0.3 T时,相比静磁场强度为0.2 T,频率增加了1 Hz.横向静磁场还抑制了悬浮铜液滴的旋转,当磁场强度增加到0.53 T时,悬浮液滴只在10?的角度范围内摆动.这些结果表明,施加横向静磁场能够有效提高悬浮液滴的稳定性.     

On stable variants of Einstein’s static universe

The investigation of the stability properties of certain variants of Einstein’s static universe performed by Carneiro and Tavakol (in Stability of the Einstein static universe in the presence of vacuum energy) is generalized. It is shown that all versions of Einstein’s static universe without interaction between the two fluids it contains are unstable. Interaction between the fluids may stabilize the universe. The condition for stability by perturbation of the scale factor from its static value is deduced for a class of universe models containing those investigated by Carneiro and Tavakol. Stability of the static state requires that energy is transformed to matter during such a perturbation.     

一种新型静态成像光谱系统的研究

静态干涉系统具有稳定性好、抗干扰能力强的优势,但其缺点是光谱分辨率低并且光谱测试范围不易调整。针对静态干涉型成像光谱系统光谱分辨率低且不可调等问题,设计了一种新型静态成像光谱系统。系统由光束整形模块、新型静态干涉调制模块以及成像模块构成。光束整形模块将入射光缩束并整形为平行光,进而保证入射干涉具后可以获得较好的干涉效果;新型静态干涉调制模块对入射光进行相干处理。在双折射干涉结构的基础上进行了改进,在不改变原有静态干涉具尺寸的基础上提高了系统的光谱分辨率,并实现了光谱分辨率的静态调制;成像模块完成对目标区域二维可见光图像的采集。系统核心部件由两组光轴相互正交的Wollaston棱镜作为分光器件,在两棱镜间放置电光调制模块,实现光程的静态扫描。分析了新型静态成像光谱系统的工作原理,给出了入射角、折射角等主要参数的函数表达式,并构建了系统的数据模型。通过绘制系统光线追迹图的方式,得到了该系统横向剪切量的函数方程,并对影响横向剪切量的各个参数进行了分析与讨论。通过仿真计算了改变结构角、晶体厚度以及调制度等参数对横向剪切量的影响程度,并定量计算了两个参数对系统光谱分辨率的影响程度。由仿真分析结果可知,增大结构角与加宽调制晶体厚度都可以为系统提供更大的光程差。故通过电光调制的方式实现横向剪切量的静态扫描是可行的,可以实现静态光谱图像的获取。在实验中对660 nm激光进行了测试。新型静态干涉模块采用孔径20 mm×20 mm,厚度10 mm的两块光轴相反的Wollaston棱镜与厚度10 mm的电光调制晶体构成。当调制度分别是0.000 2和0.000 6时,成像模块采集得到干涉条纹具有明显差异。当调制度增大时,其干涉条纹密度增大,说明采用越大的调制度,系统对应的光谱静态扫描能力越强,对光谱分辨率的控制越好。由此可见,本静态成像光谱系统在控制电光晶体调制度的条件下具有光谱分辨率可调的特性,验证了系统的可行性。     

Short-term exposure to a 1.5 tesla static magnetic field does not affect somato-sensory-evoked potentials in man

The literature is contradictory regarding the effect of static magnetic fields on the function of the central nervous system of mammals. Since human subjects are exposed to intense static magnetic fields during magnetic resonance imaging, it is important to determine if the static magnetic field adversely affects the nervous system of man. Therefore, somato-sensory evoked potentials (SEPs) elicited from median nerve stimulation were measured in 11 normal subjects before and during short-term exposure to a 1.5 Tesla static magnetic field. Specially modified instrumentation was used to record SEPs that were unperturbed by the static magnetic field. There were no statistically significant differences in the N20 or P25 latencies or in the amplitude from N20 negative peak to P25 positive peak of the SEPs obtained before compared to those recorded during exposure to the static magnetic field. In addition, there were no changes in the waveforms associated with exposure to the static magnetic field. We conclude that short-term exposure to a 1.5 Tesla static magnetic field does not affect SEPs (i.e., nerve conduction and synaptic transmission were within normal limits) in normal human subjects.     

A very simple explanation of the effects of a.c. fields on the critical currents in type II superconductors

The electric field induced in a type II superconductor foil by an a.c. magnetic field is rectified by the non-linear static voltage current characteristic of the superconductor when there is a static current, so that the static critical current seems to decrease.     

One-dimensional Kinetic Ising Model with Nonuniform Coupling Constants

A nonuniform extension of the Glauber model on a one-dimensional lattice with boundaries is investigated. The static behavior of the system is investigated. It is shown that there are cases where the system exhibits a static phase transition, which is a change of behavior of the static profile of the expectation values of the spins near end points.     

Perturbational calculation of the electric field effect on the conductivity of two-dimensional disordered systems

A perturbational proof is given about the existence of the effect of static electric field on the quantum correction of conductivity of disordered systems. The term “static” means the static limit. A brief discussion is presented about a recent experiment.     

一种提高静态傅里叶干涉仪光谱分辨率的方法

为了在不改变静态傅里叶变换干涉具尺寸的前提下提高光谱分辨率,设计了正交斜楔型静态傅里叶变换干涉具,采用两个正交的等效斜楔形成连续的光程差变化.通过推导传统干涉具与正交斜楔型干涉具的光程差函数,设计了采用正交斜楔型干涉具增加有效探测长度,从而提高光谱分辨率的方法.经仿真计算,正交斜楔型干涉具的最大光程差为0.323 4 mm,比传统干涉具的0.080 8 mm大4倍左右,即光谱分辨率提高了4倍.实验证明,由于正交斜楔的探测原理使干涉具边缘的干涉条纹产生畸变,故要对干涉条纹进行边缘切除及滤波,给出了切除大小的计算公式.采用WQF520型光谱仪进行对比实验,检测800 nm的激光,该干涉具误差小于1 nm.该方法可有效地提高静态傅里叶变换干涉具的光谱分辨率.     

Temperature dependence of spin-transfer-induced switching of nanomagnets

We measure the temperature, magnetic-field, and current dependence for the switching of nanomagnets by a spin-polarized current. Depending on current bias, switching can occur between either two static magnetic states or a static state and a current-driven precessional mode. In both cases, the switching is thermally activated and governed by the sample temperature, not a higher effective magnetic temperature. The activation barriers for switching between static states depend linearly on current, with a weaker dependence for dynamic to static switching.     

Application of nonlocal continuum mechanics to static analysis of micro- and nano-structures

Scale effect on static deformation of micro- and nano-rods or tubes is revealed through nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and Timoshenko beam theory. Explicit solutions for static deformation of such structures with standard boundary conditions are derived. Results show that the scale effect would not manifest itself for micro-structures with length of the order of micro-meters, however, will be noticeable for nano-structures in their static responses. In addition, the shear effect is evident for nano-structures, especially for carbon nanotubes in most of current references, indicating the importance of applying higher-order beam theory in static analysis of nano-structures.     

Invariance of the electromagnetic field in static space-times

Using the Debever formalism and classical geometrodynamics it is shown that in a static space-time, solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations, the electromagnetic field is also static.     

混合稀疏水声信道的动态区分性压缩感知估计

由于水声传播过程中同时存在声信号直达、静态或动态边界反射的现象,水声信道会呈现不同动态特性的多径,形成具有混合稀疏的结构,即多径由静态或相对缓变的平稳多径分量和快速时变的动态多径分量混合组成。对于混合稀疏信道,经典的稀疏信道估计算法未考虑混合稀疏性,将导致算法失配、性能下降;以时变稀疏集为模型,动态压缩感知(DCS)结合卡尔曼滤波(KF-CS)可提高对时变多径分量的估计精度,但KF对静态稀疏分量的估计无法充分挖掘其稀疏性。通过将混合稀疏水声信道建模为由静态和时变支撑集所组成的稀疏集,提出一种动态区分性压缩感知(DDCS)方法。该算法首先结合同步正交匹配追踪(SOMP)和正交匹配追踪(OMP)将混合稀疏多径进行区分,分解为静态分量和时变分量;然后,分别用KF-CS和同步正交匹配追踪算法估计时变和静态多径的幅度;最后,将静态分量和时变分量的估计结果整合以得到整个水声信道的冲激响应。通过海试实验把所提DDCS算法与经典信道估计算法、压缩感知算法和DCS算法进行了比较,验证了所提算法的有效性。结果表明,对混合稀疏水声信道进行区分性稀疏估计可改善信道估计性能,进而可通过信道估计均衡器提升水声通信质量。      

某航天硅基复合材料防静电性能测试研究

高速运动的航空器在其飞行过程中会经历复杂的空间环境,使其静电安全性遭受严峻挑战。针对某型航空隔热瓦硅基复合材料讨论分析了多种防静电性能的评估方法,确定了静电衰减时间作为其防静电性能指标,并采用充电法对静电衰减时间进行了测试研究,获得了该材料在烧蚀前后的静电衰减特性,为评价高速飞行器的静电安全性提供了重要依据。研究结果表明,烧蚀前的硅基复合材料静电衰减时间长,残余电量大;烧蚀后的硅基复合材料静电衰减时间大大减小、残余电量显著降低,防静电性能远好于烧蚀前的硅基复合材料。     

Bubble dynamics in a standing sound field: the bubble habitat

Bubble dynamics is investigated numerically with special emphasis on the static pressure and the positional stability of the bubble in a standing sound field. The bubble habitat, made up of not dissolving, positionally and spherically stable bubbles, is calculated in the parameter space of the bubble radius at rest and sound pressure amplitude for different sound field frequencies, static pressures, and gas concentrations of the liquid. The bubble habitat grows with static pressure and shrinks with sound field frequency. The range of diffusionally stable bubble oscillations, found at positive slopes of the habitat-diffusion border, can be increased substantially with static pressure.     

The Dynamics of Quantum Correlations in Mixed Classical Environments

We present a comparative study of the dynamics of entanglement and quantum discord in a bipartite system in the presence of mixed classical noises. In particular, the joint effects of three different types of classical noises, namely, random telegraphic noise (RTN), Ornstein–Uhlenbeck noise (OU), and static noise, are studied by combining them in two different ways. In each case, one marginal system is coupled with random telegraphic noise, and the other marginal system is coupled with either OU or static noise. We make a comparison between the behaviors of both correlations in the two setups. In the weak coupling regime, the qualitative behavior of entanglement is unaffected by switching the coupling of only one marginal system from OU to static noise, and vice versa. However, the behavior of quantum discord strongly depends on whether it is coupled with OU or static noise. On the other hand, in the strong coupling regime, the static noise is more fatal to the survival of both correlations as compared to the other two noises.     

Effect of a static pedestrian as an exit obstacle on evacuation

Building exit as a bottleneck structure is the last and the most congested stage in building evacuation. It is well known that obstacles at the exit affect the evacuation process, but few researchers pay attention to the effect of stationary pedestrians (the elderly with slow speed, the injured, and the static evacuation guide) as obstacles at the exit on the evacuation process. This paper explores the influence of the presence of a stationary pedestrian as an obstacle at the exit on the evacuation from experiments and simulations. We use a software, Pathfinder, based on the agent-based model to study the effect of ratios of exit width ($D$) to distance ($d$) between the static pedestrian and the exit, the asymmetric structure by shifting the static pedestrian upward, and types of obstacles on evacuation. Results show that the evacuation time of scenes with a static pedestrian is longer than that of scenes with an obstacle due to the unexpected hindering effect of the static pedestrian. Different ratios of $D/d$ have different effects on evacuation efficiency. Among the five $D/d$ ratios in this paper, the evacuation efficiency is the largest when $d$ is equal to $0.75D$, and the existence of the static pedestrian has a positive impact on evacuation in this condition. The influence of the asymmetric structure of the static pedestrian on evacuation efficiency is affected by $D/d$. This study can provide a theoretical basis for crowd management and evacuation plan near the exit of complex buildings and facilities.     

Static and dynamic correlation functions of a Landau-Ginzburg model near the magnetization curve

A recently developed method for treating static Goldstone modes is extended to the dynamics of purely dissipative Landau-Ginzburg models. The extension hinges on the existence of fluctuation-dissipation relations which closely link the dynamic and the static problem. This connection, and previous work on the static problem, suggest that a perturbative approach to the dynamic Goldstone singularities should be possible. We present such a perturbation theory. For a nonconserved order parameter we show to two loop order that our approach is internally consistent. We give approximate expressions for both static and dynamic correlation functions in the whole critical region, including the magnetization curve.     

The static approximation in the interpretation of collision broadening

The validity of the static approximation for analyses of spectral line profiles is considered. The Fourier transform of the profile of an isolated line is compared for representative cases with the unified theory, and it is shown that the simple static approximation can be used effectively to interpret low spectral resolution experiments. This result applies to the entire profile in the limit of high density, but it also applies at low density if the instrumental line width is sufficiently large. Furthermore, in the absence of turning points in the interatomic potential, the unified and static theories produce almost identical line-wing profiles. Easily evaluated criteria are provided to guide application of the straightforward static theory to the interpretation of interatomic potentials.     

偏滤器运行模式对托卡马克边缘区等离子体平行流的影响

我们使用一维流体模型,根据在不同偏滤器运行模式下静压强沿着磁力线方向的分布变化,讨论了偏滤器运行模式对托卡马克边缘区等离子体平行流的影响.低再循环模式下,静压强从X点 (X-point)附近的刮削层区域开始明显下降,变化趋势与密度变化趋势一致;等离子体平行流的马赫数在偏滤器区域逐步变大,变化从平缓到迅速.高再循环模式下,静压强在靶板附近的区域迅速下降,在其他区域变化非常小;等离子体平行流的马赫数仅在靠近靶板附近的区域迅速变大,在其他区域变化平缓.在弱脱靶模式下的静压强变化与高再循环模式下类似,不过静压强在X-point附近的刮削层区域开始出现下降的趋势,导致等离子体平行流的马赫数在X-point处的值比在高再循环模式下大.强脱靶模式下,静压强在刮削层区域开始明显下降,在远离靶板的偏滤器区域,静压强迅速下降的地方,观察到高马赫数等离子体平行流.静压强迅速下降引起动压强迅速上升来维持总的压强守恒是在强脱靶状态 下产生高马赫数平行流的一种可能驱动机理.     

大展弦比气弹机翼柔性非线性变形的气动力效应分析与风洞试验

从飞行器刚弹耦合动力学模型出发,引入柔性机翼准定常假设,建立大柔性飞行器非线性静气动弹性气动力方程,利用非线性迭代求解思路模拟了柔性飞行器的静气动弹性响应行为,开展了大展弦比飞机静气动弹性风洞试验验证,采用气动力有限基本解与机翼的耦合计算,发现了大柔性飞机大变形状态下载荷及结构变形形式随风速的变化规律.传统基于小变形假设的线性分析方法和刚体分析由于无法考虑气动面随结构变形的曲面气动力因素和结构变形后的非线性刚度特性,均与风洞试验存在一定的误差.对于大展弦比柔性飞机的非线性静气动弹性分析十分必要.