The chemistry of naphthazarin derivatives

Direct oxidation of naphthazarin with manganese dioxide in conc. H₂SO₄ was found to be a simple and effective method for the synthesis of mompain. For Part 3, see Ref. 1. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1019–1021, May, 1999.     

Aminodefluorination of 2-X-pentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinones (X = NHBu, NEt2, and OMe)

Aminodefluorination of 2-n-butylamino- and 2-diethylaminopentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone by alkylamines HNR¹R² (NR¹R² = NHEt, NHⁿBu and NEt₂) occurs at the 6- or 8-position and further, accordingly, at the 8- or at one of the 5- and 6-sites. The isomer ratio changes significantly in favor of a β-replacement product with solvent variation in the sequence: toluene < 1,4-dioxane < DMSO. n-Butylaminodefluorination of 2-methoxypentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone gives mixtures of fluorine substitution products both on the benzene and quinone rings.     

Synthesis and structure elucidation of oxidative coupling products of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones

2,3-Dihydro-3-O-(1,4-naphthoquinon-2-yl)-2-oxo-1,4-naphthoquinones are the products of oxidative coupling of substituted 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones (regardless of the presence of peri-hydroxy groups in their structures) under the action of lead dioxide. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 294—298, February, 2006.     

Spinazarin and ethylspinazarin,pigments of the sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scaphechinus mirabilis</Emphasis>

2,3,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (spinazarin) and 6-ethyl-2,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (ethylspinazarin) were first isolated from the sea urchin Scaphechinus mirabilis. The structures of spinazarins were established based on analysis of spectroscopic data. A preparative synthetic route to ethylspinazarin was proposed. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 788–791, April, 2007.     

Synthesis and antitumor activity of 6- and 2- （ 1-acyl sulfanylalkyl）-5,8-dimethoxy- 1,4-naphthoquinones

Sixteen novel 6- and 2-（1-acylsulfanylalkyl）-5,8-dimethoxy-l,4-naphthoquinones were designed and synthesized. Their cytotoxicities were evaluated in vitro against BEL-7402, HT-29 and SPC-Al cell lines. The pharmacological results showed that most of the prepared compounds displayed the excellent selectivity for HT-29 cell line. Compound lab exhibited the most potent antitumor activity among the tested compounds.     

The chemistry of naphthazarine derivatives

Based on IR and¹H and¹³C NMR spectroscopic studies, the oxidation product of echinochrome with Ag₂O was assigned the structure of 2,3-epoxy-7-ethyl-2,3-dihydro-2,3,5,6,8-pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. For part 4, see Ref. 1. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1607–1609, August, 1999.     

Synthesis and Spectral and Electrochemical Characterization of Novel Substituted 1,4-Naphthoquinone Derivatives

The novel substituted 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized from the reactions of (1) and related nucleophilles in sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) solution of ethanol, chloroform with Et₃N, or potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) solution of acetonitrile. The structures of novel compounds were characterized by using microanalysis, Fourier transform–infrared, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, mass spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry (CV).

[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resource(s): Full experimental and spectral details.]     

The chemistry of naphthazarin derivatives

In water-containing organic solvents 2-oxo-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone derivatives are hydrated to give the corresponding 2,2-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinones. The hydration is reversible; in some cases, a keto-gem-diol equilibrium is established. The susceptibility of 2-oxo-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone derivatives for hydration depends on the donor-acceptor properties of substituents at C(3), C(6), and C(7), on whether or not hydroxy groups are present at C(5) and C(8), and on the organic solvent basicity. For Part 5, see Ref. 1. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya. No. 3, pp. 465–470, March, 2000.     

α-Amino acid-assisted autoxidation of naphthalene proton sponge affording 1,4-naphthoquinone nitrogen derivatives

1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (naphthalene proton sponge) equipped at position 4 with N-terminal α-amino acid residues undergoes unprecedented easy autoxidation in basic medium forming 5-dimethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone along with minor amounts of its derivatives. The new reaction is of interest against the background of wide distribution of 1,4-naphthoquinones in nature, their high biological significance and extremely limited information on nitrogen compounds of this series.     

Comparative study on 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone derived ligands as indium (III) selective PVC-based sensors

The three different ligands (Q₂ to Q₄) based on 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone (Q₁), have been synthesized and explored as neutral ionophores for preparing polyvinyl chloride-based membrane sensors selective to indium (III). The addition of potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate and various plasticizers, viz., o-NPOE, DBP, DBBP, DOP and CN has been found to substantially improve the performance of the sensors. The best performance was obtained with the sensor no. 16 having membrane of ligand (Q₂) with composition (%, w/w) ionophore Q₂ (3.0%):PVC (30.0%):o-NPOE (63.0%):KTpClPB (4.0%). This sensor exhibits Nernstian response with slope 19.8 mV/decade of activity in the concentration range 2.5 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.0 × 10⁻² M indium (III), performs satisfactorily over wide pH range of (2.5-7.5) with a fast response time (10 s). The sensor was also found to work satisfactorily in partially non-aqueous media up to 20% (v/v) content of acetonitrile, ethanol and methanol. The proposed sensor can be used over a period of 3.5 months without significant drift in potentials. The quantitative application of sensor was also evaluated by comparative analysis of artificially made sea water with AAS.     

Copper Bromide–Catalyzed C-Alkylation of 2-Amino-1,4-Naphthoquinone: New Synthesis of 1-Azaanthraquinones

Copper(I) bromide catalyzes the regioselective Michael addition reaction of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone (5) with methyl vinyl ketone and 2-propenal to provide easy access to C-alkylated quinone derivatives, useful precursors of 1-azaanthraquinones.     

CHLOROSULPHONATION OF 2-ANILINO-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE AND SYNTHESIS OF NEWER SULPHONYL DERIVATIVES

Synthesis of 2-anilino-1,4-napthoquinone-3-sulphonyl chloride (2) was achieved from the reaction of the title compound with chlorosulphonic acid. The interesting derivative 2 was used as a building block for synthesis of the sulphonyl derivatives 3–24. All these sulphonyl derivatives were characterized by the physical and spectral data (IR, Mass, ¹H- and ¹³C NMR spectra).     

Gas chromatographic analysis of 1,4-naphthoquinones

Summary A gas chromatographic method is described for the analysis of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives in the mixtures of their isomers. The best results were obtained using 7.5% XE-60 on Chromosorb G at 180°. Quantitative determination was carried out with 1,4-naphthoquinone as the internal standard and using relative response factors or by means of the direct calibration method.     

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of S-,O-Substituted Naphthoquinone Dyes

New S-,O-substituted naphthoquinone compounds (3a, 4b, 6, 7c, 9d, 10, 12, 13c, 14d, 15) were synthesized via vinilic substitution. 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone gave 3a and 4b with 4,4′-thiobisbenzenethiol, respectively. Compounds 6 and 7c were obtained from the reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with cyclohexylmercaptane. The compounds 9d and 10 were prepared from the reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol. Compounds 12, 13c, 14d, and 15 were synthesized from the reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with 1,6-hexanedithiol. Their structures were characterized by micro analysis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy.     

Room-Temperature Synthesis of Hydroxylnaphthalene-1,4-dione Derivative Catalyzed by Phenylphosphinic Acid

An efficient one-pot synthesis of hydroxylnaphthalene-1,4-dione derivatives is accomplished by a three-component reaction of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione, aromatic aldehydes, and amines in water under ambient temperature catalyzed by phenylphosphinic acid. This method has the advantages of good yield, mild reaction conditions, simple workup, environmental friendliness and cost efficiency.     

Diels-Alder Reactions of 5,8-Ethano-5,8-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinone with Cyclic Dienes

Diels-Alder cycloadditions of 1,3-cyclohexadiene and cyclopentadiene to π -facially dissymmetric 5,8-ethano-5,8-dihydro-1,4-naphtboquinone (1) were examined. The stereochemical outcome of the reactions, determined by a combination of chemical and spectral methods, indicates that addition of cyclic dienes to 1 occurs preferentially at the face syn to the etheno-bridge of 1. Cycloadducts 7a/7b and 8a/8b obtained from Diels-Alder reactions of 1 with cyclopentadiene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene undergo [2+2]-photocyclization to give caged compounds 9a/9b and 10a/10b , respectively. Stereoselective reduction of the enedione double bond in 7a/7b and 8a/8b with aqueous TiCl₃ in acetone affords cis-bis-bicyclic ring-fused 1,4-cyclo-hexadiones 11a/11b , and 12a/12b , respectively.     

Potentiometric studies on the chelation behaviour of lanthanons with 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (HMNQ)

The chelation behaviour of complexes of La(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Y(III), Sm(III) and Tb(III) with 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone has been studied potentiometrically in 75% (v/v) aqueous dioxan medium at various ionic strengths. The method ofBjerrum andCalvin, as modified byIrving andRossotti, has been used to find values of andpL. The stability constants and the values ofS _min have been calculated. The order of stability constants was found to be: La<Pr<Nd<Sm<Tb.

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Potentiometrische Untersuchungen des Komplexierungsverhaltens von Lanthanid-Ionen mit 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthochinon (HMNQ)

Zusammenfassung Das Komplexierungsverhalten der Komplexe von La(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Y(III), Sm(III) und Tb(III) mit 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthochinon wurde potentiometrisch in 75% (v/v) wäßrigem Dioxan bei verschiedenen Ionenstärken untersucht. Die Methode vonBjerrum undCalvin in der Modifikation nachIrving undRossotti wurde zur Bestimmung der Werte für undpL benutzt. Es wurden die Stabilitätskonstanten und dieS _min -Werte berechnet; die Stabilitätskonstanten ergaben folgende Reihung: La<Pr<Nd<Sm<Tb.

     

Synthesis of Mixed Aryl 2,3-Diarylsulphanyl-1,4-naphthoquinones

The reaction of 2-arylsulphanyl-1,4-napththoquinone with aromatic thiols and sodium dithionate leads to bis-2,3-(arylsulphanyl)naphthalene-1,4-diols in high yield. Corresponding oxidized products, namely 2,3-diarylsulphanyl-1,4-naphthoquinones, are prepared in near quantitative yield by a copper(II)-catalyzed aerial oxidation reaction of bis-2,3-(arylsulphanyl)naphthalene-1,4-diols under mild condition.     

EDA Complexes of 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with Some Substituted Anilines

Summary. Electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes of several substituted anilines with the -acceptor 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (DClNQ) in chloroform, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane were studied by a spectrophotometric method. Experimental data has been shown to confirm the 1:2 stoichiometry of the acceptor-donor in spite of the apparent linearity of the Benesi-Hildebrand plot for a 1:1 complex. The calculated values of oscillator strengths, transition moments, and thermodynamic parameters confirms the 1:2 (A:D) stoichiometry of the complexes. The formation constants and molar absorptivities for these AD₂ complexes have been evaluated. The stoichiometry was unaffected by the variation of the temperature over a small interval and also by the change in polarity of the solvent. The order of the donor strength followed the sequence: N-benzylaniline>p-chloroaniline>m-chloroaniline>o-chloroaniline.Present address: Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12, India     

The visible absorbance maximum of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone as a novel probe for the hydrogen bond donor abilities of solvents and solvent mixtures

Summary The electronic absorption spectra of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (HNQ) in one- and two-component solvents are discussed. The visible absorption of this reagent has been shown to arise from a charge-transfer transition of the zwitterionic tautomer stabilized by a hydrogen bond donating solvent. The formation constant of the 1:1 hydrogen bonded complex with methanol, ethanol, andn-propanol has been determined at 25 °C from the spectral behaviour in mixed solvents. The tautomerization equilibrium ofHNQ in aqueous ethanol is demonstrated and characterized. The dependence of the absorbance maximum ofHNQ on the hydrogen bond donor ability of the solvent in the visible spectrum, as measured by theTaft-Kamlet parameter, has been established. Experimentally derived evidence is supplied to justify the recommendation ofHNQ as a novel probe for hydrogen bond donor ability in pure solvents and in mixed aqueous solvents.

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Das Absorptionsmaximum von 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthochinon im sichtbaren Bereich als neues Maß für die Wasserstoffbrückenbindungsbildungsfähigkeit von Lösungsmitteln und Lösungsmittelgemischen

Zusammenfassung Die Absorptionsspektren von 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthochion (HNQ) in Ein- und Zweikomponentensystemen werden diskutiert. Die Absorption im sichtbaren Bereich stammt von einemcharge-transfer — Übergang des zwitterionischen Tautomers, das über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zum Lösungsmittel stabilisiert wird. Die Bildungskonstanten der binären Komplexe mit Methanol, Ethanol undn-Propanol wurden aus spektroskopischen Daten in Lösungsmittelgemischen bei 25 °C emittelt. Das Tautomeriegleichgewicht vonHNQ in wäßrigem Ethanol wird iskutiert. Die Abhängigkeit des Absorptionsmaximums vonHNQ vond der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungsbildungsfähigkeit des Lösungsmittels wird mittels desT aft-Kamlet — Parameters beschrieben. Experimentelle Ergebnisse ermutigen zur Verwendung vonHNQ als neue Testsubstanzfür die Wasserstoffbrückenbindungsbildungsfähigkeit von reinen und gemischten Lösungsmitteln.