聚环氧乙烷聚合物电解质基高电压固态锂金属电池的研究进展

采用液态碳酸酯电解质的锂离子电池在遭遇极端工况时, 极易发生泄露、燃烧、甚至爆炸等重大安全事故. 相对比, 聚环氧乙烷(PEO)固态聚合物电解质可以显著提升锂电池的安全性, 并且其优异的可塑性使其可以被制成特定形状进而满足特殊领域的差异化需求; 更为重要的是: PEO固态聚合物电解质与锂金属负极兼容性好. 然而, PEO固态聚合物电解质电化学氧化窗口低, 难以匹配高电压正极材料(≥4 V), 极大限制了其在高电压、高能量密度固态聚合物锂金属电池中的进一步应用. 近期经过国内外科研工作者在PEO固态聚合物电解质结构设计、PEO端羟基改性、含硼锂盐引入、功能型粘结剂设计开发以及正极界面层构筑等方面所做出的不懈努力, PEO固态聚合物电解质基高电压固态锂金属电池取得了系列化重大科研进展. 基于此, 本综述主要从以下八个方面: (1)高电压正极片表面修饰超薄聚合物层、(2)高电压正极颗粒包覆、(3)对碳黑颗粒进行包覆、(4)使用富含羧基的粘结剂、(5)不对称固态聚合物电解质结构设计、(6)正极界面原位形成耐高电压界面层、(7)醚氧官能团(-OCH₃)封端PEO, 提升其本征耐高电压性能、(8)含硼锂盐做添加剂, 详细综述了采用PEO固态聚合物电解质构建的高电压固态锂金属电池所取得的最新研究进展以及相应的高电压固态锂金属电池界面稳定作用机制. 最后还对未来PEO固态聚合物电解质在高电压固态锂金属电池方面所存在的巨大挑战和发展趋势进行了详细展望和总结阐述.     

聚合物固态锂电池电解质/负极界面

动力电池领域对锂二次电池的能量密度和安全性提出了更高要求,研究高能量密度固态锂电池对发展新能源产业具有重要意义。相比传统的有机电解液锂离子电池,采用聚合物固体电解质的聚合物固态锂电池不但具有明显提升的安全性,而且能够匹配高容量电极材料,实现能量密度的有效提升。聚合物固态锂电池是最有前景的锂二次电池之一,然而聚合物固体电解质与锂负极间仍存在严重的界面副反应、锂负极表面易生长枝晶等问题。近年来,通过电解质成分调控、电解质力学性能提升、电解质/锂负极界面调控和匹配三维锂负极等手段,聚合物基固态锂电池性能明显提升。基于此,本文介绍了常见的聚合物固体电解质及其与锂负极间的界面挑战,从添加无机填料、使用高强度基底膜、分级层状结构设计、构筑界面缓冲层、交联网络设计以及固态锂负极保护等几个方面综述了提升聚合物基电解质/锂负极界面稳定性的最新研究成果,最后对解决聚合物固体电解质/锂负极界面兼容性的研发方向和发展趋势进行了展望。     

固态聚合物电解质研究进展

开发下一代高安全且高能量密度能源体系是新能源产业进一步蓬勃发展的关键。将易燃易爆的液态电池替换为固态电池是一项极具前景的工作。在固态电解质中,聚合物电解质由于其高安全性、粘弹性及其良好的界面相容性等成为广泛研究的对象。但是在室温下其离子电导率仍然偏低,需要在高温下才能达到一定的电池性能。因此,在提升聚合物电解质常温离子电导率的同时,还需要进一步研究和改善电解质/电极之间的界面问题,降低界面阻抗。本文从固态聚合物的优缺点出发,介绍了不同固态聚合物电解质的性能及其离子传输机理,展望了固态聚合物电解质的最新研究进展和发展方向。     

固态锂电池中正极/电解质界面的密度泛函计算研究

锂离子电池的广泛应用对储能器件的能量密度、安全性和充放电速度提出了新的要求. 全固态锂电池与传统锂离子电池相比具有更少的副反应和更高的安全性,已成为下一代储能器件的首选. 构建匹配的电极/电解质界面是在全固态锂电池中获得优异综合性能的关键. 本文采用第一性原理计算研究了固态电池中电解质表面及正极/电解质界面的局域结构和锂离子输运性质. 选取β-Li₃PS₄ (010)/LiCoO₂ (104)和 Li₄GeS₄ (010)/LiCoO₂ (104)体系计算了界面处的成键情况及锂离子的迁移势垒. 部分脱锂态的正极/电解质界面上由于Co-S成键的加强削弱了P/Ge-S键的强度,降低了对Li⁺的束缚,从而导致了更低的锂离子迁移势垒. 理解界面局域结构及其对Li+输运性质的影响将有助于我们在固态电池中构建性能优异的电极/电解质界面.     

高电压镍锰酸锂正极/电解液界面本征性质的研究

高电压正极材料的应用是提高锂离子电池能量密度的有效手段,然而高电压下正极/电解液界面稳定性成为决定锂离子电池在高电压工作条件下循环性能和安全性能的关键因素,因此高电压下正极/电解液界面具有重要的研究价值. 但是,目前报道的正极/电解液界面的研究中通常使用传统的极片制备方法,这需要引入导电剂和粘结剂,会对后期正极活性物质表面钝化膜的形貌和组分表征带来干扰,甚至造成固体电解质界面(SEI)膜存在的假象,难以获得正极材料与电解液之间界面的本征信息. 这里,我们采用溶胶凝胶旋涂法制备了不含导电剂和粘结剂的镍锰酸锂(LNMO)正极,以其为研究对象,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术,结合电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了LNMO正极/电解液界面在充放电过程中的结构演变过程以及本征性质. 研究结果显示在充放电过程中,电解液中溶剂和电解质都会参与反应,其中LiPF₆的降解主要发生在高电压下,其降解产物在放电过程中又会被反应消耗掉. 它们的降解产物沉积到LNMO正极形成表面膜,该表面膜的主要成分随着电压的不同组分有所不同.     

聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的研究进展

液态锂离子电池由于采用易泄露、易挥发、易燃烧的碳酸酯有机溶剂,在高温或极端条件下使用时,存在极大的安全隐患.使用固态电解质替代液态电解液,可以从根本上避免此类安全问题的发生,与此同时还可以大幅度提升固态锂电池的能量密度.固态电解质又分为无机固态电解质和聚合物固态电解质2大类.无机固态电解质能够在宽的温度范围内保持化学稳定性,并且电化学窗口较宽,机械强度更高,室温离子电导率较高,但脆性较大,柔韧性差,制备工艺复杂,成本较高.聚合物固态电解质,室温离子电导率偏低,难以满足室温锂离子电池的应用,但其加工成型容易,形状可变.比较而言,固态聚合物电解质,更适宜大规模生产,离产业化相对更近.固态聚合物电解质中研究较多的是聚醚基固态聚合物电解质(如聚环氧乙烷和聚环氧丙烷),但其缺点是室温离子电导率低,需要对其改性或进一步开发综合性能更加优异的其他固态聚合物电解质.聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质由于其特殊的分子结构(含有强极性碳酸酯基团)以及高介电常数,可以有效减弱阴阳离子间的相互作用,提高载流子数量,从而提高离子电导率,因此被认为是一类非常有前途的固态聚合物电解质体系.基于此,本文重点综述了最近研究热点的聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质,包括聚(三亚甲基碳酸酯)体系、聚(碳酸丙烯酯)体系、聚(碳酸乙烯酯)体系和聚(碳酸亚乙烯酯)体系等,并详细阐述了上述每种聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的制备、电化学性能、优缺点及改性手段,归纳出其离子配位-解配位过程和离子扩散机制,还对聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的未来发展方向和研究趋势望进行了预测和展望.     

基于一体化正极与电解质膜的高性能固态电池

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are becoming the most popular energy storage systems in our society. However, frequently occurring accidents of electrical cars powered by LIBs have caused increased safety concern regarding LIBs. Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) are believed to be the most promising next generation energy storage system due to their better in-built safety mechanisms than LIBs using flammable organic liquid electrolyte. However, constructing the ionic conducting path in SSLBs is challenging due to the slow ionic diffusion of Li ion in solid-state electrolyte, particularly in the case of solid-solid contact between the solid materials. In this paper, we demonstrate the construction of an integrated electrolyte and cathode for use in SSLBs. An integrated electrolyte and cathode membrane is obtained via simultaneous electrospinning and electrospraying of a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrolyte and a LiFePO₄ (LFP) cathode material respectively, for the cathode layer, followed by the electrospinning of PAN to prepare the electrolyte layer. The resultant integrated PAN-LFP membrane is flexible. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurement results show that the electrode and electrolyte are in close contact with each other. After the integrated PAN-LFP membrane is filled with a succinonitrile-bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide (SN-LiTFSI) salt mixture, it is paired with a lithium foil metal anode electrode, and the resultant solid-state Li|PAN-LFP cell exhibits limited polarization and outstanding interfacial stability during long term cycling. That is, the Li|PAN-LFP cell presents a specific capacity of 160.8 mAh∙g⁻¹ at 0.1C, and 81% of the initial capacity is maintained after 500 cycles at 0.2C. The solid-state Li|PAN-LFP cell also exhibits excellent resilience in destructive tests such as cell bending and cutting.     

锂电池用固态电解质研究进展

固态锂电池因展现出高的安全性、高的能量密度和长循环寿命而成为备受期待的能量存贮装置。作为固态锂电池的重要组成部分,固态电解质的发展仍然制约着固态锂电池的商业化进程。目前,固态电解质仍然面临室温离子电导率较低,电解质与电极之间界面较差等问题。本文综述了近两年来性质较为优越的固态锂电池电解质的研究状况,包括固态聚合物电解质、无机氧化物电解质以及无机硫化物电解质。归纳了这些性能优良的固态电解质的主要特点,以此提出未来固态电解质可能的发展方向。     

固态单离子聚合物电解质的研究进展

综述了用于锂金属聚合物电池中固态单离子聚合物电解质的研究进展，从均聚、共聚、共混、杂原子链及单阴离子型聚合物电解质等方面对不同体系的组成与性质进行了概述，并对该类电解质的发展趋势进行了分析。     

锂离子电池固态电解质的研究进展

和传统电解液相比,固态电解质热稳定性好,电位窗高,力学性能好且对环境友好;更重要地,由固态电解质组成的锂离子电池能量密度比传统锂离子电池更高,因而成为当前研究的热点。综述了几种主要固态电解质,包括无机固体电解质、固态聚合物电解质、凝胶电解质及复合型电解质的优势、研究进展以及面临的问题,并展望了未来固态电解质的发展趋势。     

Lithium transport within the solid electrolyte interphase

A LiClO₄ SEI film grown on copper was examined with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The SEI porosity profile and Li⁺ transport processes within the SEI were studied with isotopically labeled ⁶LiBF₄ electrolyte. An ~ 5 nm porous region, into which electrolytes can easily diffuse, was observed at the electrolyte/SEI interface. Below the porous region, a densely packed layer of Li₂O and/or Li₂CO₃ prevents electrolyte diffusion, but Li⁺ transports through this region via ion exchange.     

Effect of sulfolane on the morphology and chemical composition of the solid electrolyte interphase layer in lithium bis(oxalato)borate‐based electrolyte

To discuss the source of sulfolane (SL) in decreasing the interface resistance of Li/mesophase carbon microbeads cell with lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB)‐based electrolyte, the morphology and the composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the surface of carbonaceous anode material have been investigated. Compared with the cell with 0.7 mol l^?1 LiBOB‐ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (1 : 1, v/v) electrolyte, the cell with 0.7 mol l^?1 LiBOB‐SL/EMC (1 : 1, v/v) electrolyte shows better film‐forming characteristics in SEM (SEI) spectra. According to the results obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, XPS, and density functional theory calculations, SL is reduced to Li₂SO₃ and LiO₂S(CH₂)₈SO₂Li through electrochemical processes, which happens prior to the reduction of either ethylene carbonate or EMC. It is believed that the root of impedance reduction benefits from the rich existence of sulfurous compounds in SEI layer, which are better conductors of Li⁺ ions than analogical carbonates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二维二氧化硅改性聚环氧乙烷基固态聚合物电解质用于增强锂离子电池性能

通过改性由酸蚀二维蛭石制备的二维二氧化硅,得到带正电荷的二维介孔二氧化硅(PSN⁺)纳米片,并将PSN⁺用作聚环氧乙烷(PEO)基固体聚合物电解质(SPEs)的填料。由于PSN⁺具有丰富的正电荷,PSN⁺与锂盐解离的阴离子能够有效结合,从而促进锂离子的运输,获得较好的锂离子转移数。在50 ℃时,基于PSN⁺的SPEs表现出较高的离子电导率(7.5×10^-5 S·cm^-1),锂离子迁移数为0.30,稳定电压窗为4.41 V。因此,组装后的LiFePO₄锂电池在50 ℃、0.2C下具有优异的初始放电比容量(155.7 mAh·g^-1),在循环100次后容量保持率为97.1%。     

二维二氧化硅改性聚环氧乙烷基固态聚合物电解质用于增强锂离子电池性能

通过改性由酸蚀二维蛭石制备的二维二氧化硅,得到带正电荷的二维介孔二氧化硅(PSN⁺)纳米片,并将PSN⁺用作聚环氧乙烷(PEO)基固体聚合物电解质(SPEs)的填料。由于PSN⁺具有丰富的正电荷,PSN⁺与锂盐解离的阴离子能够有效结合,从而促进锂离子的运输,获得较好的锂离子转移数。在50℃时,基于PSN⁺的SPEs表现出较高的离子电导率(7.5×10^-5 S·cm^-1),锂离子迁移数为0.30,稳定电压窗为4.41 V。因此,组装后的LiFePO₄锂电池在50℃、0.2C下具有优异的初始放电比容量(155.7 mAh·g^-1),在循环100次后容量保持率为97.1%。     

固态聚合物电解质的锂离子传导机理与研究进展

锂离子电池(lithiumionbatteries,LIBs)在储能领域已取得了巨大的成功.然而,商用LIBs含有高挥发性易燃有机电解液,使其存在严重的安全隐患.固态聚合物电解质具有解决相应安全性问题的潜力,有望成为下一代高安全性全固态LIBs的电解质材料.然而,固态聚合物电解质存在离子电导率不高等问题,限制了其在固态LIBs中的实际应用.研究者们为了提高该类电解质的离子电导率、锂离子迁移数等综合电化学性能,已在寻找新锂盐、对聚合物进行改性以及向聚合物电解质中添加填料等方面进行了较多的研究.本文简要概述了固态聚合物电解质的锂离子传导机理以及在提高固态聚合物电解质综合电化学性能方面的研究进展.     

Recent progress of composite solid polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

In comparison with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with liquid electrolytes, all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) have been considered as promising systems for future energy storage due to their safety and high energy density. As the pivotal component used in ASSLBs, composite solid polymer electrolytes (CSPEs), derived from the incorporation of inorganic fillers into solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), exhibit higher ionic conductivity, better mechanical strength, and superior thermal/electrochemical stability compared to the single-component SPEs, which can significantly promote the electrochemical performance of ASSLBs. Herein, the recent advances of CSPEs applied in ASSLBs are presented. The effects of the category, morphology and concentration of inorganic fillers on the ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, electrochemical window, interfacial stability and possible Li⁺ transfer mechanism of CSPEs will be systematically discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are proposed for the future development of high-performance CSPEs and ASSLBs.     

Synthesis and test of palladium-based nanostructured anodic electrocatalysts for hydrogen fuel cells with solid polymer electrolyte

Palladium-based nanostructured electrocatalysts on the Vulcan XC-72 carbon support for fuel cells with solid polymer electrolyte are synthesized and studied. In particular, electrochemical studies of the synthesized catalysts are carried out and membrane-electrode assemblies are assembled on their basis and tested. The test results indicate that platinum can be replaced with palladium in the hydrogen electrode of the fuel cells.     

Active layer of the cathode of a fuel cell with a solid polymer electrolyte: The effect of the Nafion concentration on the overall characteristics

A computer-aided simulation of the structure of the active layer of the cathode of a fuel cell with a solid polymer electrolyte (Nafion) is performed under the assumption about equidimensionalness of dimensions of grains of the substrate (with platinum crystallites in them) and grains (agglomerates of molecules) of Nafion. It is analyzed how the Nafion concentration affects principal parameters, which include the specific surface area, in the vicinity of which electrochemical process goes on; the effective ionic electroconductivity, and the effective diffusion coefficient of a gas. It is demonstrated how one can determine the Nafion concentration at which the overall current takes on a maximum value. Dependences of the optimum value of the overall current and the thickness of the active layer and the weight of platinum, which correspond to it, on the Nafion concentration are calculated. It is demonstrated that there in principle cannot exist one individual optimum concentration of Nafion, which is suitable for all techniques used for the preparation of the active layer. The mutual relationship between values of the effective diffusion coefficient of a gas and the effective ionic electroconductivity of Nafion determines the value of the optimum of the Nafion concentration.     

Mass transfer in porous systems, flooded in part with water, of gas diffusion and catalytic layers of the cathode of a fuel cell with a solid polymer electrolyte

Mass transfer in porous gas diffusion and catalytic layers of the cathode of a hydrogen-air fuel cell with a solid polymer electrolyte is considered. The transport processes are considered with allowance made for the partial flooding of porous systems of these layers with water, which forms during the fuel cell operation. The consideration also allows for the influence of the diluent gas present when air oxygen is used as the oxidant. The fraction of water-flooded pores is calculated within percolation theory as a function of structural parameters of the porous system. Conditions leading to the beginning of the gas diffusion layer flooding are presented.