Closed-loop adaptive optics in the human eye

We have developed a prototype apparatus for real-time closed-loop measurement and correction of aberrations in the human eye. The apparatus uses infrared light to measure the wave-front aberration at 25 Hz with a Hartmann-Shack sensor. Defocus is removed by a motorized optometer, and higher-order aberrations are corrected by a membrane deformable mirror. The device was first tested with an artificial eye. Correction of static aberrations takes approximately five iterations, making the system capable of following aberration changes at 5 Hz. This capability allows one to track most of the aberration dynamics in the eye. Results in living eyes showed effective closed-loop correction of aberrations, with a residual uncorrected wave front of 0.1microm for a 4.3-mm pupil diameter. Retinal images of a point source in different subjects with and without adaptive correction of aberrations were estimated in real time. The results demonstrate real-time closed-loop correction of aberration in the living eye. An application of this device is as electro-optic "spectacles" to improve vision.     

Adaptive-optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography

Merging of ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR OCT) and adaptive optics (AO), resulting in high axial (3 microm) and improved transverse resolution (5-10 microm) is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge in in vivo retinal imaging. A compact (300 mm x 300 mm) closed-loop AO system, based on a real-time Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor operating at 30 Hz and a 37-actuator membrane deformable mirror, is interfaced to an UHR OCT system, based on a commercial OCT instrument, employing a compact Ti:sapphire laser with 130-nm bandwidth. Closed-loop correction of both ocular and system aberrations results in a residual uncorrected wave-front rms of 0.1 microm for a 3.68-mm pupil diameter. When this level of correction is achieved, OCT images are obtained under a static mirror configuration. By use of AO, an improvement of the transverse resolution of two to three times, compared with UHR OCT systems used so far, is obtained. A significant signal-to-noise ratio improvement of up to 9 dB in corrected compared with uncorrected OCT tomograms is also achieved.     

一种结合图像复原技术的自适应光学系统控制方法

在天文高分辨成像领域,自适应光学校正和事后图像复原都必不可少,但传统的自适应光学系统控制方法以提升光学成像质量为目的,并未考虑图像复原环节,因此,研究一种结合两者以获得高质量复原图像为目标的控制方法具有重要意义.本文对传统自适应光学技术结合事后图像解卷积的方法进行了分析,阐述了其存在的缺陷.首次提出了将自适应光学技术和图像复原技术相结合进行系统分析的思想,并提出了变形镜校正度(变形镜控制电压相对于传统方法控制电压的缩放比例)的概念,通过改变校正度可实现变形镜校正残差和波前传感器探测误差的调整,同时证明了复原图像质量在校正度下降的方向存在一个最优值,用最优校正度来修正变形镜控制电压,就得到了一种新的控制方法.针对点源目标成像,仿真表明该方法相比于传统方法,能够得到质量更好的复原图像.     

Astronomical adaptive optics in parameter space

We present a general, undiscretized formulation of astronomical adaptive optics that encompasses arbitrary guide star sources and deformable mirror configurations. It is shown that wave-front measurements can be represented as samples of an integral transform of the turbulence perturbation and also that the desired information for adaptive correction is a subset of this transformed space. Some properties of this space are explored, and their implications for adaptive optics are discussed.     

信标光波长对全场补偿的影响

 激光在近水平长距离传输时,闪烁效应会影响自适应光学的校正效果。在Rytov近似下,导出了纯相位补偿方差和全场补偿方差与信标光波长的关系,研究了信标光波长对补偿效果的影响。结果表明,当信标光的波长与主激光波长之比小于1.89时,全场补偿的方差小于纯相位补偿的方差。     

西安理工大学无线光通信系统自适应光学技术研究进展

总结了国内外自适应光学技术在无线光通信系统应用中的研究进展和技术分类,同时介绍了西安理工大学在该领域的工作,包括有波前测量的自适应光学系统、无波前测量的自适应光学系统、液晶空间光调制器波前校正、偏摆镜和变形镜组合的波前校正、空间光光纤耦合自适应光学波前校正等。自适应光学技术可有效修正无线光通信系统中由大气湍流引起的畸变波前,提高耦合效率和通信性能。虽然这些方法在理论分析和工程实际中尚不完善,但不失为人们在该领域进行的有益探索。     

双变形镜自适应光学全场补偿模拟

在双变形镜自适应光学系统中 ,实现全场补偿的关键步骤之一是使得变形镜 2上主激光的振幅分布具有信标光振幅分布。根据 Y-G波场恢复理论 ,编制了波前恢复程序 ,研究了实现振幅和相位校正湍流问题。研究表明 ,相对于纯相位补偿 ,全场补偿使得 Strehl比提高了 1 .2 7～ 2 .50倍。在变形镜 1和变形镜 2之间的距离为 1 0 m时 ,也使得 Strehl比提高 1 .1 3～ 1 .50倍。     

Spherical aberration correction system using an adaptive optics deformable mirror

A deformable membrane mirror is often used in closed loop adaptive optics systems to correct for aberrations and improve image quality. In certain applications, the correction of only one type of aberration is sufficient, the calibration procedure of the mirror can be simplified and the control scheme can be reduced to a fast feed forward system. For these cases we developed a procedure that is easy to implement, accurate and delivers a large correction range. An application example is the writing and readout of three-dimensional optical memory. Here the spherical aberration component is dominant and can be inferred from the focussing depth. We describe the principle of the new calibration and feed forward control scheme and give experimental results.     

Zernike模式像差共轭组合模型

根据Zernike模式在单位圆的同心孔径圆域内某些模式间具有一定耦合性的结论及对应Zernike模式像差在一定同心光瞳区域内的相互抵消特性,对具有相同角频率不同阶数的Zernike模式建立组合模型,同时根据同心光瞳区域内像差均方根值的降幅比参数给出了同心光瞳直径为4mm时的Zernike模式线性共轭组合模型。最后通过共轭组合模型对光学质量影响的研究发现,共轭模型组合之后能显著提高光学质量。同时也表明Zernike模式组合对光学质量的影响不具备叠加性,而对共轭组合模型表现为补偿关系。     

In vivo fluorescent imaging of the mouse retina using adaptive optics

In vivo imaging of the mouse retina using visible and near infrared wavelengths does not achieve diffraction-limited resolution due to wavefront aberrations induced by the eye. Considering the pupil size and axial dimension of the eye, it is expected that unaberrated imaging of the retina would have a transverse resolution of 2 microm. Higher-order aberrations in retinal imaging of human can be compensated for by using adaptive optics. We demonstrate an adaptive optics system for in vivo imaging of fluorescent structures in the retina of a mouse, using a microelectromechanical system membrane mirror and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor that detects fluorescent wavefront.     

用SVGA1薄膜晶体管液晶显示器矫正人眼波像差

在研究了SVGA1薄膜晶体管液晶显示器（TFT LCD）的位相调制特性的基础上,用它作为眼波像差的矫正器件,在用哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的眼像差测量系统中对眼波像差进行了成功的矫正.对于5.2 mm的瞳孔,矫正后人眼波像差的PV值降低了3倍多,并接近瑞利判据的像差容限.对系统的光学传递函数(MTF)的分析说明,经波像差矫正后眼的空间分辨率由17 c/deg提高到38 c/deg.     

Binocular adaptive optics vision analyzer with full control over the complex pupil functions

We present a binocular adaptive optics vision analyzer fully capable of controlling both amplitude and phase of the two complex pupil functions in each eye of the subject. A special feature of the instrument is its comparatively simple setup. A single reflective liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator working in pure phase modulation generates the phase profiles for both pupils simultaneously. In addition, another liquid crystal spatial light modulator working in transmission operates in pure intensity modulation to produce a large variety of pupil masks for each eye. Subjects perform visual tasks through any predefined variations of the complex pupil function for both eyes. As an example of the system efficiency, we recorded images of the stimuli through the system as they were projected at the subject's retina. This instrument proves to be extremely versatile for designing and testing novel ophthalmic elements and simulating visual outcomes, as well as for further research of binocular vision.     

自适应光学系统模式控制动态优化方法

像差校正模式项数是自适应光学系统模式控制算法中的一个重要参数,其大小对补偿效果影响明显。通过对系统响应函数矩阵的奇异值分解构建像差模式空间,以不同控制项数下残余像差的均方根估计为依据确定每次校正的模式项数,提出了一种模式项数动态优化的控制方法。以Hartmann-Shack波前传感器和薄膜变形镜为主要部件搭建自适应光学实验系统,通过拟合不同像差验证上述控制方法,实验结果表明,和固定项模式控制方法比较,动态优化方法校正的系统残余像差更低,可明显提高自适应光学系统的空间拟合性能。     

两种自适应光学系统中哈特曼波前传感器与变形镜的对准误差

利用直接波前斜率法和变形镜的电压一面形响应特性，研究了常规自适应光学系统和共光路／共模块(CP／CM)自适应光学系统中哈特曼波前传感器与变形镜的对准误差。常规自适应光学系统中，可以用重新测量变形镜的影响函数以减小对准误差的影响，虽并不能消除其影响，但系统都会有很大的调整容差；共光路／共模块自适应光学系统中采用不同的双哈特曼数据处理方法，哈特曼波前传感器与变形镜的对准精度对系统校正能力影响是不同的，采用加修正因子斜率融合法和电压融合法由于在数据融合时考虑了两台哈特曼传感器与变形镜对准的差异，所以对准误差的影响与在常规自适应光学中相同，系统都会有很大的调整容差，而采用直接斜率融合法的共光路／共模块系统由于是建立在两台哈特曼传感器完全一致的假设基础上，所以对对准精度的要求是很高的。分析过程中给出了相应的数值计算结果。     

Superresolution in compensated telescopes

We present a procedure for attaining resolution beyond the diffraction limit in ground-based telescopes. This procedure is based on the use of rotationally symmetric pupil plane filters that can be easily implemented in dynamic optical devices such as a deformable mirror of an adaptive-optics system. We show that a successful application of the technique requires partial compensation for atmospheric distortion by adaptive optics. Consequently, we derive the required level of compensation as a function of the atmospheric conditions. Finally, our results are checked using simulated data.     

一种基于全息术的光学系统闭环像差补偿方法

提出了一种基于21单元变形镜与全息波前传感器的全息自适应光学系统, 并对其像差校正能力进行了分析. 首先描述了全息波前传感器基本原理, 并在薄全息图近似下给出基于快速傅里叶变换算法的全息波前传感器数值模型; 然后基于21单元变形镜的数值模型, 分析了该变形镜的波前校正能力; 在此基础上, 数值模拟并实验验证了全息自适应光学系统对静态像差的闭环校正能力.     

基于Zernike模式的自适应光学系统随机并行梯度下降算法

 控制算法的收敛速度一定程度上限制了无波前探测自适应光学技术在实时波前畸变校正中的应用。从理论分析角度提出将模式法和区域法结合起来以提高算法收敛速度,并以61单元变形镜为校正器,建立基于随机并行梯度下降算法自适应光学系统仿真模型。结果表明：达到同样的校正效果时,采用组合优化的算法收敛速度要明显优于基于区域法的收敛速度,从而验证了理论分析的合理性。     

Modal prediction for closed-loop adaptive optics

The correction efficiency of adaptive optics is limited mainly by measurement noise and time delay. To overcome this problem, we describe a new modal linear predictive controller whose parameters are optimized by means of a recursive least-squares algorithm to minimize the residual optical phase variance. The method copes with the recursivity of the closed-loop operation. We demonstrate that the optimal rejection transfer function for adaptive optics is proportional to the frequency signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, we present what we believe to be the first experimental results obtained with a predictor used to control the tip-tilt mirror of an adaptive-optics system.     

Deformable mirror with thermal actuators

Low-cost adaptive optics is applied in lasers, scientific instrumentation, ultrafast sciences, and ophthalmology. These applications demand that the deformable mirrors used be simple, inexpensive, reliable, and efficient. We report a novel type of ultralow-cost deformable mirror with thermal actuators. The device has a response time of ~5 s , an actuator stroke of ~6mum , and temporal stability of ~lambda/10 rms in the visible range and can be used for correction of rather large aberrations with slow-changing amplitude.     

神光II升级装置波前传输计算模型与验证

基于衍射理论和神光II升级激光装置的光路结构及光学元件波前像差,建立了激光装置光束波前像差传输计算模型,用以获取在实验中难以取得,但对激光系统设计和安全运行非常重要的变形镜校正面型、放大器动态波前像差、空间滤波器波前像差和焦斑形态等过程数据。利用该模型对激光装置常规运行时的静态传输、变形镜加压静态传输和大能量发射3种状态下的波前传输进行理论分析,计算结果与实验测量相一致,并在此基础上对变形镜未加压大能量发射波前传输进行计算。计算模型可用于指导相关器件的设计,优化激光运行控制模式,有利于提高激光装置输出波前质量。