Convenient preparation and use of a new analytical construct for the analysis and development of solid-phase chemistries

An expedient and scalable synthesis of a versatile new analytical construct intermediate 1 is described. The utility of the intermediate 1 is exemplified by the preparation of the construct resin 14 incorporating an acid-labile linker which is used to conveniently develop optimized conditions leading to the preparation of a small compound array 24(1-3,1-3). The optimized conditions are shown to work equally well on both the construct resin 14 and the corresponding base resin 15.     

Analytical construct resins for analysis of solid-phase chemistry

Rapid and unambiguous analysis of reactions performed on resin supports can be achieved by using "analytical constructs". These resins allow the synthesis of materials using solid-phase methods in the usual manner, but they also contain functionality enabling cleavage of analytically enhanced derivatives of the resin-bound products. This is possible due to the use of two linkers bound in series to the polymer. Cleavage at the first linker yields the products attached to an analytical enhancer that facilitates detection. Orthogonal cleavage at the second linker yields the desired products in the usual manner.     

Studies on the chemical stability and synthetic utility of an oxazolidine linker for solid-phase chemistry

A chemical stability study on the oxazolidine linker system has been carried out using a dual-linker analytical construct within a parallel reaction scan. The study established the compatibility of the oxazolidine platform with a wide range of commonly employed synthetic reaction conditions including nucleophilic, oxidizing, and reducing conditions. The scan was further used to probe and optimize acidic conditions under which the oxazolidine could release the substrate from the solid-support and to identify reagents that could cleave while retaining other acid-labile groups. The solid-phase synthesis of a small molecular array established the utility of oxazolidine aldehyde 1 as a building block for asymmetric chemistry while exploiting the data generated by the reaction scan.     

A New Highly Versatile Handle for Chemistry on a Solid Support: The Pipecolic Linker

The design, synthesis, and potential application of the pipecolic linker is presented. This new versatile handle can immobilize primary, secondary, and aromatic amines, as well as alcohols, phenols, and hydrazides, on a solid support. Compared with other linkers, the anchoring step is easy and efficient. The release of final products from the resin proceeds upon acidic treatment with high purities. The pipecolic linker offers the promise of being using in peptide chemistry to produce peptides modified at the N and C terminus, peptidomimetics, as well as small organic molecules.     

Studies on the chemical stability and functional group compatibility of the benzoin photolabile safety-catch linker using an analytical construct

A chemical stability study of the benzoin photolabile safety-catch linker (BPSC) has been carried out using a dual-linker analytical construct to establish its compatibility with a range of commonly employed solid-phase reaction conditions. As a result of this study, the dithiane-protected benzoin linker was shown to be reactive only toward strong acids and fluoride nucleophile. Furthermore, a scan of diverse functional groups thought to be unstable toward the safety-catch removal conditions has also been carried out. These data should provide assistance in future utilization of the BPSC for syntheses.     

Recent advances in analytical construct resins

The area of solid-phase synthesis has witnessed exponential growth in the last fifteen years, but difficulties associated with the monitoring and analysis of resin-bound reactions and products have been apparent due to a limited number of analytical methods available. With the substrate tethered to an insoluble support traditional chromatographic monitoring is only possible after cleavage. In order to address this 'analytical bottleneck' Geysen, in 1996 elaborated Merrifield's initial dual linker strategy by incorporating an encoding system between two in-line linkers. These analytical construct resins represented a new approach for both the quality control of solid-phase combinatorial libraries and for the development of new synthetic sequences on solid-support. This review will summarize the development and application of analytical construct resins focusing on recent applications of the technology.     

Tailoring ultraresins based on the cross-linking of polyethylene imines. Comparative investigation of the chemical composition, the swelling, the mobility, the chemical accessibility, and the performance in solid-phase synthesis of very high loaded resins

Ultraresins have been prepared from polyethyleneimines and cross-linking molecules and have been provided with various degrees of cross-linking. The total nitrogen loading and the loading with secondary and with tertiary amines have been determined in all products. Nitrogen loadings of the novel resins were up to 15 mmol/g, reactive secondary amines up to 13.8 mmol/g. In addition to the exceptionally high loading, the novel resins displayed efficient swelling volumes in polar and nonpolar solvents. The mobility of resin-bound species as determined by EPR-spectroscopy, depending on the amount of cross-linker, indicated good flexibility and reactivity of this resin type. The novel, high-loaded resins have been investigated subsequently in solid-phase synthesis. The Rink amide linker and two different hydroxy linkers (hydroxyacetamide, HMPB) have been attached to the resin. Despite the high loadings, the secondary amines were easily accessible and could be functionalized exhaustively. Reactivity of the linker-coupled resins was found to be closely related to the resin composition. Increased resin cross-linking led to reduced swelling, reduced mobility, and reduced reactivity in the synthesis of a medium-sized model peptide. As the result of the systematic investigation of structure-property relations in Ultraresins, a support material was identified that combined high reactivity and a mobility in the range of the extremely flexible Tentagel supports. In the optimized Ultraresin, >95% of all available secondary nitrogens could be coupled with Rink linker or with the small 2-hydroxyacetamide anchor, resulting in loadings from 2.7 to 6.8 mmol/g, respectively. A resin with an attached HMPB linker and spacer delivered analytically pure peptides in solid-phase synthesis, fully exploiting the exceptionally high loadings.     

Practical synthesis of a dithiane-protected 3',5'-dialkoxybenzoin photolabile safety-catch linker for solid-phase organic synthesis.

The solution-phase preparation of the 3',5'-dialkoxybenzoin photolabile safety-catch linker 16 is described. Pivotal to this convenient synthesis is the selection of appropriate orthogonal protecting groups for the alkoxy functionalities present. The new linker can be readily loaded onto any standard amine-terminating resin under peptide-coupling conditions, without the need to protect the secondary alcohol functionality, and subsequently loaded with substrate. Alternatively, the loading efficiency of sterically hindered substrates can be enhanced by preloading the semiprotected linker variant 10 in solution prior to immobilization onto the resin. This second generation of benzoin photolabile safety-catch linkers provides greater control of both linker loading and resin attachment and should prove to be a more versatile and convenient form of the linker.     

Relative rates and approximate rate constants for inter- and intramolecular hydrogen transfer reactions of polymer-bound radicals

Measurements of relative rates and rate constants for inter- and intramolecular hydrogen transfer reactions of polymer-bound radicals are reported. The relative rate of reaction of resin-bound primary alkyl radical with tributyltin hydride is about 2 times slower than that of the benchmark reaction in solution. The data do not reveal whether this is due to a reduced rate constant or a lower concentration of tin hydride in the resin phase. Yet the difference between solid and solution reactions is small enough to be neglected, and it appears that rate constants measured in solution can be applied directly to resin-bound radicals. A resin-bound aryl radical abstracts a hydrogen atom rapidly (k = 3 x 10(6) s(-1)) from its own polymer backbone and linker, and a simplified view of the resin as a "solvent" is suggested for predicting such effects with other polymers and linkers. Rapid cyclizations of resin-bound aryl radicals will be possible, but slower cyclizations and most bimolecular reactions will be difficult due to the competing polymer/linker hydrogen transfer.     

Reductive cleavage of N-O bonds using Samarium(II) iodide in a traceless release strategy for solid-phase synthesis

A strategy for making amides and ureas using a polymer-supported hydroxylamine resin as a traceless linker is described. The cleavage of the linker by samarium(II) iodide is reported for the first time.     

An expedient synthesis of peptidyl N-alkylamides by "HOPE" strategy

We have developed an expedient approach,"HOPE"(hybrid orthogonal protocol with ease) strategy for the synthesis of peptidyl N-alkylamides.This new strategy was characterized by following points:incorporating Boc and Fmoc protocols together on Merrifield resin,removal of SPG(side-chain protecting groups) without the damage of linker structure on the resin,and the ammonolysis of linker as the last step could achieve the introducing N-alkylamide structure into C-terminal and releasing product from resin-support simultaneously.In present work,eight peptidylamides with different alkylsubstitution at C-terminal were conveniently synthesized by HOPE strategy.     

3-(4-Hydroxymethylphenylsulfanyl)propanoic acid (HMPPA) as a new safety catch linker in solid phase peptide synthesis

A new safety catch linker, 3-(4-hydroxymethylphenylsulfanyl)propanoic acid (HMPPA), is described for use in solid phase peptide synthesis. The linker is readily synthesized from commercially available chemicals in a more cost efficient way compared to similar reported linkers. The HMPPA linker is easily attached to an amino derivatized solid support followed by on-resin oxidation of the thioether to sulfoxide, thereby making the linker very stable towards strong acid treatment. Final resin cleavage is performed by reductive acidolysis.     

A Novel Hydrazine Linker Resin and Its Application for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of alpha-Branched Primary Amines

A novel hydrazine linker resin for solid-phase organic synthesis has been developed. Starting from Merrifield resin, the new N-butyl-N-methylpolystyrene-hydrazine linker is prepared in three steps. Polymer-supported hydrazones, readily prepared from aldehydes and the hydrazine resin, react with alkyl- and arylorganolithium reagents under 1,2-addition to the C-N double bond to afford the corresponding hydrazines. Release from solid support was achieved by reductive N-N bond cleavage using the borane-tetrahydrofuran complex. The resulting alpha-branched primary amines were protected as their amides or carbamates, respectively, and, after purification, were obtained in good overall yields and in high purity (12 examples).     

Design and synthesis of a dual linker for solid phase synthesis of oleanolic acid derivatives

A hydrophilic amino-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)-type dual linker for solid phase synthesis of oleanolic acid derivatives using trityl chloride resin was designed and synthesized for the first time. Model reactions in both liquid and solid phase were performed to show the feasibility of its selective cleavage at two different sites. The biological assay results indicated that the long and flexible alkyl ether functionality in the linker is less likely to be critical for the binding event. Following the successful solid-phase synthesis of model compounds, the potential of this dual linker in reaction monitoring and target identification is deemed worthy of further study.     

A new method for cleavage of silicon-carbon linkers on glass plate supports with applications to solid-phase syntheses on silica resins

We describe herein a novel and facile method for the cleavage of a silicon-based linker on solid-phase supports such as glass plates or silica resin. The linker was efficiently cleaved by oxidation of the silicon-carbon bond (Tamao-Kumada oxidation) to release the functionalized molecule.     

A novel linker for solid-phase synthesis cleavable under neutral conditions

A novel linker cleavable under neutral conditions has been developed for the solid-phase synthesis of base-labile compounds. The linker is comprised of a 3-azidomethyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol moiety, and the azidomethyl group in the linker is readily converted to an aminomethyl group by treatment with a phosphine reagent in the presence of water to result in an intramolecular cyclization to release the compounds. Using the linker, a base-labile dinucleoside methyl phosphate was synthesized on a highly cross-linked polystyrene (HCP) support and cleaved successfully from the resin without decomposition of the product.     

Structural characterization and quantitation of compound loading of disubstituted benzoates bound to Wang resin through high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy

The combination of 1D and 2D high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR experiments led to the assignment of the proton and carbon resonances for several disubstituted benzoates bound to a polystyrene resin through a Wang linker. It is shown that the signal corresponding to the methylene protons of the linker can be utilized to monitor the solid-phase reactions and determine the loading of the compounds on the resin.     

An efficient solid phase synthesis of 5'-phosphodiester and phosphoramidate monoester nucleoside analogues

An easy and efficient strategy to obtain libraries of 5'-phosphodiester and 5'-phosphoramidate monoester nucleoside analogues in a highly pure form has been developed, starting from a new nucleoside based solid support. The nucleoside scaffold has been anchored through a 5'-phosphodiester linkage to Tentagel HL resin, functionalized with a 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic linker. The solid phase synthesis of small libraries of 5'-phosphodiester and 5'-phosphoramidate monoester thymidine analogues is also reported.     

p-Nitromandelic acid as a highly acid-stable safety-catch linker for solid-phase synthesis of peptide and depsipeptide acids

[reaction: see text] p-Nitromandelic acid as a safety-catch linker for Boc/Bzl-SPPS of base-labile compounds like peptides and depsipeptides is described. This linker permits acidic removal of side-chain protection groups from the resin. For cleavage from the solid support, the p-nitro group was reduced with tin(II) chloride. After washing off the reducing agents, the (depsi)peptide acids with or without the side-chain protection schemes were obtained by microwave irradiation at 50 degrees C with 5% TFA in dioxane.     

Preparative manipulation of gold nanoparticles by reversible binding to a polymeric solid support

A preparative scheme is presented for controlled modification of gold nanoparticles (NPs) by using reversible binding to a polymeric solid support through boronic acid chemistry. Octanethiol-capped Au NPs were bound to a boronic acid functionalized resin by custom-synthesized bifunctional linker molecules. The NPs were chemically released from the resin to the solution, with one (or a few) linker molecules embedded in their capping layer. This was confirmed by rebinding the linker-derivatized NPs to a boronic resin, exploiting the reversibility of the boronic acid/diol chemistry. The same scheme was employed to demonstrate a new method for affinity separation of NPs by means of a solid-phase reaction. The use of boronic acid provides versatility and chemical reversibility, while the polymeric solid support affords the separation and preparative aspects. The method presented here may be useful in various facets of NP handling, manipulation, and separation.