国内声学消息集锦

1.超声针 《中国超声医学杂志》1988年第3期,刊载了金完成等人撰写的“超声针的临床应用及实验研究”的文章。据报道,超声针是应用小圆点形超声换能器(实用了φ0.5cm和φ1.2cm两种),将其固定在人体适当穴位上,使超声能透入穴位来达到治疗疾病的一种方法,可称超声穴位治疗法。 通过测定,发现超声穴位治疗能提高穴位皮肤的温度,降低皮肤的电阻;通过经络测定及临床治疗观察,说明超声穴位治疗能激发穴位的特殊效应,有调节经络平衡的作用,经对332例扭伤、挫伤、劳损、肌肉关节疾病、胃肠道疾病的疗效观察,总有效率为95％,显效率为57.83％。     

基于视觉的传感器位置记忆追踪方法

在采用某些特殊传感器测量参数时,需要在传感器移除后确定出原来的测量位置,比如采用穴位传感器测量出患者多个经络穴位的异常表现后,需要确定出异常穴位的实际位置,对其施加干预措施,缓解患者疼痛并改善身体状况.为此,研究了传感器的记忆追踪问题,提出了一种基于视觉的传感器位置记忆追踪方法,在传感器和被测对象上分别粘贴AprilT...     

巨介电常数氧化物CaCu3Ti4O12的介电和阻抗特性

采用固相烧结法合成了单相巨介电常数氧化物CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂（CCTO）.用阻抗分析仪分析了10—420 K温度范围内的介电频谱和阻抗谱特性,并结合ZVIEW软件进行了模拟.结果表明：温度高于室温时,频谱出现两个明显的弛豫台阶,低频弛豫介电常数随温度升高而显著增大,表现出热离子极化特点;温度低于室温时,频谱表现出类德拜弛豫,且高、低平台介电常数值基本不随温度变化,表现出界面极化特点和较好的温度稳定性.频谱中依次出现的介电弛豫对应于阻抗谱中 关键词： 3Ti₄O₁₂')" href="#">CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ 介电频谱 阻抗谱 Cole-Cole半圆弧     

基于反射与折射理论的电涡流检测探头阻抗解析模型

应用电磁波的反射与折射理论建立了多层导电结构电涡流检测探头阻抗解析模型.电涡流检测中空间电磁场可看作线圈激励场与涡流场的叠加,而涡流场是线圈激励场的反射与折射效应,因此应用线圈激励场的级数型解析解和电磁波的反射与折射理论推导了级数型探头阻抗解析解.最后,比较了推导的级数型与传统的积分型探头阻抗解析解的计算结果,并进行了实验验证.计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,表明推导的级数型探头阻抗解析解是正确的,且与积分解析解相比具有不需要确定积分上限、耗时少、计算精度容易控制等优点. 关键词： 电涡流检测 多层导电结构 反射与折射理论 探头阻抗     

基于电阻抗层析成像的高强度聚焦超声温度监测技术

作为一种对正常组织无损伤且不易引起癌细胞转移的非入侵肿瘤治疗手段,高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗过程中焦域的温度监测是实现剂量精准控制的关键.本文基于生物组织的温度-电阻抗的关系,将电阻抗层析成像(EIT)和HIFU治疗相结合,提出了一种利用组织焦平面的表面电压实现电阻抗重构的检测技术.建立了HIFU治疗和EIT综合系统模型,在考虑组织的声吸收条件下,对三维Helmholtz方程在柱坐标下的声场计算进行了二维简化,并引入Pennes生物热传导方程来计算HIFU焦域的声压和温升分布特性;引入生物组织的温度-电阻抗关系,基于麦克斯韦电磁场理论,建立了具有温度分布HIFU焦域的电流和电压计算模型,利用恒流注入的边界条件实现电场计算,获得焦平面的表面电压分布.在数值计算中,利用实验聚焦换能器参数,模拟了在固定声功率下组织焦域的声场和温度场分布,以及中心和偏心聚焦条件下不同治疗时刻的电导率分布;然后通过对称电极的循环电流注入,计算了组织模型焦平面内的电流密度和电势分布,获得了焦平面圆周分布的表面电极电压;进一步采用修正的牛顿-拉夫逊算法,利用32×32的表面电极电压实现了焦平面内电导率分布的重建.结果表明,基于温度-电阻抗关系的EIT电导率重建技术不但能准确定位HIFU焦域中心,还能恢复HIFU治疗中焦域的温度分布,证明了EIT用于HIFU治疗中温度监测的可行性,为其疗效评估和剂量控制提供了一种无创电阻抗测量和成像新方法.     

磁致伸缩/压电叠层复合材料磁-机-电耦合系数分析

分析和推导了磁致伸缩/压电叠层复合材料的机-电耦合系数、磁-机耦合系数及磁-电耦合系数与磁致伸缩层和压电层性能参数及几何参数之间的关系.进一步分析表明,叠层复合材料低频时的磁电电压系数正比于磁-电耦合系数,谐振时的磁电电压系数正比于磁-电耦合系数与机械品质因素的乘积;磁电电压系数还与复合结构的本征阻抗有关,本征阻抗越大磁电电压系数越大.通过性能差异较大的Terfenol-D和FeNi基弹性合金分别与压电材料PZT5-H和PZT8相互组合构成复合材料的比较分析,进一步阐明了磁电复合材料磁-电耦合系数和机械品 关键词： 磁电效应 磁-机-电耦合系数 磁致伸缩材料 压电材料     

用非平衡电桥测电阻抗在医学上的应用

通常用平衡交流电桥测量确定的电阻抗值,但在医学上常会遇到随时间变化的电阻抗,测量这种变化电阻抗可用非平衡交流电桥。这种变化的电阻抗可以给出许多医学信息,因而使得用电桥测电阻抗这一非常普通的物理方法,在医学上得到实际应用。     

气体脉冲放电等离子体阻抗的参量研究

在纯净氦气条件下，对高频纵向脉冲放电的等离子体动态阻抗进行了实验研究.测量了放电等离子体阻抗随放电电压、频率以及气体压强之间的变化关系，表明等离子体阻抗随频率和电压的增加而下降，随气压的升高而增大.定性分析了这些宏观参量与等离子体阻抗变化之间的关系，拟合出等离子体阻抗随电压、频率、气压变化的经验公式，并对数值模拟与实验结果进行了比较研究. 关键词： 等离子体阻抗 气体脉冲放电     

异型磁体/铁电复合材料中的电致变磁导及电致变阻抗效应

利用应力变磁导与电致伸缩效应的乘积效应,设计和制备了一种新型的异型磁体/铁电复合材料,并研究了该材料的电磁耦合特性.在5 kV/cm的恒定电场下,观察到接近40%的电致变磁导（电感）及相应的电致变阻抗效应存在于一个较宽的频域（50—1×10⁵Hz）上.该电致变磁导（电感）及电致变阻抗显示了铁磁弛豫和铁电弛豫的联合效应.研究认为,该异型复合材料所显示的所有电磁耦合行为均可归因于电场诱导的材料中磁体内部应力场的变化. 关键词： 电磁耦合 异型复合材料 应力变磁导 电致伸缩     

轻中度单侧Bell面瘫红外热辐射强度异常分析

Bell 面瘫是一种多发的面神经疾病,首次发病以轻中度居多.应用红外热成像原理,探寻一种客观无创的Bell面瘫评估方法.人体面部穴位大都呈左右对称分布,取患者病变一侧的相关穴位为实验组,另一侧同一穴位为对照组,分别研究其红外热辐射特性,急性期内,同一穴位在健侧与患侧的红外热辐射强度差异显著,即存在明显的温差(大于0.3...     

高温高压下蛇纹岩电导率的初步研究

 在压力为2.0和4.0 GPa、温度为373～933 K的条件下,利用交流阻抗谱仪,在0.1～10⁶ Hz的频率范围内测量了蛇纹岩的电导率。实验结果表明：蛇纹岩的复阻抗对频率有明显的依赖性,电导率受温度的影响较大,压力对电导率的影响相对较弱;当温度为690～761 K时,蛇纹岩发生脱水,致使电导率发生突变;脱水前,蛇纹岩的活化能约为0.6 eV,脱水后则高达2 eV。根据测得的电导率和活化能,分析了蛇纹岩脱水前、后的微观导电机制。分析认为,脱水前蛇纹岩的微观导电机制可能与内部二价铁和三价铁之间的电子移动有关,脱水后则可能是离子导电。     

Mild degradation processes in ZnO-based varistors: the role of Zn vacancies

The effects of a degradation process on the structural and electrical properties of ZnO-based varistors induced by the application of dc bias voltage were analysed. Capacitance and resistance measurements were carried out to electrically characterize the polycrystalline semiconductor before and after different degrees of mild degradation. Vacancies’ changes in the varistors were studied with positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. Variations on the potential barrier height and effective doping concentration were determined by fitting the experimental data from impedance spectroscopy measurements. These results indicate two different stages in the degradation process consistent with vacancy-like concentration changes.     

Noninvasive treatment efficacy monitoring and dose control for high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy using relative electrical impedance variation

As an effective therapeutic modality, high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU) can destroy tumour tissues by thermocoagulation with less metastasis, but it is still limited by inaccurate non-invasive temperature monitoring and efficacy evaluation. A model of electrical impedance measurement during HIFU therapy was established using the temperatureimpedance relationship. Based on the simulations of acoustic pressure, temperature, and electrical conductivity, the impedance of the phantom was calculated and experimentally demonstrated for different values of acoustic power values and treatment time. We proved that the relative impedance variation(RIV) increases linearly with the increasing treatment time at a fixed acoustic power, and the relative impedance variation rate shows a linear relationship with the acoustic power.The RIV and treatment time required for HIFU treatment efficacy are inversely proportional to the acoustic power and the square of acoustic power, respectively. The favourable results suggest that RIV can be used as an efficient indicator for noninvasive temperature monitoring and efficacy evaluation and may provide new strategy for accurate dose control of HIFU therapy.     

An electro-acoustics impedance error criterion and its application to active noise control

Characteristics of radiation impedance and its inducing variation of electrical impedance for a controllable source have been investigated. An impedance-based error criterion has been proposed and its application to active noise control is demonstrated through a coil driven loudspeaker. A general formula of radiation impedance is derived for two control strategies, according to the criterion of total acoustic power output. The radiation impedances of some commonly used sound sources are calculated. We discuss in detail the relation between variation of the input electrical impedance and radiation impedance for the two control strategies. An AC-bridge circuit is designed to measure the weak variation of electrical impedance resulted from radiation impedance. The input electrical impedance of a loudspeaker was measured and the experimental result is consistent with that of theoretical analysis. An impedance-based error criterion is proposed since the AC-bridge relative output is unique for a certain control strategy. The implementation of this criterion applied to an active control system is analyzed by simulations. An analogue control system is set up and experiments are carried out in a semi-anechoic chamber to verify the new control approach.     

高温高压下二辉橄榄岩的阻抗谱实验研究

 在1.0～4.0 GPa压力、1 073～1 573 K温度和10^-1～10⁷ Hz频率条件下,利用SARLTON-1260阻抗-增益/相位分析仪,就位测定了二辉橄榄岩的阻抗谱。实验结果表明：二辉橄榄岩的阻抗谱对频率具有很强的依赖性,并从阻抗谱的测试原理（颗粒内部、颗粒边缘、样品与电极间的导电机制）上做出了解释;温度是决定二辉橄榄岩电导率的一个重要物理参数,电导率随着温度的升高而增大,lg σ与1/T之间符合Arrenhius关系式;在高压实验中第一次将压力作为测量二辉橄榄岩电导率重要的约束因素,随着压力的增大,电阻率升高、电导率降低。     

High frequency impedance spectroscopy study on Gd-doped CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> thin films

The gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) thin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition. Samples with special geometry were prepared which allowed us to characterize GDC film in across-plane direction. The electrical properties of the films were investigated by means of impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 10 GHz and 380–600 K temperature interval. The data analysis was performed by using appropriate equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit modeled thin GDC film itself, platinum metal connections (traces) in the dielectric medium of sapphire substrate and interfaces between the film and platinum electrodes. Hence, several factors influenced the impedance spectra, namely the properties of substrate, the oxygen-ion transport in the film, ion blocking at the interface between the film and the electrode, and metal traces. The electrical properties of GDC thin films were compared with these of bulk ceramics and showed similar conductivity and dielectric permittivity values. The study also revealed that measurement data at electrical field frequencies of up to 10 GHz were particularly important to correctly estimate electrical properties of GDC thin films, because at high temperatures the electric response of GDC film shifts to high frequencies (higher than 1 MHz at 600 K). The thin film sample preparation for high frequency measurements and fitting of impedance data by using relatively simple equivalent circuit model is presented.     

A direct method for acoustic impedance measurement based on the measurement of electrical impedance of acoustic transmitter

A simple and straight forward method for acoustic impedance measurement is presented and evaluated. In this method a speaker is used as the signal source. The relationship between the electrical impedance of the speaker and its acoustical load is developed and studied. It is shown that the electrical current and voltage of the speaker relate to the acoustical pressure and volume velocity. The mechanical and acoustical impedances are therefore easily derived by measuring the electrical current and voltage of the circuit. The proposed method yield itself to the automatic computer measurement and can be used for the field and in situ measurements.Comparison of the measurement data with those from other methods proves the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method.     

磁致伸缩超声换能器阻抗匹配网络的设计

根据磁致伸缩超声换能器的等效电路模型和阻抗匹配理论,该文设计了一种优化的π型匹配网络.该网络具有调谐、变阻和滤波的功能,适用于工作在中低频超声频率范围内的磁致伸缩超声换能器系统的阻抗匹配.仿真和实验结果表明:接入该π型阻抗匹配网络后,驱动电源与换能器之间实现了最大功率传输,换能器两端电信号的波形质量得到优化,换能器激励...     

Influence of sintering temperature and aging on properties of cermet Ni/8YSZ materials obtained by citric method

The anode supported cell for solid oxide fuel cell, as a modification of the traditional Ni-YSZ anode supported on electrolyte, is examined in this work. The materials obtained on the base of citric method are presented and investigated in this work. The materials consisted of 40 wt.% Ni/YSZ, 50 wt.% Ni/YSZ and 60 wt.% Ni/YSZ were obtained. The base Ni/YSZ materials are tested on the two ways: (a) aging tests and (b) sintering tests. All the materials after aging and sintering are tested by the impedance spectroscopy. The results of electrical conductivity for samples before and after aging show that only in the case of 40 wt.% Ni/YSZ, sample loses of metallic conductivity after 500 h of heating. The other samples reveal metallic conductivity even after long period of aging. The tests of sintering temperature show that this process does not affect significantly on electrical conductivity of the materials.     

Definition and measurement of the normalized electrical impedance of lossy piezoelectric resonators for ultrasonic transducers

Relevant equivalent circuit parameters and values of material constants of a piezoelectric resonator can be determined from measurements of its electrical input impedance as a function of frequency. The complex electrical impedance curves and the associated critical frequencies are the basis of this characterization by the piezoelectric resonance method. In this paper, the previously introduced concept of normalized electrical impedance of the lossy resonator, extended to include piezoelectric losses, is applied to the analysis of the effects of different types of intrinsic losses on peak values, bandwidths and characteristic frequencies. The resulting impedance patterns depend solely on the electromechanical coupling coefficient and the loss tangents, providing a useful tool for the analysis of low-Q resonators. The normalized impedance is experimentally evaluated from the basic data provided by an HP 4194A impedance analyser by means of specifically developed ASP programs.