Transverse muon polarization in the K µ3 0 decay induced by electromagnetic final-state interaction

A calculation of transverse muon polarization in the K _μ3 ⁰ decay due to the electromagnetic interaction in a final state in one-loop approach is presented. Average transverse muon polarization is found to be (2.4±0.1)×10⁻³ in the Dalitz plot region. From Yadernaya Fizika, Vol. 63, No. 2, 2000, pp. 319–323. Original English Text Copyright ? 2000 by Efrosinin, Kudenko. This article was submitted by the authors in English.     

Transverse polarization of the lepton in the decay process <Emphasis Type="Italic">B</Emphasis> → <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dlν</Emphasis><Subscript>l</Subscript> due to electromagnetic final-state interaction

The emergence of transverse polarization of the lepton in the decay processes B⁰ → D^?l⁺ν_l and \(B^ + \to \bar D^0 l + \nu _l \) for l = τ, μ is studied on the basis of the Standard Model in the leading approximation of heavy-quark effective theory. It is shown that a nonzero transverse polarization appears owing to electromagnetic final-state interactions at the one-loop level. Diagrams involving D and D* mesons in the intermediate state and making a nonzero contribution to the transverse polarization of the outgoing lepton are considered. If only these mesons are taken into account in evaluating the mean values of the τ-lepton polarization in the decays B⁰→D^?τ⁺ν_τ and \(B^ + \to \bar D^0 \tau ^ + \nu _\tau \), the results are 2.60×10^-3 and ?1.59×10^?3, respectively. The corresponding values of the transverse muon polarization averaged over the Dalitz plot are 2.97×10^?4 and-6.79×10^?4.     

Interactions of μAl acceptor impurity in weakly and heavily doped silicon

The interactions of the aluminum acceptor impurity in silicon are investigated using polarized negative muons. The polarization of negative muons is studied as a function of temperature on crystalline silicon samples with phosphorus (1.6×10¹³ cm^?3) and boron (4.1×10¹⁸ cm^?3) impurities. The measurements are performed in a magnetic field of 4.1 kG perpendicular to the muon spin, in the temperature range from 4 to 300 K. The experimental results show that, in phosphorus-doped n-type silicon, an _μAl acceptor center is ionized in the temperature range T>50 K. For boron-doped silicon, the temperature dependence of the shift of the muon spin precession frequency is found to deviate from the 1/T Curie law in the temperature range T ? 50 K. The interactions of a _μAl acceptor that may be responsible for the effects observed in the experiment are analyzed.     

Pionic contribution to the muon magnetic moment

A procedure is developed to derive an optimal lower bounds for the pionic contribution to the muon magnetic moment from analyticity of the pion form factor F(t), its normalization F(0)=1 and from experimental information from both the processes e^?p → e^?π⁺n and e⁺e^? → π⁺π^?. It represents essentially the solution of a certain kind of optimization problem in Hilbert space. Numerical results are presented and compared to the recent data for the muon magnetic moment; we find a_μ(π⁺π^?) ? 42 × 10^?9.     

Hadronic contributions to (g−2) of the leptons and to the effective fine structure constant α(M Z 2 )

The new experiment planned at Brookhaven to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muona _μ≡(g _μ?2)/2 will improve the present accuracy of 7 ppm by about a factor of 20. This requires a careful reconsideration of the theoretical uncertainties of theg?2 predictions, which are dominated by the error of the contribution from the light quarks to the photon vacuum polarization. This issue is cruicial also for the precise determination of the running fine structure constant at theZ-peak as LEP/SLC experiments continue to increase their precision. In this paper we present an updated analysis of the hadronic vacuum polarization using all presently availablee ⁺e^? data. This seems to be justified because previous work on the subject was based to some extent on preliminary or incomplete experimental data. Contributions from different energy ranges are presented separately forg?2 of the muon and the τ-lepton and for α(M _Z ² ). We obtain the resultsa _μ ^had* =(725±16)×10^?10 anda _τ ^had* =(351±10)×10^?8, where the asterisk indicates the dressed (renormalization group improved) value. For the effective fine structure constant atM _Z=91.1888 GeV we obtainΔα _had ⁽⁵⁾ =0.0280±0.0007 and α(M _Z ² )^?1=128.896±0.090. Further improvement in the accuracy of theoretical predictions which depend on the hadronic vacuum polarization requires more precise measurements ofe ⁺e^? cross-sections at energies below about 12 GeV in future experiments.     

New evaluation of muon (g − 2) hadronic anomaly

The hadronic part a_H of the muon g-factor anomaly $\text{a ≡}\text{(g ? 2)}\text{2}$ is evaluated from latest data on σ(e⁺e^? → hadrons). For a p-wave ππ scattering length of a₁ = 0.04±0.005 we calculate a_H = (66±10) × 10^?9, compared to a(experiment) ? a(QED) = (60±29) × 10^?9. Half of the uncertainty on a_H is associated with the energy interval $\text{0.92 <}\text{s}\text{< 2}\text{GeV}$.     

Possible structures of the neutral current within a gauge theory framework

We examine a class of gauge theories based on U(1)×SU(2)×G allowing for an arbitrary number of gauge bosons, while retaining the lowq ² four fermion interaction of the standard model. Measurable consequences fore ⁺ e ^?→μ ⁺ μ ^? ande ⁺ e ^?→e ⁺ e ^? at presently available as well as LEP energies are presented. Implications of the recently determined QED cut-offΛ _? ? 100 GeV on gauge boson properties and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon are pointed out.     

Direct observations of the decay of beauty particles into charm particles

The associated production of a pair of beauty particles B^? and $\text{B}{}^0$ by a 350 GeV π^? interaction has been observed in an emulsion target inserted in an array of silicon microstrip detectors. Both beauty particles decay into charm particles, both of which are also observed to decay in the emulsion. Two negative muons were identified and their momenta measured in a large muon spectrometer. One muon has a p_T of 1.9 GeV/c and is associated with a beauty particle decay. The other, with a p_T of 0.45 GeV/c is associated with a charm particle decay. The flight times of the two beauty particles are respectively (0.8 ± 0.1) × 10^?13 s and (5⁺²_?1) × 10^?13 s. Alternative interpretations of this event have negligible probability.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance of intermetallic compounds Gd2Ni17−xAlx

²⁷Al Knight shifts vs temperature and magnetic susceptibility for the intermetallic compounds Gd₂Ni_17?xAl_x (x = 17; 16.2; 16; 15) are presented. The results are discussed in terms of the uniform polarization model fo the conduction electrons by the 4f and 3d spins localized on the Gd and Ni ions. The phenomenological exchange constants J_sf and J_sd range between ?1.80×10^?3 and 1.19×10^?3 eV and ?0.63×10^?3 and ?0.52×10^?3 eV, respectively.     

Characteristics of trimuon events observed in high-energy neutrino interactions

The properties of 76 neutrino-initiated μ^?μ^?μ⁺ events observed in the CDHS detector in the 350 GeV and 400 GeV wide-band beams at CERN are discussed. For neutrino energies 30 GeV and muon momenta ?4.5 GeV, the average trimuon rate is (3.0 ± 0.4) × 10^?5 of the single-muon event rate. The experimental distributions are compared with predictions from various models. The data cannot be understood in terms of either heavy-lepton or heavy-quark cascades; no evidence is found for such processes and upper limits for the two possibilities are established. The data can be understood in terms of the normal charged-current process with the additional production of a muon pair by both hadronic and electromagnetic processes.     

Mixed conduction in sodium vanadium bronze

The ionic and electronic conduction in α'-Na_xV₂O₅ prepared by the solid state reaction has been investigated. The electronic conductivity is nearly equal to the total conductivity and depends on the V⁴⁺ ion concentration. The Na⁺ ion conductivity was measured by a dc technique. The building up and decaying curves obtained at the transient polarization phenomena were analyzed by using a certain approximation for the steady state in order to save experimental time. The typical ionic conductivities were relatively low, namely 3×10^?6 and 2×10^?1 S cm?1 at 300°C for the samples of x=1.0 and 0.8, respectively which seemed to be dependent on the number of vacant Na⁺ ion sites.     

The relaxation rate of the magnetic moment of a shallow acceptor center as a function of impurity concentration in silicon

A study is made into the temperature dependence of residual polarization of negative muons in crystalline silicon with the concentration of impurity of the n-and p-types ranging from 8.7×10¹³ to 4.1× 10¹⁸ cm^?3. The measurements are performed in a magnetic field of 1000 G transverse to the muon spin, in the temperature range from 4.2 to 300 K. The form of the temperature dependence of the relaxation rate v of the magnetic moment of the μAl⁰ acceptor in silicon is determined. For a nondegenerate semiconductor, the relaxation rate depends on temperature as v ∝ T ^q (q ≈ 3). A variation in the behavior of the temperature dependence and a multiple increase in the relaxation rate are observed in the range of impurity concentration in excess of 10¹⁸ cm^?3. The importance of phonon scattering and spin-exchange scattering of free charge carriers by an acceptor from the standpoint of relaxation of the acceptor magnetic moment is discussed. The constant of hyperfine interaction in an acceptor center formed by an atom of aluminum in silicon is estimated for the first time: |A _hf (Al)/2π| ～ 2.5×10⁶s^?1.     

Formation of bubbles and blisters in hydrogen ion implanted polycrystalline tungsten

ABSTRACT

Tungsten (W) has been regarded as one of the most promising plasma facing materials (PFMs) in fusion reactors. The formation of bubbles and blisters during hydrogen (H) irradiation will affect the properties of W. The dependence of implantation conditions, such as fluence and energy, is therefore of great interest. In this work, polycrystalline tungsten samples were separated into two groups for study. The thick samples were implanted by 18?keV H₃⁺ ions to fluences of 1?×?10¹⁸, 1?×?10¹⁹ and 1?×?10²⁰ H⁺/cm², respectively. Another thick sample was also implanted by 80?keV H₂⁺ ions to a fluence of 2?×?10¹⁷ H⁺/cm² for comparison. Moreover, the thin samples were implanted by 18?keV H₃⁺ ions to fluences of 9.38?×?10¹⁶, 1.88?×?10¹⁷ and 5.63?×?10¹⁷ H⁺/cm², respectively. Focused ion beam (FIB) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for micro-structure analysis, while time-of-flight ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to characterize the H depth profile. It is indicated that bubbles and blisters could form successively with increasing H⁺ fluence. H bubbles are formed at a fluence of ～5.63?×?10¹⁷ H⁺/cm², and H blisters are formed at ～1?×?10¹⁹ H⁺/cm² for 18?keV H₃⁺ implantation. On the other hand, 80?keV H₂⁺ ions can create more trapping sites in a shallow projected range, and thus enhancing the blisters formation with a relatively lower fluence of 2?×?10^17?H⁺/cm². The crack-like microstructures beneath the blisters are also observed and prefer to form on the deep side of the implanted range.     

New method for measurement of a T-violating muon polarization in K + decays

A new method is proposed for measuring a T-violating muon polarization in the decays K ⁺ → π⁰μ⁺ν and K ⁺ → μ⁺νγ. The method is based on a complete reconstruction of kinematics in these decays by using a high-resolution π⁰ detector, an active muon polarimeter, and a nearly 4π efficient photon veto system. A high acceptance of the detector allows one to reach a statistical sensitivity to the T-violating muon polarization of less than 10^?4 in an experiment with stopped K ⁺ mesons.     

Measurement of weak meson form factors in spacelike regions

With the construction of high energy, high intensity accelerators (NAL & CERN, SPS) investigation of neutrino scattering on virtual pions, á la Chew-Low, becomes experimentally possible. We propose to analyse the process ν + N → μ^? + K + Δ to extract the usual K_?3 form factor(s) for spacelike momentum transfer. A model calculation suggests that f₊(T) can be determined reasonably well from a triple differential cross section, whereas only rough information on f_?(T) may be obtained from the transverse polarization of the muon. The experiment proposed requires scanning of several millions of bubble chamber pictures.     

Models for the weak parity-violating vector meson exchange potential and the circular polarization in n + p → d + γ

We propose three models which lead to a p.v. nucleon-nucleon interaction mediated by charged and neutral vector mesons. Besides the ad hoc hypothesis of octet dominance, we consider two quark models (the Bose quark and colour Fermi quark model), which give a dynamical explanation of the $\text{ΔI =}\text{1}\text{2}$ rule in strangeness changing hyperon decays. They lead to p.v. potentials with different isospin dependence. We also derive the weak NN?_ρ° coupling from a SU(2) × U(1) gauge theory with neutral currents. The circular polarization P_γ of the γ-quanta in the capture of thermal neutrons on protons is calculated for these different models. The Reid hard-core (HC) and soft-core (SC) potentials have been chosen to take into account the strong interaction. Then the naively factorized Cabbibo current-current interaction with charged rho exchange only gives P_γ^HC = ?2.7 × 10^?8 and P_γ^SC = ?2.1 × 10^?8. The strong octet dominance and Bose quark model lead to a vanishing circular polarization |P_γ| ≈ (1–4) × 10^?9. The colour Fermi quark model enhances the circular polarization and gives P_γ ≈ ?5 × 10^?8.     

Study of the process e + e − → π+π− in the energy region 400 < \sqrt s < 1000 MeV^\P

The cross section of the process e ⁺ e ^? → π⁺π^? was measured in the spherical neutral detector experiment at the VEPP-2M collider in the energy region $400 < \sqrt s < 1000 MeV$ . This measurement was based on about 12.4 × 10⁶ selected collinear events, which include 7.4 × 10⁶ e ⁺ e ^? → e ⁺ e ^?, 4.5 × 10⁶ e ⁺ e ^? → π⁺π^?, and 0.5 × 10⁶ e ⁺ e ^? → μ⁺μ^? selected events. The systematic uncertainty of cross section determination is 1.3%. The ρ-meson parameters were determined as m _ρ = 774.9±0.4±0.5 MeV, Γ _ρ = 146.5±0.8±1.5 MeV, and σ(ρ → π⁺π^?) = 1220 ± 7 ± 16 nb and the parameters of the G-parity suppressed decay ω → π⁺π^? as σ(ω → π⁺π^?) = 29.9 ± 1.4 ± 1.0 nb and φ_ρω = 113.5±1.3±1.7°.     

Estimate of the fraction of primary photons in the cosmic-ray flux at energies ∼1017 eV from the EAS-MSU experiment data

We reanalyze archival EAS-MSU data in order to search for events with an anomalously low content of muons with energies E _μ > 10 GeV in extensive air showers with the number of particles N _e ? 2 × 10⁷. We confirm the first evidence for a nonzero flux of primary cosmic gamma rays at energies E ～ 10¹⁷ eV. The estimated fraction of primary gamma rays in the flux of cosmic particles with energies E ? 5.4 × 10¹⁶ eV is ε_γ = (0.43 _?0.11 ^+0.12 )%, which corresponds to the intensity I _γ = (1.2 _?0.3 ^+0.4 ) × 10^?16 cm^?2 s^?1 sr^?1. The study of arrival directions does not favor any particular mechanism of the origin of the photon-like events.     

Improved limits on β− and β−β− decays of 48Ca

New limits on ⁴⁸Caβ^? and β^?β^? decays to excited states of ⁴⁸Ti have been obtained using a 400 cm³ low-background HPGe detector and an external source of 24.558 g enriched CaF₂ powder (9.822 g of ⁴⁸Ca). The limits for β^? decay to the 6⁺ ground state and excited 5⁺ and 4⁺ states in ⁴⁸Sc are 1.6×10²⁰ yr, 2.5×10²⁰ yr, and 1.9×10²⁰ yr at the 90% confidence level. For the β?β? decay to ⁴⁸Ti, the limits to the first 2⁺, second 2⁺, and first 0⁺ excited states are 1.8×10²⁰ yr, 1.5×10²⁰ yr, and 1.5×10²⁰ yr, again at the 90% confidence level.     

Polarized bhabha scattering in multiboson electroweak gauge models

The general expression for the differential cross section of the reactione ⁺ e ^?→γ,Z ₁ ⁰ ,Z ₂ ⁰ , ..., →e ⁺ e ^? with an arbitrary initial polarization state is derived in the context of electroweak gauge models with more than one neutral boson. Angular distributions, azimuthal asymmetries in the case of natural polarization, and longitudinal polarization asymmetries for models of the typeSU(2)×U(1)×G (G=?(1),S?(2)) and left-right symmetric models are compared with the standard model results. For the angular distributions withe ^± having equal helicities a～10% deviation from the standard model is predicted already below 50 GeV for models of the first type withZ ₁ ⁰ masses up to 80 GeV. At energies around the firstZ ₁ ⁰ a study of azimuthal and polarization asymmetries yields the possibility of distinguishing between different models.