Effective synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides by phosphonium iodides as catalysts in alcoholic solvents

Phosphonium iodides effectively catalyzed the reaction of CO₂ and epoxides under mild conditions such as ordinary pressure and ambient temperature in 2-propanol, and the corresponding five-membered cyclic carbonates were obtained in high yields.     

Heterogeneous catalysts for cyclic carbonate synthesis from carbon dioxide and epoxides

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Synthesis of bifunctional cyclic carbonates from CO2 catalysed by choline-based systems

Easily prepared choline iodide is an active catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates through the coupling reaction of CO₂ and epoxides using low pressure (1 MPa), moderate temperature (85 ºC) and green solvents (ethanol and propan-2-ol). The effects of reaction temperature, pressure, reaction time and amount of catalyst used were also investigated. The results showed moderate to high yields and excellent selectivities of cyclic carbonates with vinyl or acrylate groups under mild reaction conditions. The heterogenization of choline over a Merrifield resin gives access to a supported catalyst with good recyclability and reactivity that can be extended to a variety of terminal epoxide substrates.     

非金属催化剂在催化环氧化物和CO2合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展

随着科学技术的进步和工业化的发展,大量化石燃料被消耗,大气中二氧化碳浓度急剧增加,导致温室效应加剧,严重威胁到人类的生存和发展。基于可持续发展的思想,利用储量丰富且廉价的二氧化碳作为 C1资源替代有毒的气体(如一氧化碳和光气等)制备具有广泛应用的环状碳酸酯,不仅满足“绿色化学”的要求,而且符合“原子经济性”的原则。迄今为止,大量用于催化二氧化碳和环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯的催化剂,包括均相催化剂(如金属卤化物、有机碱、离子液体和金属配合物),多相催化剂(如金属氧化物、负载型催化剂、有机聚合物、金属有机框架材料和碳材料等)被报道。其中金属催化剂占主导地位,大多表现出优异的催化活性。然而,目前可供开采的金属矿越来越少,大多数金属的回收再利用率较低,重金属污染日趋严重。因此,开发新型、廉价、绿色、高效、循环性和稳定性好的非金属催化剂具有重要意义。
　　本文主要介绍了近3年以来用于催化二氧化碳和环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯的非金属催化剂,主要包括有机碱、离子液体、固载型催化剂、有机聚合物和碳材料等。概括了不同种类催化剂的设计思想及其催化反应机理,重点阐述了分子内以及分子间各种功能基团的协同作用对环加成反应的影响。通过比较发现,具有“C–N=C”结构的有机碱活性相对较高,氢键给体和亲核物质都能与有机碱协同作用提高其催化活性;传统离子液体的活性一般不理想,氢键给体如羟基和羧基的引入有利于促进环加成反应,且多阳离子和多氢键给体功能化的离子液体表现出更高的催化活性;负载型催化剂中,载体和活性组分之间的协同作用有利于加速环加成反应的进行,多种功能基团负载和以共价键方式多层固载能更好地提高催化剂稳定性和催化活性;利用非烯烃化合物制得的活性组分位于主链的多孔有机聚合物,催化活性和稳定性大多高于活性组分位于侧链的烯烃聚合物;碳材料催化剂中,引入不饱和的 N物种(如伯胺和吡啶氮),有利于 CO2的吸附和活化,能促进环加成反应。此外,利用密度泛函的方法,计算模拟催化反应过程,能更好地揭示反应机理,并为设计和制备高效的催化剂提供理论指导。
　　该领域目前面临的重要挑战是研发可以同时实现二氧化碳捕获和转化的新型、环保和高效非金属催化剂,终极目标是利用多孔催化材料在常温和常压下直接捕获工业废气中的二氧化碳,并利用捕获的二氧化碳实现环状碳酸酯的连续生产。基于协同催化的设计思想,利用多种基团功能化的策略合成高效吸附和活化二氧化碳以及开环活化环氧化物的非金属催化剂,有望实现上述目标。     

超临界二氧化碳中组氨酸催化合成环状碳酸酯

研究了超临界二氧化碳中α-氨基酸催化二氧化碳与环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯,发现组氨酸的催化活性最高.在二氧化碳压力为8MPa、反应温度130℃、反应时间48h、组氨酸加入量为0.8mol%的条件下,二氧化物可以顺利的与各种环氧化物反应,以高的选择性和产率生成相应的环状碳酸酯.     

Recent progress in stereoselective synthesis of cyclic organic carbonates and beyond

The recent developments in the stereoselective formation of cyclic organic carbonates are discussed, together with their use as intermediates in stereoselective synthesis of other valuable scaffolds.     

Sodium carbonate as carbon dioxide source for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates containing the trifluoromethyl group

Trifluoromethylated cyclic carbonates were prepared through the palladium-promoted reaction of tertiary trifluoromethylated propargylic alcohols and sodium carbonate.     

Cyclic and linear amidine catalysts for the efficient synthesis of cyclic trithiocarbonates from carbon disulfide and episulfides under mild conditions

Cyclic and linear amidines effectively catalyzed the reaction of carbon disulfide and episulfides under mild conditions, such as ordinary pressure and ambient temperature, to give the corresponding cyclic trithiocarbonates in high yields.     

Nano-sized polydopamine-based biomimetic catalyst for the efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonates

Polydopamine (PDA) is a biocompatible and biomimetic material. Herein, nano-sized PDA sphere was prepared and the combination of alkali metal halide and PDA was investigated as a catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxide and carbon dioxide. It was found that the activity of PDA could be obviously enhanced in the presence of alkali metal salts. After reaction, the catalyst and the products could be separated easily, and the catalyst was reusable. The origin of the high catalytic efficiency and the reaction mechanism were also discussed.     

Silicon containing new salicylaldimine Pd(II) and Co(II) metal complexes as efficient catalysts in transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to cyclic carbonates

A new series of metal complexes of salicyladimine ligands with Pd(II) and Co(II) have been prepared and characterized by different techniques (elemental analysis, UV-vis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements). Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal square planar geometry for Pd(II) metal complex and tetrahedral geometry for Co(II) metal complex. The synthesized Pd(II) and Co(II) complexes were also tested as catalysts for the formation of cyclic organic carbonates from carbon dioxide and liquid epoxides which served as both reactant and solvent. The results showed that the [M(L₃)₂] (M = Pd or Co) complexes bearing 5-methyl substituent on the aryl ring are more efficient than the other Pd(II) and Co(II) metal complexes for the formation of cyclic organic carbonates from carbon dioxide. These catalysts, [Pd(L₃)₂] and [Co(L₃)₂] complexes and location (p-position of phenoxy) of electron donating methyl substituent in particular, effectively promote the of carbon dioxide activation with liquid epoxides under solvent-free homogeneous conditions. Furthermore, [Pd(L₃)₂] can be reused more than eight times with a minimal loss of its original catalytic activities.     

Benzothiophene-based complexes mediated formation of cyclic carbonates by cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxides under mild solvent-free conditions

Transition Metal Chemistry - Transition metal complexes of the general formula [(S∩N∩N∩S)MCl2] (M: Cr(II), 2; Fe(II), 3, Co(II); 4; (S∩N∩N∩S):...     

乙腈体系中咪唑溴盐和电制镁盐协同促进环氧化物与 CO2羧化反应合成环状碳酸酯

CO2是一种储量丰富且廉价易得的可再生 C1资源.以 CO2为原料的羧化反应可将 CO2高效转化成羧酸及其衍生物等高附加值化学品.例如, CO2和环氧化物反应生成环状碳酸酯属于“原子经济”反应,是有效利用 CO2的方法之一,其产物环状碳酸酯广泛用于极性有机溶剂、电池电解液和化妆品等.由于 CO2化学性质非常稳定,不易活化,制备环状碳酸酯的传统方法是以金属卤化物或金属配合物为催化剂在高温高压下进行反应.因此,开发出操作简便且能耗低的绿色技术用于合成环状碳酸酯面临巨大挑战.
　　最近研究表明,电催化技术可使环氧化物和 CO2在温和条件下转化为环状碳酸酯.已报道的电催化反应研究重点都是如何通过多相或均相电催化还原 CO2的方式使环氧化物能够在温和条件下进行羧化反应.然而, CO2电还原生成的 CO2?-自由基非常活泼,在其扩散到溶液中与环氧化物反应之前易在电极上直接转化为 CO和碳酸盐等副产物,从而导致羧化反应较低的电流效率.
　　 Ema课题组报道环氧化物与 CO2羧化反应经历三个步骤,即开环反应、CO2插入反应和闭环反应,其中开环反应活化能最大,是羧化反应决速步骤.与已报道的电催化途径不同,本文通过建立一个由电化学反应和羧化反应组成的催化反应体系,旨在通过降低开环反应活化能来促进环氧化物羧化反应.在电化学反应过程中,由牺牲阳极提供羧化反应必需的路易斯酸,即电制镁盐;在羧化反应过程中,通过电制镁盐和咪唑溴盐的协同作用实现环氧化物和 CO2在温和条件下高效率地转化为环状碳酸酯.
　　实验首先选取环氧苯乙烷为反应原料,考察了电制镁盐、共催化剂的阳离子以及羧化反应温度对目标产物产率的影响.如果羧化反应过程中没有镁盐或直接用等量溴化镁代替电制镁盐,羧化产率仅为5.4%和35.5%,而电制镁盐条件下羧化反应产率高达90.7%,表明电制镁盐作为路易斯酸催化剂对提高羧化反应产率是必不可少的.比较了在 N2和 CO2气氛中分别电解制备得到的镁盐的催化性能. N2气氛中电制镁盐更高的催化性能可能与溶剂乙腈或支持电解质的阳离子在阴极发生电还原生成的物质有关.该电还原产物可部分代替溴离子与电制镁盐配对,由于其体积更大,一定程度上提高了电制镁盐的亲电性,有利于羧化反应进行.如果用四丁基溴化铵代替咪唑溴盐作为共催化剂,羧化反应产率从90.7%降为65.5%.羧化反应过程中溴离子对电制镁盐的配对能力受共催化剂阳离子静电引力的牵制而减弱,共催化剂的阳离子对溴离子的静电引力越强,溴离子对电制镁盐亲电性的影响就越弱.前期研究成果表明,在乙腈溶液中咪唑阳离子对阴离子的静电引力明显强于季铵阳离子,由此可认为当咪唑溴盐作为共催化剂时提高了电制镁盐的亲电性,促进了环氧化物的开环反应.提高羧化反应温度虽然可以降低环氧化物开环反应的活化能,但也会降低 CO2在乙腈溶液中的溶解度,50°C反应较为合适.在最优反应条件下考察了该催化体系对其他环氧化物羧化反应的普适性,所得环状碳酸酯产率为48.3%–90.7%.     

季膦盐型双功能金属Salen配合物催化二氧化碳转化为高附加值化学品

随着全球“温室效应”和能源危机的加剧,近几年二氧化碳作为一种丰富、无毒、廉价的碳一原料广受关注.目前,在温和条件下实现二氧化碳的化学转化仍然是一个十分具有挑战性的课题,其关键的科学问题是二氧化碳分子的有效活化.本文发现,在不添加任何助催化剂的条件下,季膦盐型双功能金属Salen配合物不仅能够以有机胺、含氢硅烷和二氧化碳为原料,在温和条件下通过N-甲酰化反应实现系列甲酰胺类衍生物的高效合成,而且能够催化二氧化碳和环氧化合物的环加成反应,从而实现环状碳酸酯的宏量制备.催化实验及动力学研究结果表明,该双功能催化剂通过金属活性中心和卤素阴离子之间的分子内协同催化作用,既可利用高活性锌氢键调控含氢硅烷中的硅氢键,又能通过高活性铝氧键激活环氧化物的三元环,进而导致二氧化碳的方便插入及高效活化.譬如:当使用1.0 mol％锌催化剂时,仅加入1倍当量的苯硅烷,在25℃C和0.5 MPa的条件下,反应6h后N-甲酰苯胺收率高达99％;而当使用0.5 mol％铝催化剂时,在100℃C和2.0 MPa的条件下反应2h,环加成反应转化率接近100％,环状碳酸酯选择性可达99％.另外,上述两个反应都表现出优异的底物扩展性,具有良好的官能团相容性.在此基础上通过构建反应动力学模型,采用在线红外跟踪技术,阐明了协同活化机制在二氧化碳催化转化过程中的作用原理及共性/个性规律,丰富并发展了二氧化碳活化的基本理论.最后,单组分催化剂可通过溶剂调变的方式很容易实现回收及再利用,表现出“均相催化,两相分离”的特点.循环使用五次后催化活性和选择性未见明显下降.     

Development in the green synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide using ionic liquids

This brief review presents the recent development in the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide (CO₂) using ionic liquids as catalyst and/or reaction medium. The synthesis of cyclic carbonate includes three aspects: catalytic reaction of CO₂ and epoxide, electrochemical reaction of CO₂ and epoxide, and oxidative carboxylation of olefin. Some ionic liquids are suitable catalysts and/or solvents to the CO₂ fixation to produce cyclic carbonate. The activity of ionic liquid is greatly enhanced by the addition of Lewis acidic compounds of metal halides or metal complexes that have no or low activity by themselves. Using ionic liquids for the electrochemical synthesis of the cyclic carbonate can avoid harmful organic solvents, supporting electrolytes and catalysts, which are necessary for conventional electrochemical reaction systems. Although the ionic liquid is better for the oxidative carboxylation of olefin than the ordinary catalysts reported previously, this reaction system is at a preliminary stage. Using the ionic liquids, the synthesis process will become greener and simpler because of easy product separation and catalyst recycling and unnecessary use of volatile and harmful organic solvents.     

Amino acids/superbases as eco-friendly catalyst system for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates under metal-free and halide-free conditions

An eco-friendly and efficient binary catalyst system of superbases and amino acids was developed for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO₂ under metal-free and halide-free conditions. Among the various amino acids and superbases systems tested, the L-histidine/1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) system achieved the highest conversion of propylene oxide and selectivity of propylene carbonate. The effect of various reaction parameters was evaluated. A possible catalyst mechanism for L-histidine synergized with DBU in the ring opening of epoxide and DBU introduced CO₂ activation. The process herein represents a green, simple, and cost-effective route for the chemical fixation of CO₂ into cyclic carbonates.     

Selectivity of the cyclic carbonate formation by fixation of carbon dioxide into epoxides catalyzed by Lewis bases

Cyclic carbonate and polycarbonate have been selectively obtained with good conversion by coupling carbon dioxide with diglycidylether of bisphenol A. The ruthenium trichloride supported on tetraethylammonium bromide and polyphosphotungstic acid has been found active and selective to produce the corresponding monomeric and polymeric carbonates. These catalysts can be recycled keeping their high product conversion and selectivity. The heteropolyacid itself showed high activity also under supercritical CO₂ conditions to yield polycarbonate.     

酞菁锌高效催化以二氧化碳、含氢硅烷和有机胺为原料合成甲酰胺类衍生物

目前为了有效地利用好CO2,主要策略有以下几种:(1)"水平途径"——无价态及能量变化,譬如生成尿素、环状碳酸酯、聚碳酸酯及噁唑烷酮类衍生物等;(2)"垂直途径"——有价态及能量变化,譬如直接加氢转化成碳一产品(甲酸、甲醛、甲醇、甲烷)等;(3)"对角线途径"——有价态及能量变化,即结合石油化工原料将CO2还原生成醇、醚、羧酸、亚胺、酰胺、酯等系列高附加值的精细有机化工产品.其中以二氧化碳和含氢硅烷为原料,通过有机胺的N-甲酰化反应合成甲酰胺类衍生物符合绿色化学和可持续发展的要求.基于仿生催化CO2分子活化的基本理论,我们借鉴强极性的有机溶剂可有效活化硅氢键的性质,创新性地将廉价易得的酞菁锌(ZnPc)作为类酶催化剂,并以化学计量的N,N'-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为添加剂,构成组分新颖并高效绿色的类酶协同催化体系,实现了在温和反应条件下高效高选择性地合成甲酰胺类衍生物.研究发现:以苯硅烷作为还原剂,当加入0.5 mol%ZnPc和2 mmol DMF,在25℃和0.5 MPa下仅需反应6 h,可得到收率为99%的N-甲基甲酰苯胺.更值得注意的是,当以更易得的聚甲基氢硅烷(PMHS)为还原剂时,加入5 mol%ZnPc和1 mL DMF,在80℃和1 MPa下反应8 h,N-甲基甲酰苯胺的收率也高达99%.实验结果表明:添加剂DMF可以通过溶剂化和强极性作用高效活化含氢硅烷中的Si?H键,然后具有亲电性的金属活性中心能够稳定氢负离子生成高活性锌氢中间体.即ZnPc/DMF之间的协同催化作用能够促进氢化物从含氢硅烷转移到CO2分子,进而有利于CO2分子的高效活化.综上所述,利用类酶催化剂反应专一性的特点,通过有机胺的N-甲酰化反应,实现了以CO2和含氢硅烷为原料在温和条件下甲酰胺类衍生物的绿色高效合成.这对于设计和开发更加高效的催化体系具有一定的指导作用和借鉴意义.     

双中心多孔聚合物作为多相催化剂实现CO2在温和条件下高效转化

由于对化石燃料的高度依赖和二氧化碳(CO2)的过度排放,大气中CO2浓度从280 ppm上升到400 ppm左右,导致全球变暖和其他气候问题.在这种情况下,如何有效降低空气中的CO2浓度成为近年来最迫切的研究领域之一.另一方面,作为一种无毒、廉价且丰富的C1资源,CO2也可以转化为各种高附加值的工业产品,如甲酸、一氧化...     

Insoluble polystyrene-bound quaternary onium salt catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates by the reaction of oxiranes with carbon dioxide

The addition reaction of oxiranes ( 26a—e ) with carbon dioxide (CO₂) was performed using insoluble polystyrene beads containing pendant quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts as catalysts under atmospheric pressure. The reaction of 26a—e with CO₂ proceeded smoothly catalyzed by 1–2 mol % of the polymer-supported quaternary onium salts to give the corresponding cyclic carbonates ( 27a—e ) in high yields at 80–90°C. In this reaction system, the catalytic activity of the polymer-supported quaternary onium salts was strongly affected by the following factors: degree of ring substitution (DRS) of the onium salt residues to the polymer, degree of crosslinking (DC) of the polystyrene beads, chain length of the alkylene spacer between the polymer back-bone and the onium salt, hydrophobicity of the alkyl group on the onium salts, and kind of onium salts. That is, the polymer-supported quaternary phosphonium salts with low DRS and DC and with long alkylene spacer chain were found to have higher catalytic activity than low molecualr weight quaternary onium salts. The above polymer-supported catalysts can easily be separated at the end of a reaction by filtration and can be reused for at least seven runs. It was also found that the rate of reaction was proportional to the products of catalyst concentration and oxirane concentration. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Catalytic utilization of carbon dioxide to polymer blends via cyclic carbonate

In the present study, the synthesis of bis(cyclic carbonate) from carbon dioxide and bisphenol A (or bisphenol S)-diglycidyl ether was investigated using quaternary ammonium salts as catalyst. Among the salts tested, the one having a larger alkyl group and more nucleophilic counter anion exhibited a better catalytic activity. Poly(hydroxyurethane)s were prepared by the polyaddition reaction of bis(cyclic carbonate) and diamine. The poly(hydroxyurethane) has shown higher thermal stability than conventional polyurethane, and is expected as novel reactive polyurethane. The miscibility of blends containing poly(hydroxyurethena) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)(SAN) has been also studied by the optical clarity method and DSC.