中温烟气脱硫过程中CO2对脱硫剂钙利用率的影响

本文在300～600℃的中温区段,实验研究了CO2在烟气脱硫过程中与钙基脱硫剂发生碳酸盐还原反应,削弱脱硫效果的规律,发现石灰钙利用率随温度升高呈跳跃式变化,并因碳酸盐反应程度的迅速增加而在500℃附近出现低谷.由此明确了减小碳酸盐反应效应,提高脱硫剂钙利用率的途径,为进一步发展中温烟气脱硫工艺提供了重要依据.     

利用甲醇氧化烟气中NO的实验研究

对利用甲醇氧化烟气中NO的反应开展了系统的实验研究。研究了反应时间、反应温度、甲醇用量比例、烟气中O2、SO2及夹带的固体颗粒对NO氧化率的影响。结果表明,在一定的条件下,甲醇能够氧化烟气中的NO;NO氧化率受反应时间和反应温度的综合影响,随着反应时间的增加,有效反应温度区域向低温方向移动,最大NO氧化率降低;随着甲醇用量比例的增加, NO氧化率增加;O2浓度增加可促进NO氧化;烟气中的SO2对反应有催化作用,可显著提高NO氧化率;烟气中固体颗粒的存在阻碍了自由基反应的进行,显著降低了NO的氧化率。     

CFB富氧燃烧中CO_2对煤焦与NO还原作用的影响

为了考察高浓度CO_2对煤焦与NO还原所带来的影响,本文在悬浮床反应器上开展了。N_2和CO_2气氛下煤焦与NO的还原实验。结果表明:在无煤焦或矿物组分催化下CO不与NO发生反应;900℃N_2气氛下,在煤焦与NO反应初期NO还原率保持不变,而在整个反应过程中碳比反应率和CO_2生成比例则持续增大;N_2气氛下,煤焦与NO反应的含碳产物在700℃时以CO_2为主,而随着温度升高CO的生成比例增大,900℃时CO的生成占主导地位;高浓度的CO_2对煤焦-NO还原反应有明显的抑制作用,且温度越高抑制作用越显著,这可能是因CO_2气化抢占碳活性位所致。     

磁流化床烟气脱硫过程中S(Ⅳ)的氧化

研究了磁流化床烟气脱硫过程中铁磁颗粒和外加磁场对S(Ⅳ)氧化反应的促进作用.进行了两组实验:(1)磁流化床烟气脱硫实验.测定脱硫产物成分,分析流化床的床料和外加磁场的强度对S(Ⅳ)氧化反应的影响;(2)Fe(Ⅲ)溶液SO2吸收实验.测定溶液的SO2吸收性能,确定S(Ⅳ)氧化反应的机理.实验结果表明:磁流化床以石英砂为床料时,未发生S(Ⅳ)的氧化反应;以铁磁颗粒为床料时,发生S(Ⅳ)的氧化反应.并且,S(Ⅳ)的氧化反应程度随溶液中Fe(Ⅲ)浓度的增加和外加磁场强度的增加而增强.     

利用链式反应同步氧化烟气中NO和SO2的研究

燃煤烟气中NO和SO2的氧化对于提高其脱除效率和改良脱除产物有重要意义。基于大气化学的研究成果,本文提出了利用链式反应同步氧化烟气中NO和SO2的设想。阐述了该方法的反应机理,数值实验研究了在烟气条件下该链式反应发生的可能性以及反应温度对NO和SO2氧化率的影响,提出了利用低成本的添加剂引发链式反应的方法,并分析了选择添加剂的原则。     

水合肼处理CaCO3中高温净化焚烧烟气的研究

用水合肼对CaCO3进行处理,并将处理后的CaCO3用于中高温段净化焚烧烟气中的Hcl和NO。研究结果显示,因肼在加热过程中会分解甚至燃烧产生大量气体,使处理后的CaCO3在煅烧后比普通CaCO3的颗粒更细,反应活性更高,最终水合肼处理CaCO3吸收HCl气体的反应率随温度的升高而增大。当肼处理CaCO3中的肼含量在肼钙摩尔比为0．1-0．3的范围内变化到0．15时,其吸收HCl气体的反应率为最大。但当肼钙摩尔比大于0．15后,CaCO3在受热后板结而导致反应率降低。肼处理CaCO3在450-650℃范围内、烟气中氧量高于13％的条件下显示了对NO的还原效率,这是由于肼在此条件下对NO具有还原能力;而常用的还原剂氨在问样条件下对NO不具备还原能力。使用肼处理CaCO3可望实现在中高温段同时净化焚烧烟气中的酸性气体和NO。     

改性煤基活性炭对燃煤烟气中汞的脱除

本文以无烟煤为前驱体,采用KOH活化法制备了煤基活性炭,并以NH4I为改性剂对活性炭进行改性,用于燃煤烟气中汞的脱除。实验研究了负载的NH4I的质量分数、烟气温度以及烟气成分对改性活性炭脱汞性能的影响。研究结果表明,最佳的NH4I负载质量分数为0.07;在80~180℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高,活性炭的脱汞效率逐渐降低。烟气中的O2、CO2、NO、HCl等组分对改性后的活性炭的脱汞效率具有一定的促进作用,SO2则有明显的抑制作用;但由于改性活性炭具有较好的抗硫效果,当烟气中含有微量的SO2时,活性炭的平均脱汞效率仍可达到87.95%。采用热再生法对改性活性炭进行再生,结果表明,400℃下再生的活性炭的脱汞率为95.82%,但随着再生次数的增加,活性炭脱汞效率不断降低。     

新型钙基吸收剂中温烟气固硫特性分析

用热重分析法测量了中温(400-800℃)烟气固硫新型钙基吸收剂的钙转化率。在最初的几分钟内,钙转化率增加迅速,产物层形成后基本不再增加。固硫反应速率随温度升高而增大。一定温度下的速率先增加后减少最后趋于平缓．这是由气相在吸收剂颗粒间的扩散和在产物层内的扩散引起的。热重试验与流化床脱硫的主要区别在于气相颗粒间扩散以及由此引起的反应表面SO2浓度不同．提出了表观反应的概念,以便建立模型并向流化床状态过渡。     

中温脱硫过程同时脱除痕量硒元素的试验研究

硒是燃煤过程排放的有毒痕量元素之一,硒在烟气中的存在形式为SeO2。在700℃左右中温范围,氧化钙(CaO)能够通过化学吸附作用脱除SeO2。本研究目的是探索在中温范围CaO脱除SO2过程中同时脱除痕量SeO2的规律。研究方法是利用热重分析仪(TGA)进行吸附反应试验,通过CaO样品重量变化确定反应速率。CaO吸附SeO2的效果在300-700℃没有明显的差别,超过740℃吸附效果明显降低,确定出CaO同时脱硫脱硒的最佳温度范围为700-740℃。脱硫形成的产物层作为单独的因素不会影响CaO吸附SeO2的效果,并且脱硫产物层的存在能抑制被吸附的硒发生解析。     

蒸汽活化钙基吸收剂用于干法烟气脱硫的实验研究

本文简化模拟实验了燃煤锅炉省煤器后的干法烟气脱硫方案．在沉降炉上实验研究了蒸汽活化对钙基吸收剂脱硫（４００～８００℃）效果的影响．结果表明,蒸汽活化能显著改善钙基吸收剂的微孔结构,提高其转化率．在４００到６００℃下反应产物以亚硫酸钙为主,７００到８００℃反应产物以硫酸钙为主。     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.