A coupled pressure-based computational method for incompressible/compressible flows

Pressure-based flow solvers couple continuity and linearized truncated momentum equations to derive a Poisson type pressure correction equation and use the well known SIMPLE algorithm. Momentum equations and the pressure correction equation are typically solved sequentially. In many cases this method results in slow and often difficult convergence. The current paper proposes a novel computational algorithm, solving for pressure and velocity simultaneously within a pressure-correction coupled solution approach using finite volume method on structured and unstructured meshes. The method can be applied to both incompressible and subsonic compressible flows. For subsonic compressible flows, the energy equation is also coupled with flow field and the density of fluid is obtained by equation of state. The procedure eliminates the pressure correction step, the most expensive component of the SIMPLE-like algorithms. The proposed coupled continuity-momentum-energy equation method can be used to simulate steady state or transient flow problems. The method has been tested on several CFD benchmark cases with excellent results showing dramatically improved numerical convergence and significant reduction in computational time.     

Efficient computation of compressible and incompressible flows

The combination of explicit Runge–Kutta time integration with the solution of an implicit system of equations, which in earlier work demonstrated increased efficiency in computing compressible flow on highly stretched meshes, is extended toward conditions where the free stream Mach number approaches zero. Expressing the inviscid flux Jacobians in terms of Mach number, an artificial speed of sound as in low Mach number preconditioning is introduced into the Jacobians, leading to a consistent formulation of the implicit and explicit parts of the discrete equations. Besides extension to low Mach number flows, the augmented Runge–Kutta/Implicit method allowed the admissible Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy number to be increased from O(1 0 0) to O(1 0 0 0). The implicit step introduced into the Runge–Kutta framework acts as a preconditioner which now addresses both, the stiffness in the discrete equations associated with highly stretched meshes, and the stiffness in the analytical equations associated with the disparity in the eigenvalues of the inviscid flux Jacobians. Integrated into a multigrid algorithm, the method is applied to efficiently compute different cases of inviscid flow around airfoils at various Mach numbers, and viscous turbulent airfoil flow with varying Mach and Reynolds number. Compared to well tuned conventional methods, computation times are reduced by half an order of magnitude.     

The behavior of nitrogen excited in an inductively coupled argon plasma

An inductively coupled argon plasma, working at atmospherique pressure, was used as an excitation source for nitrogen gas. Excitation of atomic lines of N and of molecular bands of N₂ and N⁺₂ were observed. Two lines (389.2 and 388.8 nm) which were not previously described, are attributed to atomic nitrogen. Using the first negative system of N⁺₂, several temperature-measurement methods were used according to the resolving power of the monochromator. Good agreement is found between the rotational (4500–5000 K) and excitation temperatures (4500–5100 K) of elements injected into the plasma.     

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对感应耦合氩气热等离子体的速度分布特性以及各操作参数对等离子体速度分布的影响进行了细致的研究。研究结果表明,与直流电弧热等离子体相比,感应耦合热等离子体速度小,弧流集中,速度峰值出现在等离子体炬下游,在线圈段上游出现明显的回流现象。此外,送气流量、感应电流等操作参数对等离子体速度分布有明显影响。研究结果可为等离子体球化粉末颗粒及其他应用提供理论指导。     

Adaptive ANOVA decomposition of stochastic incompressible and compressible flows

Realistic representation of stochastic inputs associated with various sources of uncertainty in the simulation of fluid flows leads to high dimensional representations that are computationally prohibitive. We investigate the use of adaptive ANOVA decomposition as an effective dimension–reduction technique in modeling steady incompressible and compressible flows with nominal dimension of random space up to 100. We present three different adaptivity criteria and compare the adaptive ANOVA method against sparse grid, Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods to evaluate its relative efficiency and accuracy. For the incompressible flow problem, the effect of random temperature boundary conditions (modeled as high-dimensional stochastic processes) on the Nusselt number is investigated for different values of correlation length. For the compressible flow, the effects of random geometric perturbations (simulating random roughness) on the scattering of a strong shock wave is investigated both analytically and numerically. A probabilistic collocation method is combined with adaptive ANOVA to obtain both incompressible and compressible flow solutions. We demonstrate that for both cases even draconian truncations of the ANOVA expansion lead to accurate solutions with a speed-up factor of three orders of magnitude compared to Monte Carlo and at least one order of magnitude compared to sparse grids for comparable accuracy.     

氩气感应耦合等离子体速度与温度数值模拟

为了获得用于研究再入飞行器热防护系统的感应耦合等离子体风洞流场数据,基于流场、电磁场和化学场的多场耦合建立了非平衡态感应耦合等离子体数值模型。利用该模型对不同入口质量流率和不同工作压力下的感应耦合等离子体进行了数值模拟,得到了相应工作参数下感应耦合等离子体温度与速度的分布特性。计算结果表明:等离子体中心线上的速度随着入口质量流率的增大而增大,而随着工作压力的增大而减小;同时,等离子体中心线上的温度随着入口质量流率的增大而减小,而随着压力的增大先减小后增大。这些结果可为感应耦合等离子体风洞优化设计及其工业应用提供理论指导。     

Spatial variation behaviors of argon inductively coupled plasma during discharge mode transition

A Langmuir probe and an ICCD are employed to study the discharge mode transition in Ar inductively coupled plasma. Electron density and plasma emission intensity are measured during the E (capacitive discharge) to H (inductive discharge) mode transitions at different pressures. It is found that plasma exists with a low electron density and a weak emission intensity in the E mode, while it has a high electron density and a strong emission intensity in the H mode. Meanwhile, the plasma emission intensity spatial (2D image) profile is symmetrical in the H mode, but the 2D image is an asymmetric profile in the E mode. Moreover, the electron density and emission intensity jump up discontinuously at high pressure, but increase almost continuously at the E to H mode transition under low pressure.     

Two-dimensional MRT LB model for compressible and incompressible flows

In the paper we extend the Multiple-Relaxation-Time （MRT） Lattice Boltzmann （LB） model pro- posed in [Europhys. Lctt., 2010, 90： 54003] so that it is suitable also for incompressible flows. To decrease tile artificial oscillations, the convection term is discretized by the flux linfiter scheme with splitting technique. A new model is validated by some well-known benchmark tests, including Rie- mann problem and Couette flow, and satisfying agreements are obtained between the sinmlation results and ana.lytical ones. In order to show the merit of LB model over traditional methods, the non-equilibrium characteristics of system are solved. The simulation results are consistent with the physical analysis.     

Two-dimensional images of radiative and metastable excited stateradial profiles for an inductively coupled plasma in argon

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) was shown to be characterized by a substantial degree of stepwise excitation due to a large density of metastable atoms and an even larger population of electrons. The kinetics of metastables strongly affects the structure of the discharge and we have applied laser absorption spectroscopy to establish the density profile of argon metastables Ar(1s₅) in a single turn coil geometry. At the same time the radial profiles of the radiative Ar(3p₅) state obtained by using a computer-aided tomography are significantly different indicating the effect of electron induced quenching and stepwise processes in kinetics of the two states     

感应耦合等离子体中和枪的电子引出特性研究

给出了一种感应耦合等离子体源的设计,用于等离子体中和枪装置.通过实验方法研究等离子体源的电子引出特性,并结合理论分析了等离子体密度随射频功率的变化关系.研究结果表明等离子体源的电子引出特性与放电腔内气压有关联性,E?H模式转换中电子密度的变化与负载的电感值相关.研究成果对等离子体中和枪的发展有重要的参考价值.     

Spectra of heliumlike carbon,aluminium and argon under strongly coupled plasma

Spectral line positions for the highly stripped helium like carbon, aluminium and argon embedded in intense plasma environments have been calculated theoretically to compare with the existing data available from laser plasma experiments. The changes in the ionization potentials for such ions have been determined and the excitation energies, oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for the transitions 1s^{2 1}S → 1snp ¹P (n=2-5) have been evaluated for the diagnostic determination of such plasmas. The ion sphere (IS) model was used for estimating the effect of strongly coupled plasma on the ions within the non-relativistic as well as the relativistic framework. Time dependent perturbation theory has been applied for obtaining the linear response properties of the ions in the non-relativistic approximation. The effects of the plasma environment on such properties of the ions under the Debye screening model with suitable cut off radii have also been considered for comparing the data with those obtained from the IS model of the plasma.     

Superconducting flux flow transistor fabricated by an inductively coupled plasma etching technique

Superconducting flux flow transistors (SFFT) was successfully fabricated by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching technique. YBaCuO thin films on LaAlO₃ substrate were patterned as a three-terminal device by a conventional wet etching method and the ICP system. The characteristics of a fabricated device were investigated by examining the I–V curves under various applied currents. The control current dependence of the transresistance was also measured. The SFFT with a channel fabricated by the ICP system showed a transistor-like characteristic over the liquid nitrogen temperature.     

Three-dimensional modelling of inductively coupled plasma torches

A three-dimensional model has been developed for simulating the behaviour of inductively coupled plasma torches (ICPTs), using customized CFD commercial code FLUENT ^?. The helicoidal coil is taken into account in its actual 3-D shape, showing the effects of its non-axisymmetry on the plasma discharge. Steady state, continuity, momentum and energy equations are solved for argon optically thin plasmas under the assumptions of LTE and laminar flow. The electromagnetic field is obtained by solving the 3-D vector potential equation on a grid extending outside the torch region. In order to evaluate the importance of various 3-D effects on calculated plasma temperature and flow fields, comparisons of our new results with the ones obtainable from conventional 2-D models and from an improved 2-D model that includes 3-D coil effects are presented. The presence of wall temperature hot spots due to plasma discharge displacement from the torch axis is evidenced, while the use of the new 3-D code for optimization of induction coil geometry and plasma gas inlet features is foreseen. Received 5 September 2002 Published online 13 December 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: colombo@ciram.ing.unibo.it     

Plasma characteristics and broadband electromagnetic wave absorption in argon and helium capacitively coupled plasma

A one-dimensional self-consistent calculation model of capacitively coupled plasma(CCP) discharge and electromagnetic wave propagation is developed to solve the plasma characteristics and electromagnetic wave transmission attenuation.Numerical simulation results show that the peak electron number density of argon is about 12 times higher than that of helium, and that the electron number density increases with the augment of pressure, radio frequency(RF) power, and RF frequency. However, the electron number density first increases and then decreases as the discharge gap increases. The transmission attenuation of electromagnetic wave in argon discharge plasma is 8.5-d B higher than that of helium. At the same time, the transmission attenuation increases with the augment of the RF power and RF frequency, but it does not increase or decrease monotonically with the increase of gas pressure and discharge gap. The electromagnetic wave absorption frequency band of the argon discharge plasma under the optimal parameters in this paper can reach the Ku band. It is concluded that the argon CCP discharge under the optimal discharge parameters has great potential applications in plasma stealth.     

Influence of a centered dielectric tube on inductively coupled plasma source: Chamber structures and plasma characteristics

A high-density RF ion source is an essential part of a neutral beam injector. In this study, the authors attempt to retrofit an original regular RF ion source reactor by inserting a thin dielectric tube through the symmetric axis of the discharge chamber. With the aid of this inner tube, the reactor is capable of generating a radial magnetic field instead of the original transverse magnetic field, which solves the E × B drift problem in the current RF ion source structure. To study the disturbance of the dielectric tube, a fluid model is introduced to study the plasma parameters with or without the internal dielectric tube, based on the inductively coupled plasma(ICP) reactor. The simulation results show that while introducing the internal dielectric tube into the ICP reactor, both the plasma density and plasma potential have minor influence during the discharge process, and there is good uniformity at the extraction region. The influence of the control parameters reveals that the plasma densities at the extraction region decrease first and subsequently slow down while enhancing the diffusion region.     

Modelling of an argon plasma flow

One-fluid MHD equations are numerically solved for an axisymmetric flow of argon inside and outside a discharge chamber of a cascaded plasma torch. Arc currents of 100 and 150 A, flow rates of 10 and 30 slpm, and two different optical thicknesses are assumed. The flow is shown to be only weakly compressible, of the Mach number below 0.3. The calculated torch powers range from 3 to 7 kW, the energy lost by radiation is (1–3) kW. Axial velocities of (200–600) m/s and temperatures of (12 500–14 400) K are found at the torch nozzle exit and compared with available experimental data. Inside the chamber, several recirculation zones are predicted. The physical model and the chamber shape used can readily be extended for a hybrid plasma torch with the simultaneous stabilization of the electric arc inside the chamber by argon and, e.g., water swirl.Dedicated to Professor Jií Horáek on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

多源感应耦合等离子体的产生及等离子体诊断

基于单组多匝线圈的小腔体感应耦合等离子体，研究了线圈配置与耦合效率等之间的关联，并将实验结果应用到多组并联螺旋天线感应耦合等离子体放电体系中.采用了改进的朗谬尔探针方法对单源和多源感应耦合等离子体的电参量分别进行了表征.结果表明，使用多螺旋天线并联方式可以产生低气压高密度的感应耦合等离子体放电，通过调整工艺参量，可以将等离子体密度和光刻胶的刻蚀均匀性控制在80％以上. 关键词： 多源感应耦合等离子体 朗谬尔探针 等离子体灰化     

感应耦合等离子体的1维流体力学模拟

 采用双极扩散近似的流体力学模型,通过数值模拟方法研究了射频感应耦合等离子体(ICP)中等离子体密度和电子温度等物理量的空间分布,其中射频源的功率沉积由动力学理论给出。分析了不同的射频线圈的驱动电流和放电气压对等离子体密度和电子温度空间分布的影响。在低气压下,等离子体密度基本上保持空间均匀分布。随着放电压强的增加,等离子体密度的分布呈现出明显的空间不均匀性。当线圈电流增大时,等离子体密度和电子温度都随着增大。     

感应耦合等离子体的1维流体力学模拟

采用双极扩散近似的流体力学模型,通过数值模拟方法研究了射频感应耦合等离子体(ICP)中等离子体密度和电子温度等物理量的空间分布,其中射频源的功率沉积由动力学理论给出。分析了不同的射频线圈的驱动电流和放电气压对等离子体密度和电子温度空间分布的影响。在低气压下,等离子体密度基本上保持空间均匀分布。随着放电压强的增加,等离子体密度的分布呈现出明显的空间不均匀性。当线圈电流增大时,等离子体密度和电子温度都随着增大。     

Diagnostics of an inductively coupled plasma in oxygen

Spatial time-integrated and space-time resolved profiles of excited atoms of oxygen were measured by optical emission spectroscopy for inductively coupled plasma (ICP) in oxygen. The discharge was sustained by a single turn coil supplied by 13.56 MHz RF generator delivering 100 and 200 W of power. The spatial emission profiles give the anatomy of the discharge required in order to understand the basic kinetics of ICP. Two types of nonuniformities are observed, azimuthal anisotropy and radial nonuniformity, both caused by spatially dependent energy supply to the electrons. Our experimental results show that oxygen is much more affected by azimuthal anisotropy and radial nonuniformity than argon. It is due to a different role of metastable atoms in kinetics of excitation, whereby stepwise excitation in oxygen is less probable than in argon. Optical emission data are supplemented by Langmuir probe measurements of electron densities and plasma potentials. Electrons gain energy from the time varying fields close to the coil, and the energy is not redistributed along the radius before it is dissipated in excitation, thus the observations are not consistent with the nonlocal theory predictions for the range of pressures, geometry, and power covered in this paper