Microwave synthesis of nanoporous materials.

Studies in the last decade suggest that microwave energy may have a unique ability to influence chemical processes. These include chemical and materials syntheses as well as separations. Specifically, recent studies have documented a significantly reduced time for fabricating zeolites, mixed oxide and mesoporous molecular sieves by employing microwave energy. In many cases, microwave syntheses have proven to synthesize new nanoporous structures. By reducing the times by over an order of magnitude, continuous production would be possible to replace batch synthesis. This lowering of the cost would make more nanoporous materials readily available for many chemical, environmental, and biological applications. Further, microwave syntheses have often proven to create more uniform (defect-free) products than from conventional hydrothermal synthesis. However, the mechanism and engineering for the enhanced rates of syntheses are unknown. We review the many studies that have demonstrated the enhanced syntheses of nanoporous oxides and analyze the proposals to explain differences in microwave reactions. Finally, the microwave reactor engineering is discussed, as it explains the discrepancies between many microwave studies.     

General and Facile Syntheses of Metal Silicate Porous Hollow Nanostructures

Porous hollow nanostructures have attracted intensive interest owing to their unique structure and promising applications in various fields. A facile hydrothermal synthesis has been developed to prepare porous hollow nanostructures of silicate materials through a sacrificial‐templating process. The key factors, such as the concentration of the free metal cation and the alkalinity of the solution, are discussed. Porous hollow nanostructures of magnesium silicate, nickel silicate, and iron silicate have been successfully prepared by using SiO₂ spheres as the template, as well as a silicon source. Several yolk–shell structures have also been fabricated by a similar process that uses silica‐coated composite particles as a template. As‐prepared mesoporous magnesium silicate hollow spheres showed an excellent ability to remove Pb²⁺ ions in water treatment owing to their large specific surface and unique structures.     

Facile Synthesis,Characterization, and Catalytic Behavior of a Large‐Pore Zeolite with the IWV Framework

Large‐pore microporous materials are of great interest to process bulky hydrocarbon and biomass‐derived molecules. ITQ‐27 (IWV) has a two‐dimensional pore system bounded by 12‐membered rings (MRs) that lead to internal cross‐sections containing 14 MRs. Investigations into the catalytic behavior of aluminosilicate (zeolite) materials with this framework structure have been limited until now due to barriers in synthesis. The facile synthesis of aluminosilicate IWV in both hydroxide and fluoride media is reported herein using simple, diquaternary organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs) that are based on tetramethylimidazole. In hydroxide media, a zeolite product with Si/Al=14.8–23.2 is obtained, while in fluoride media an aluminosilicate product with Si/Al up to 82 is synthesized. The material produced in hydroxide media is tested for the hydroisomerization of n‐hexane, and results from this test reaction suggest that the effective pore size of zeolites with the IWV framework structure is similar to but slightly larger than that of ZSM‐12 (MTW), in fairly good agreement with crystallographic data.     

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂合成MCM-41/ZSM-5复合分子筛的研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂、以ZSM-5为晶种,在水热晶化条件下合成了同时具有微孔和介孔的MCM-41/ZSM-5复合分子筛;并考察了陈化温度、陈化时间、晶化时间及模板剂用量等条件对合成复合分子筛的影响.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、高分辨率透射电镜、红外光谱及N2静态吸附法等手段对合成样...     

[Cu(enMe)_2]_4[H_5V_(18)~(IV)O_(42)(Cl)]·8H_2O:由金属-氧簇和金属配合物构筑的微孔材料的合成和结构

合成了标题化合物[Cu(enMe)2]4[H5VIV18O42(Cl)]8H2O 1,晶体属于四方晶系,P4/nnc空间群,晶胞参数a = 15.0034(3), c = 18.8149(3) ? V = 4235.27(14) ?, Z = 2, Dc = 2.055 g/cm3, Mr = 2620.74, m = 2.988 mm-1, F(000) = 2608, R = 0.0766, wR = 0.2118, S = 1.193, (Δr)max = 0.969×103 , (Δr)min = 0.454×103 e/3。化合物1的阴离子[VIV18O42(Cl)]8-通过金属配合物阳离子[Cu(enMe)2]2+连接形成3-D骨架结构。     

Monomers that form conducting polymers as structure-directing agents: synthesis of microporous molecular sieves encapsulating poly-para-phenylenevinylene

We have developed a novel concept that uses monomers required for making conducting polymers as organic structure-directing agents, for the synthesis of microporous molecular sieves. We show that these monomers facilitate the formation of crystalline and amorphous molecular sieves depending on the synthesis procedure. The monomers filling the pores of the silicates can be polymerized under certain conditions, resulting in a polymer immobilized and protected inside the matrix. The concept was exemplified with para-phenylenemethylene-bis(1-tetrahydrothiophenium) and para-phenylenemethylene-bis(trimethylammonium) that were used to template microporous molecular sieves and subsequently to obtain poly-para-phenylenevinylene (PPV) inside the matrix. The organic self-assembled organic-inorganic material was extensively characterized and the implication on electrical conductivity is presented.     

Photoluminescent microporous lanthanide silicate AV-21 frameworks

The hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of the lanthanide silicate system [Na(6)Ln(2)Si(12)O(30).x H(2)O] (Ln=La(3+), Sm(3+), Eu(3+), Gd(3+), and Tb(3+)), named AV-21, has been reported. Structural elucidation of the Sm(3+) analogue (isomorphous with the Eu(3+), Gd(3+), and Tb(3+) frameworks) using single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR spectroscopy reveal disorder in the Si(1) second coordination sphere. La-AV-21 presents a distinct framework. These materials combine microporosity and interesting photoluminescence features with structural flexibility that allows the introduction of a second or third type of lanthanide center. Room-temperature lifetime decay dynamics have been used to estimate the Ln(3+)-Ln(3+) distances and the maximum distance over which energy transfer is active. Though the majority of Ln(3+) centers occupy regular framework positions, the Ln(2) defect centers are disordered over the Na(1) sites in the pores and greatly influence the energy-transfer process, providing a unique opportunity for studying the relationship between structural disorder and photoluminescence properties in framework solids.     

ZSM-5/MCM-41复合分子筛的合成与表征

以碱处理的ZSM-5浆液为硅铝源,通过水热自组装过程合成了介孔-微孔复合孔道结构的分子筛,并采用XRD、BET、HRTEM、Py-IR和水热处理等手段对合成分子筛进行了表征。结果表明,碱处理ZSM-5时的苛刻程度是影响复合分子筛合成的重要因素,适宜的碱处理条件为NaOH浓度1 mol/L、80℃时处理1 h。表征结果表明,复合分子筛具有规整互通的微孔-介孔梯级复合孔道结构,孔容、比表面积和平均孔径分别为0.63 mL/g,684 m²/g和3.76 nm,属典型的MCM-41结构;与MCM-41相比,复合分子筛的B酸(尤其是强B酸)酸量明显增强,水热稳定性显著提高。     

Efficient One-pot Zeolite Synthesis Protocol from the Metastable *BEA to MTW Topology and Its Impact on the Methanol-to-Hydrocarbons Process

The inter-zeolite conversion is a method to convert one meta-stable zeolite to a thermodynamically stable zeolite. Despite the enormous interest, this method is yet to be popularized or standardized in the zeolite community. Intending to provide more insights into hydrothermal conversions from one zeolite to another, this work developed a novel one-pot and flexible synthetic protocol to efficiently obtain the meta-stable *BEA topology and its derived MTW topology by varying the hydrothermal crystallization time. This inter-zeolite conversion process led to changes in the zeolite framework and modified physicochemical properties during the process. Such a transformation was feasible by forming hierarchical zeolite phases sharing a similar “mtw”-based common building units, possibly driving such conversion. The structure-reactivity relationship of four different zeolite materials, synthesized from this one-pot inter-zeolite conversion method, was established concerning their performance in the methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) process, which has been well supported by operando UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopic study coupled with online mass spectrometry and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. As a result, the pathway to synthesize various target zeolites from an identical initial synthesis gel with desired physicochemical properties has been scrutinized.