溶液-粉末压片法XRF分析NdFeB磁性材料的成分

结合化学酸溶方法制备样品和使用X射线荧光（XRF）光谱测量试样,建立了NdFeB合金常见主量和痕量杂质元素的快速定量分析方法。同时自制一套参考标样。方法简单。流程短,可以满足准确定量的要求。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定水泥中微量铬

建立了X射线荧光光谱法测定水泥中微量Cr的方法。采用X射线荧光光谱仪对校准样品定值,无需商业标准样品或化学分析方法制备校准样品。制备玻璃熔片时,无需严格固定玻璃熔片的稀释比,用MLD系数即可将不同稀释比时的荧光强度转化为稀释比为5时的荧光强度。测定的RSD在3%以下,回收率为100.1%,检出限为2.7 mg/kg。方法适用于测定水泥中的微量Cr的测定。     

电弧熔炼制备标准样品-X射线荧光光谱法测定钕铁硼磁性材料成分

采用电弧熔炼炉制备系列钕铁硼标准样品,并通过三家实验室用电感耦合等离子体光谱法对样品中各元素准确定值。然后选用基本参数法,在X射线荧光光谱仪上,用自制标准样品建立测定钕铁硼磁性材料的校准曲线。本法测定结果与ICP-AES测定结果相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)小于1.5%。     

XRF在稀土分析中的应用与进展

X射线荧光光谱分析技术（XRF）是元素分析的有效工具,其快速、无损、多元素同时测定的特性能满足稀土元素的分析需求,在地质、冶金等多个领域中发挥着十分重要的作用。21世纪以来,稀土产业以及二次资源再利用的发展使得XRF分析方法的同步研发得到重视。本文对近年X射线荧光光谱技术的发展,样品制备方法的完善,稀土分析方法的优化及其在组分、微区与形态的分析中的应用现状进行概述,旨在为XRF技术在稀土分析方面的发展及推广提供参考思路。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定奶粉中的营养元素

采用粉末压片制样,波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定奶粉中的氮、钠、镁、磷、氯、钾、钙。从仪器的X射线光管铍窗厚度、电流强度、测量时间和样品制样压力等方面优化了N元素的测定参数。选择不同种类的奶粉,由标准方法定值,采用标样建立校准曲线,理论α影响系数法校正基体效应。研究发现,铍窗厚度是制约N元素测定的主要因素,而电流强度的影响较小;手工研磨可较好地实现样品的均质处理;X射线辐照可以引起奶粉褐变,形成类似美拉德反应的外观和气味,并严重破坏内部蛋白质,P,Cl,K,Ca等元素测量结果均发生有规律的变化。该方法对N元素的检出限和相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)分别为900 mg/kg和2.9%,其它元素的检出限和RSD分别小于10 mg/kg和3.0%,测定结果与标准方法一致。     

大洋底多金属结核样品中主、次、微量元素的X射线荧光光谱测定

制定了一个用X射线荧光光谱法测定大洋底多金属结核样品中主、次、微量元素的分析方法。样品用石墨坩埚、混合熔剂低倍稀释熔融,用人工标样作为校准标准。计算了COLA方程的理论α系数,用于校正28个分析元素的吸收-增强效应。本法测定结果与化学法结果相吻合。     

高压制样X-射线荧光光谱法测定煤样品中17种元素和灰分

采用自制的高压制样模具,在1400 kPa压力下直接压制煤样品,解决了由于煤样品粘结性差难以直接压制成型的难题。用电子显微镜对高压样片(1400 kPa)和常规压片(400 kPa)作了表面形态的比较,高压制备的样片表面致密、平整、光滑、不掉粉末。由于煤国家标准样品中定值的元素少,为了增加煤标样中可测定元素,以ICP-AES多次分析结果的平均值作为标准值,用高压制样建立了波长色散X射线荧光光谱测定煤样品中17个主次微量元素的分析方法,绝大部分组分的检出限较常规压力制备的样品有所改善,大部分组分的精密度都低于1%,制样的重现性好,X荧光的测定值与化学值基本相符。特别指出的是:使用SiKα测量强度和煤样品中的灰分含量建立的校准曲线,其RMS为0.9441,可直接用于测定煤样品中的灰分。     

X射线荧光光谱无标样分析在轻合金中的应用

基于X射线荧光光谱仪,运用其无标样分析软件以及元素灵敏度系数校正,分析了镁合金、铝合金样品的元素组成及其含量。结果表明,X射线荧光光谱仪无标样定量分析镁合金、铝合金,其测量结果具有非常高的可靠性和准确度。通过对元素灵敏度系数的校正,可以进一步提高合金的测量精度。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定铝合金及纯铝中痕量元素

根据X射线荧光光谱法分析样品形状要求,按照待测物料形状,适合于X射线荧光光谱测量的棒状类样品用车床车割,块、片状类样品用锯、锉刀处理,屑类样品首先用液压机压成片状,再用锉刀处理成适合于X射线荧光光谱分析的待测样品.测试了铝合金和纯铝中铁、硅、铜、镓、镁、锰、锌、钛和铬的含量,对于测量不灵敏的镁,每次测试带全套标样,峰值计量,单独为组测量可保障其准确度.基体单纯、固定的样品,测量痕量元素含量时峰值强度计量优于扣除背景的净强度计量,可避免背景测量误差,测量结果与直读光谱法相符.9项元素的精密度均优于3%.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定大气颗粒物中痕量稀土元素

研究了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定大气颗粒物中痕量稀土元素（REEs）的分析方法。在微波条件下,采用HNO3 ＋ H2O2（3 ＋ 1）混合介质能快速而有效地分解颗粒物样品。详细讨论了测定稀土元素的质谱干扰。通过分析不同粒径颗粒物中稀土元素的含量,初步探讨了大气颗粒物中稀土元素的分布规律。结果表明：颗粒物试样的粒径越小,稀土元素的含量越高。分析方法的检出限为0．7～2．8pg／mL,用于大气颗粒物国际标样（SRM 1648）中稀土元素分析,结果与推荐值有良好的一致性。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。