人工调控微结构压电驻极体的热稳定性和电荷动态特性

利用表面带有周期性结构的硬质模板,通过冷压工艺将周期结构图案复制到多孔聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)薄膜表面,再经过热黏合工艺与致密氟化乙丙烯共聚物(FEP)薄膜复合,制备出了高度有序的微孔结构复合膜,并用电晕充电的方法对复合膜进行极化处理,最终获得氟聚合物复合膜压电驻极体.借助对这类复合膜压电驻极体介电谐振谱的测量,得到了材料的杨氏模量.并利用等温热老化工艺对它们的压电系数d33的热稳定性进行了考察.最后通过短路热刺激放电谱的测量和分析,讨论了该复合膜在热老化处理后的电荷动态 关键词： 有序结构 压电驻极体 压电性 电荷动态特性     

聚四氟乙烯和氟化乙丙烯共聚物复合膜的压电性

以多孔PTFE膜为骨架,而以致密（非多孔）FEP膜为储电介质层的孔洞结构复合压电驻极体膜的制备方法.利用正压电效应,测量了复合膜的准静态压电系数d₃₃;研究了压电系数的热稳定性和复合膜中空间电荷的动态特性;并通过介电谐振谱的分析,比较了这类复合膜的准静态和动态压电系数.结果表明：FEP和PTFE复合膜压电驻极体的准静态压电系数d₃₃可以达到300 pC/N.经90℃老化20 h 后的d₃₃仍保持在初 关键词： 压电驻极体 压电性 多孔聚四氟乙烯 致密氟化乙丙烯共聚物     

Three-layer piezoelectrets from fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) copolymer films

A process for preparing three-layer piezoelectrets from fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) copolymer films is introduced. Samples are made from commercial FEP films by means of laser cutting, laser bonding, electrode evaporation, and high-field poling. The observed dielectric-resonance spectra demonstrate the piezoelectricity of the FEP sandwiches. Piezoelectric d ₃₃ coefficients up to a few hundred pC/N are achieved. Charging at elevated temperatures can increase the thermal stability of the piezoelectrets. Isothermal experiments for approximately 15 min demonstrate that samples charged at 140°C keep their piezoelectric activity up to at least 120°C and retain 70% of their initial d ₃₃ even at 130°C. Acoustical measurements show a relatively flat frequency response in the range between 300 Hz and 20 kHz.     

Macroscopic models of internal dynamics of electrical discharges

The existence of thresholds for electrical discharge onset suggests a functional relation between macroscopic resistivity and current. At low current, the resistivity should be inversely proportional to the magnitude of the current. Macroscopic models which employ this scaling predict many empirically observed properties of transient electrical discharges such as: (i) thresholds for the onset of current, (ii) the abrupt termination of current in active regions of a current channel, (iii) current restart in passive regions of current channels, (iv) leaders, and (v) residual charge, both in channels and at sources when current terminates. An overview of research with these models is presented and examples are used to illustrate the results that have been obtained. These models are shown to predict current channel formation and describe results of efforts to benchmark theory with experimental data     

Stacked and folded piezoelectrets for vibration-based energy harvesting

ABSTRACT

Vibration-based energy harvesting with piezoelectrets can be significantly improved by using multiple layers of these materials. In particular, folding or stacking of piezoelectrets or a combination of these methods results in increased power output of the energy harvesters. The possibilities of these procedures are explored, together with the effect of seismic mass, resonance frequency, and terminating resistance. It is found that with seismic masses of about 20 g and using radiation-crosslinked polypropylene (IXPP) as a piezoelectret, power outputs of up to 80 µW can be achieved for an acceleration of 1 g. Expected dependencies of generated power on frequency, folding and stacking parameters, in particular number of layers, and on seismic mass, are confirmed.     

Dispersion relation and growth rate for a corrugated channel free-electron laser with a helical wiggler pump

The effects of corrugated ion channels on electron trajectories and spatial growth rate for a free-electron laser with a one-dimensional helical wiggler have been investigated. Analysis of the steady-state electron trajectories is performed by solving the equations of motion. Our results show that the presence of a corrugated channel shifts the resonance frequency to smaller values of ion channel frequency. The sixth-order dispersion equation describing the coupling between the electrostatic beam mode and the electromagnetic mode has also been derived. The dispersion relation characteristic is analyzed in detail by numerical solution. Results show that the growth rate of instability in the presence of corrugated ion channels can be greatly enhanced relative to the case of an uniform ion channel.     

X波段高功率微波对介质窗材料的破坏现象

 在X波段微波源（频率9.4 GHz,功率1 GW）下,对4种典型介质窗材料（聚四氟乙烯、有机玻璃、低密度聚乙烯及高密度聚乙烯）在真空中进行了微波放电击穿实验,同时考虑了材料的不同表面处理工艺（表面刻槽和抛光）对其击穿特性的影响,对微波击穿后样品的表面形貌进行了宏观和微观分析,实验观测到:介质表面出现了沿微波电场方向的明显树枝状破坏现象,且材料表面处理工艺对其击穿破坏程度有显著影响,认为树枝状破坏通道与施加的微波场有着密切的关系。通过观察透明有机玻璃内部的树枝状破坏,发现树枝既沿介质表面生长,同时也向介质内部发展。提出了微波作用下介质窗击穿破坏的物理模型,认为微波电场导致树枝状破坏沿电场方向发展,而微波磁场导致树枝状向介质内部发展,并进一步给出了树枝状破坏起始和发展的可能原因。     

Thermally stable fluorocarbon ferroelectrets with high piezoelectric coefficient

Fused layers of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) films with small interfacial cellular gas voids show large quasistatic piezoelectric d₃₃-coefficients of more than 1000 pC/N. After annealing at a temperature of 90 °C for 4 days, d₃₃ amounts to about 400 pC/N and thereafter changes by less than 10 percent over a period of 5 days at this temperature. The piezoelectric coefficient is independent of applied pressure in the range up to 20 kPa. Its frequency response shows a small decrease up to the vicinity of the thickness resonance frequency at 40 to 150 kHz. PACS 77.65.Bn; 77.55.+f; 77.84.Jd     

聚四氟乙烯多孔膜的压电活性及其稳定性

研究了经单向机械拉伸形成的非极性空间电荷型薄膜驻极体聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)多孔膜的压电性.讨论了由PTFE多孔膜和非多孔的聚合物薄膜（PTFE，聚酰亚胺PI，氟化乙丙烯共聚物FEP 和聚三氟氯乙烯PCTFE）组成的双层膜的突出压电活性.初步研究结果指出：在优化的极化条 件下形成的上述双层压电膜以外电极测量的准静态压电d₃₃常数可达186 pC/N， 这个数值与压电陶瓷锆钛酸铅PZT的相应常数接近，而比铁电聚合物聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的相 应常数约高出一个数量级.还研究了这类柔性多孔膜 关键词： 聚四氟乙烯多孔膜 压电性 空间电荷驻极体 充电参数 压电活性的热稳定性     

Polarization and piezoelectricity in polymer films with artificial void structure

Laminated polymer-film systems with well-defined void structures were prepared from fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layers. First the PTFE films were patterned and then fusion-bonded with the FEP films. The laminates were subjected to either corona or contact charging in order to obtain the desired piezoelectricity. The build-up of the “macro-dipoles” in the laminated films was studied by recording the electric hysteresis loops. The resulting electro-mechanical properties were investigated by means of dielectric resonance spectroscopy (DRS) and direct measurements of the stress-strain relationship. Moreover, the thermal stability of the piezoelectric d ₃₃ coefficient was investigated at elevated temperatures and via thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) current measurements in short circuit. For 150 μm thick laminated films, consisting of one 25 μm thick PTFE layer, two 12.5 μm thick FEP layers, and a void of 100 μm height, the critical voltage necessary for the build-up of the “macro-dipoles” in the inner voids was approximately 1400 V, which agrees with the value calculated from the Paschen Law. A quasi-static piezoelectric d ₃₃ coefficient up to 300 pC/N was observed after corona charging. The mechanical properties of the film systems are highly anisotropic. At room temperature, the Young’s moduli of the laminated film system are around 0.37 MPa in the thickness direction and 274 MPa in the lateral direction, respectively. Using these values, the theoretical shape anisotropy ratio of the void was calculated, which agrees well with experimental observation. Compared with films that do not exhibit structural regularity, the laminates showed improved thermal stability of the d ₃₃ coefficients. The thermal stability of d ₃₃ can be further improved by pre-aging. E.g., the reduction of the d ₃₃ value in the sample pre-aged at 150°C for 5 h was less than 5% after annealing for 30 h at a temperature of 90°C.     

The relation between channel averages and energy averaged cross sections

For nuclear cross sections a very simple relation between channel averages and averages over incident energy is found. The assumptions used are normally satisfied for sets of channels involved in inclusive cross sections in regions without intermediate structure. In the absence of direct reactions the channel averaged cross sections are expressed in terms of channel averaged transmission coefficients; in the presence of such reactions, channel averages of first and second powers of transmission matrix elements occur when channel correlations induced by direct reactions are neglected.     

Helikonwellen in Quecksilberselenid

At 77 K the dispersion relation of standing helicon waves in HgSe was measured. Their frequency was determined by two different methods, i.e. direct measurement of the frequency of the decaying oscillation and observation of resonance peaks. Since the axes of the exciting and pickup coils are perpendicular to each other the transverse permeability is measured by the resonance method. The resonance peaks are observed at varying frequencies with the magnetic field kept constant and at varying field-strength while the frequency was constant. From the frequency of the helicon oscillations the Hall coefficient was obtained. In the two resonance methods and the step-field method the resonance frequency depends in a different way upon the magnetic field. The differences were calculated and used to determine the mobility of the electrons and the conductivity of the specimen.     

随机中毒对神经元网络时空动力学行为的影响

神经元细胞膜上的离子通道能够被一些有毒的化学物质阻断. 离子通道阻断会降低离子通道的电导率和激活通道数, 影响神经元的放电活动, 进而影响神经网络时空模式的动力学行为. 本文采用具有周期边界的近邻耦合Hodgkin-Huxley神经元网络, 数值研究了钠离子和钾离子通道随机中毒时神经网络时空模式的演化过程. 发现钠离子和钾离子通道随机中毒可以导致螺旋波破裂. 通过分析网络的放电概率, 发现钠离子通道随机中毒降低了神经网络的兴奋性, 且其对中毒的敏感程度与噪声强度有关; 钾离子通道随机中毒增强了神经网络的兴奋性. 与均匀的通道中毒相比, 随机通道中毒的神经网络具有更丰富的动力学行为. 最后, 采用无流边界条件对神经网络进行数值仿真, 得到了类似的结果. 该研究更真实地反映神经系统中毒时整体兴奋性的变化, 从另一个方面揭示离子通道中毒对网络时空行为的影响, 有利于更进一步理解离子通道在网络整体行为中的作用. 关键词： 神经网络 离子通道 随机中毒 时空动力学     

Dielectric elastomer and ferroelectret films combined in a single device: how do they reinforce each other?

Dielectric elastomers (DE) are soft polymer materials exhibiting large deformations under electrostatic stress. When a prestretched elastomer is stuck to a flat plastic frame, a?complex structure that can be used as an actuator (DEA) is formed due to self-organization and energy minimization. Here, such a DEA was equipped with a ferroelectret film. Ferroelectrets are internally charged polymer foams or void-containing polymer-film systems combining large piezoelectricity with mechanical flexibility and elastic compliance. In their dielectric spectra, ferroelectrets show piezoelectric resonances that can be used to analyze their electromechanical properties. The antiresonance frequencies (f _p ) of ferroelectret films not only are directly related to their geometric parameters, but also are sensitive to the boundary conditions during measurement. In this paper, a?fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) ferroelectret film with tubular void channels was glued to a plastic frame prior to the formation of self-organized minimum-energy DEA structure. The dielectric resonance spectrum (DRS) of the ferroelectret film was measured in-situ during the actuation of the DEA under applied voltage. It is found that the antiresonance frequency is a monotropic function of the bending angle of the actuator. Therefore, the actuation of DEAs can be used to modulate the f _p of ferroelectrets, while the f _p can also be taken for in-situ diagnosis and for precise control of the actuation of the DEA. Combination of DEAs and ferroelectrets brings a number of possibilities for application.     

A scheme for electrical detection of single-electron spin resonance

We study a scheme for electrical detection of the spin resonance of a single-electron trapped near a field effect transistor (FET) conduction channel. In this scheme, the resonant Rabi oscillations of the trapped electron spin cause a modification of the average charge of a shallow trap, which can be detected through the change in the FET channel resistivity. We show that the dependence of the channel resistivity on the frequency of the rf field can have either peak or dip at the Larmor frequency of the electron spin in the trap.     

交联聚丙烯压电驻极体的压电性能及振动能量采集研究

以电子束辐照交联聚丙烯(IXPP)泡沫薄板为原材料, 首先利用热压工艺对微观结构进行改性, 然后采用电晕充电方法对样品实施极化处理, 使之具有压电效应, 成为压电驻极体. 通过准静态和动态压电系数d₃₃、复电容谱, 以及等温衰减的测量, 研究了IXPP压电驻极体膜的机电耦合性能; 同时考察了基于IXPP压电驻极体膜的振动能量采集器在{3-3}模式下对环境振动能的俘获. 结果表明, IXPP压电驻极体的准静态压电系数d₃₃可高达620 pC/N; 厚度方向的杨氏模量和品质因数(FOM, d₃₃·g₃₃)分别是0.7 MPa和11.2 GPa^-1; 在50, 70和90℃下进行等温老化, 经过24 h后, IXPP压电驻极体膜的准静态压电系数d₃₃分别降低到初始值的54%, 43%和29%; 采用面积为3.14 cm²的IXPP压电驻极体膜为换能元件, 当振子质量为25.6 g, 振动频率为820 Hz时, 振动能量采集器在匹配负载附近可以输出高达65 μW/g²的功率.     

Higher harmonic thermal wave detection in thermoreflectance microscopy with combined electrical and optical heating

Insulating lines and channels prepared by focused ion beam implantation on SIMOX wafers have been investigated by thermally modulated optical reflectance microscopy using optical and electrical excitation. Continuous hot lines and hot spots can be visualized by modulated electrical heating, whereas insulating lines forming channels can be imaged only with simultaneous optical and electrical excitation. Three different schemes have been investigated for the combined excitation: (i) optical modulation with additional DC voltage, (ii) optical and electrical pumps modulated at the same frequency with the detection effected at higher harmonics and (iii) two different modulation frequencies used for optical and electrical excitation with the detection effected at sum and difference frequencies. When detecting at higher frequencies, best contrast for the observation of the insulating lines adjacent to a channel is achieved by recording the modulated reflectance signal at the fourth harmonic 4f where f is the modulation frequency of the optical and electrical pump. The observed contrast enhancement of the double excited thermoreflectance signal is found to be mainly of a thermal origin.     

Inverse magnetoelectric effect in disk-shaped samples of ferrite piezoelectric composites

A theory of the inverse magnetoelectric effect in the vicinity of electromechanical resonance in disk-shaped samples is presented. An expression for the coefficient of the inverse magnetoelectric transformation has been obtained using the effective parameter method. It has been shown that a sharp increase in the magnitude of the effect occurs at a frequency of electromechanical resonance, and the resonance frequencies for the direct and inverse magnetoelectric effects are different. The dependences of the resonance frequencies on the ferrite percentage in ferrite-nickel spinel samples and lead zirconate titanate samples have been studied experimentally.     

Comment on distortions of resonance couplings by hadron-hadron potentials

We point out that effective hadron-hadron potentials can lead to apparent resonance couplings very different from the true ones. Couplings of a resonance to channels with thresholds just below the resonance mass are particularly vulnerable to such distortions. The nature of these effects is illustrated via a simplified model, and some possible phenomenological implications are discussed.     

Tunable optical transmission through gold hole arrays with converging and diverging shaped channels

We investigate the extraordinary light transmission through gold hole arrays with converging–diverging, diverging–converging, and converging shaped channels by using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. We find that the resonance wavelength and intensity of each type of hole array are sensitive to the aperture size and unit number of the converging or diverging shape unit in the channels. We show that transmission behaviors are noticeably different for the gold hole arrays with such three different types of channel shapes. The resonant characteristics of the gold hole arrays with shaped channels have a number of important device applications, including filters, modulators and sensors.